Utang Rosidin, Dewi Mayaningsih, Muhammad Yahya Wahyudin
The authenticity of state legal documents in the digital system constitutes a fundamental prerequisite for legal certainty and governmental accountability. This study aims to analyze the regulatory vacuum in chain of custody standards within Indonesia's digital archival administrative law, examine the urgency and conceptual foundations of chain of custody as an instrument for guaranteeing the authenticity of state legal documents, and formulate a reconstruction model based on chain of custody through the integration of cryptographic and blockchain technologies. This research employs a normative legal method utilizing statute, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings reveal: first, a structurally embedded rechtvacuum exists in Indonesia's digital archival administrative law, wherein none of the six primary legal instruments analyzed explicitly regulates digital chain of custody standards as a mandatory mechanism, reflecting regulatory misalignment that undermines the legal certainty of state documents; second, the chain of custody doctrine requiring five core parameters of documentation continuity, evidence integrity, authentication, expert verification, and corroborative reliability constitutes a conditio sine qua non for authenticity assurance of state legal documents in the digital age; third, this study formulates a Five-Layer Reconstruction Model integrating permissioned blockchain, SHA-256 cryptography, and smart contracts as the techno-normative infrastructure for a national chain of custody system, accompanied by recommendations for amending the Archival Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and the issuance of a new Supreme Court Regulation on blockchain-based digital document authentication
Kemajuan pesat teknologi digital telah mendorong perkembangan ekosistem investasi mata uang kripto di Indonesia, sekaligus memicu maraknya penipuan investasi kripto yang belum ditangani secara memadai melalui instrumen hukum pidana positif. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis kekosongan norma dalam penanganan tindak pidana penipuan investasi kripto dari perspektif hukum pidana positif Indonesia dan hukum pidana Islam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KUHP, Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE), serta Undang-Undang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan (UU P2SK) masih memiliki kesenjangan normatif karena belum dirancang untuk mengakomodasi karakteristik khusus kejahatan kripto, seperti desentralisasi, anonimitas pelaku, sifat lintas batas, volatilitas tinggi, dan ketidakjelasan status hukum aset kripto. Dalam perspektif fiqh jinayah, penipuan investasi kripto dikualifikasikan sebagai at-tadlis yang termasuk dalam kategori jarimah ta’zir, dengan prinsip sadd ad-dzari’ah sebagai dasar pencegahan. Analisis maqashid syariah menunjukkan bahwa penipuan investasi kripto mengancam hifzh al-mal (perlindungan harta), sehingga nilai-nilai Islam dapat ditempatkan sebagai rechtsidee dalam mengisi kekosongan hukum. Sebagai ius constituendum, penelitian ini merekomendasikan pembentukan undang-undang khusus mengenai kejahatan aset digital yang mengatur penipuan kripto, sanksi ta’zir yang berorientasi pada restitusi bagi korban, mekanisme pembuktian berbasis forensik blockchain, serta penguatan kerja sama internasional.
The rapid development of blockchain technology has introduced new forms of digital assets, including Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and metaverse virtual land, creating legal uncertainty regarding their status as inheritable property under Indonesian Islamic Family Law. This study examines the legal status of these digital assets as inheritance objects, analyzes their distribution based on fiqh al-mawārīth and Indonesian positive law, and proposes a legal framework to strengthen legal certainty in digital inheritance. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and Islamic jurisprudential approaches. Legal materials were analyzed through descriptive and deductive legal reasoning. The findings demonstrate that NFTs and metaverse virtual land satisfy the Islamic legal characteristics of māl because they possess lawful ownership, measurable economic value, legal control, and transferability, thereby qualifying as al-tirkah (inheritance estate). Their distribution should follow the principles of fiqh al-mawārīth while accommodating the technical characteristics of blockchain-based assets, particularly digital wallets and private-key access. The study also identifies a regulatory gap in Indonesian positive law concerning digital asset inheritance. Unlike previous studies that primarily discuss digital assets from commercial or general legal perspectives, this research develops an integrated framework combining Islamic inheritance law, Indonesian positive law, and digital estate planning to strengthen legal certainty, protect heirs' rights, and contribute to the development of Islamic Family Law in the digital era.
Muhammad Habibi, Mirza Agung Rahmatullah, S Huda, Achmad Alif Nurbani
Perkembangan ekonomi digital telah melahirkan berbagai bentuk aset digital, seperti cryptocurrency dan Non-Fungible Token (NFT), yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi dan berpotensi dimanfaatkan dalam hubungan keperdataan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan hukum cryptocurrency dan NFT dalam perspektif hukum perdata Indonesia sebagai objek hak kebendaan serta mengkaji pengaturan dan perlindungan hukum terhadap penggunaannya sebagai objek jaminan utang. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan. Data yang digunakan berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dianalisis secara kualitatif melalui metode yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cryptocurrency dan NFT secara konseptual memenuhi unsur sebagai benda bergerak tidak berwujud karena memiliki nilai ekonomi, dapat dimiliki, dikuasai, dialihkan, dan menjadi objek hubungan hukum. Kedua aset digital tersebut juga memenuhi persyaratan dasar sebagai objek jaminan utang. Akan tetapi, sistem hukum kebendaan dan hukum jaminan di Indonesia belum memberikan pengakuan dan pengaturan yang tegas mengenai kedudukan cryptocurrency dan NFT sebagai objek jaminan kebendaan. Ketiadaan regulasi khusus menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum terkait mekanisme pengikatan, pendaftaran, penilaian, penguasaan, dan eksekusi aset digital. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pembaruan hukum yang mampu mengakomodasi perkembangan teknologi digital guna memberikan kepastian hukum, perlindungan hukum, dan kemanfaatan bagi para pihak.
Zico Junius Fernando, Mas Putra Zenno Januarsyah, Firdaus Arifin, Vidyadhara Prawiratama Nugraha · 5 authors
Metaverse has transformed virtual assets into economically valuable objects that challenge conventional concepts of property under Indonesian private law. Although virtual assets such as cryptoassets, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and metaverse property are widely traded, their legal status remains uncertain, creating ambiguity regarding ownership, transfer, and legal protection. This study examines the normative basis for recognizing virtual assets as objects of property rights within Indonesia's civil law system. Using a normative juridical method with a comparative approach, the study analyzes Indonesian private law alongside developments in England and Wales, Singapore, Japan, and the European Union. The findings demonstrate that virtual assets satisfy the defining characteristics of intangible property, including identifiability, exclusive control, transferability, and economic value, making them capable of recognition as objects of proprietary rights. The study further argues that blockchain-based transfers and smart contracts can operate as legally valid mechanisms for transferring ownership when supported by appropriate legal recognition. To strengthen legal certainty, Indonesia should recognize virtual assets as a distinct category of intangible property, adapt property law to digital transactions, strengthen proprietary remedies, and modernize dispute resolution and cross-border enforcement. These reforms would provide a coherent legal framework for protecting virtual assets and support the development of Indonesia's digital economy.
Although the legal status of digital assets has received attention in various previous studies, research that specifically discusses the authority and responsibility of notaries in preparing inheritance certificates related to digital assets within the framework of Western inheritance law in Indonesia remains limited. This study aims to analyze the legal position of digital assets, particularly cryptocurrency and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), as objects of inheritance under inheritance law in Indonesia, and to examine the authority and limits of notarial responsibility in preparing inheritance certificates related to digital assets. This study used a normative legal research method with statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively, supported by interviews with notarial practitioners. The results show that digital assets with economic value can be classified as intangible movable objects based on Articles 499, 503, and 504 of the Indonesian Civil Code, and therefore may form part of an estate. However, notarial authority is limited to formal aspects, namely the verification of identity, documents, and statements of the appearers, and does not include guaranteeing access to or the transfer of digital assets, which depend on private keys and digital platform policies. Notarial responsibility is limited to formal truth, not material truth regarding the existence, ownership, or accessibility of digital assets. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive regulations and standard operating procedures for notaries in handling the inheritance of digital assets. These findings contribute to the development of notarial law in addressing technological challenges and broaden the understanding of the adaptation of inheritance law to digital assets. The implications of this study include theoretical contributions to the literature on notarial law and inheritance law, as well as practical recommendations for the Indonesian Notary Association and policymakers to formulate clear guidelines on the inheritance of digital assets.
The development of blockchain technology has given birth to new digital assets, namely Non-Fungible Token (NFT). Its popularity has grown rapidly, transforming it from a mere digital collectible into a high-value investment instrument. This phenomenon opens up opportunities for NFTs to be utilized in various financial sectors, including as collateral. Its significant economic potential drives the need to examine its legal position within the existing financial system. Despite its economic value, the legal status of NFTs as fiduciary collateral in Indonesia remains unclear. The current Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Collateral is designed for conventionally recognized tangible and intangible movable objects. The absence of specific regulations governing digital assets such as NFTs creates a legal vacuum, creating uncertainty for parties seeking to utilize them. This research is a legal research (doctrinal research) with a legal approach (statues approach), conceptual approach (conceptual approach), and analytical approach (analytical approach). The results of this study explain that first, the existence of Non-Fungible Token The development of NFTs as digital assets in Indonesia began with the development of the digital economy and increased public interest in using investment instruments. Second, the lack of specific regulations for NFTs as fiduciary collateral creates a significant legal vacuum, and the current Fiduciary Guarantee Law is not designed to accommodate the unique characteristics of digital assets, such as value volatility and technical identification. Third, accurately identifying NFTs during the execution process is a fundamental challenge. Unlike physical assets, NFTs can only be recognized through a series of cryptographic data such as token IDs and complex contract addresses. Current regulations fail to accommodate their unique characteristics related to classification, valuation, and registration and execution mechanisms. This situation creates significant legal uncertainty, thus creating high risks for the parties involved. The recommendation for this issue is the need for the government to immediately revise fiduciary guarantee regulations or establish specific regulations for digital assets. In the meantime, the government can create regulations in the form of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (Perppu) or Supreme Court Rules (Perma) so that the legitimacy of digital asset objects such as NFTs is legally recognized as a class of movable and intangible assets in fiduciary guarantees.
Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi finansial telah melahirkan aset digital baru berupa Cryptocurrency dan Non-Fungible Token (NFT) yang memiliki nilai ekonomi signifikan. Namun, regulasi di Indonesia saat ini lebih menitikberatkan pada aspek perdagangan (komoditas) melalui aturan Bappebti, sementara pengaturannya sebagai objek hukum dalam ranah keperdataan, khususnya hukum kewarisan, masih belum spesifik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan hukum aset digital sebagai objek waris menurut Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerdata) dan mekanisme pemindahannya kepada ahli waris. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Meskipun bersifat imateriel, Cryptocurrency dan NFT memenuhi kualifikasi sebagai "Benda" (Zaak) bergerak yang tidak berwujud sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 499 dan Pasal 503 KUHPerdata, karena memiliki nilai ekonomi dan dapat dimiliki secara hukum. Oleh karena itu, aset digital secara yuridis sah untuk dikategorikan sebagai bagian dari harta warisan (boedel waris). Dalam pewarisan aset digital terletak pada sifat anonimitas dan desentralisasi teknologi blockchain. Tanpa penyerahan private key atau akses dompet digital dari pewaris kepada ahli waris, aset tersebut terancam menjadi "aset beku" yang tidak dapat dieksekusi meskipun secara hukum hak kepemilikannya telah berpindah demi hukum (Le Mort Saisit Le Vif). Diperlukan pembaharuan hukum atau pedoman teknis mengenai tata cara pembuktian kepemilikan dan prosedur eksekusi aset digital dalam penetapan waris agar memberikan kepastian hukum dan perlindungan hak bagi ahli waris.
Bitcoin transactions is gaining strength in the global economic landscape, including in Indonesia, as a consequence of the development of financial technology and the decentralization of the digital economy. Positive facts indicate that Bitcoin offers an alternative investment and transaction instrument with characteristics of transparency, speed, and minimal cross-border costs. However, negative facts that cannot be ignored are Bitcoin's value volatility , the potential for money laundering, and weak legal protection for users. In a social context, Bitcoin creates segregation between digitally savvy groups who benefit from it and conventional groups who are increasingly marginalized due to limited access and digital literacy . This study uses a normative-juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach to analyze the legal implications of Bitcoin use in the Indonesian economy. The research gap lies in the lack of normative studies linking crypto asset regulation to the social impact of class segregation in the digital society. To date, regulations have emphasized legality and transaction oversight without considering the dimension of social justice. The research questions are formulated as follows: first, what are the legal implications of Bitcoin transactions in the Indonesian economic system? Second, how is social segregation formed through the practice of Bitcoin use in society? The novelty of this research is its interdisciplinary analysis linking the legal regulation of digital businesses with the social realities created by Bitcoin adoption . Preliminary results indicate that although Bitcoin is recognized as a legitimate crypto asset for trading, its lack of legal tender status creates legal dualism and reinforces socio-economic gaps in society.
The development of digital technology has given rise to various new forms of intangible assets, one of which is Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). NFTs are blockchain-based digital assets that possess unique characteristics, are irreplaceable, and possess economic value and can be traded. This phenomenon raises new legal issues, particularly regarding the status of NFTs in Indonesian inheritance law, which has not yet been explicitly regulated by law. Several previous studies have only discussed NFTs as legal objects theoretically; no studies have addressed the views and practices of NFT inheritance in the notarial context. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the legal status of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) digital assets as inheritance assets according to the Civil Code (KUHPerdata), and to understand the views and practices of notaries regarding the inheritance of these digital assets. This research uses an empirical juridical approach. Using this approach, the study examines the status of NFTs as legal objects under the Civil Code and the views of notaries regarding the legal status of NFTs. This research is based on empirical data obtained through data collection techniques in the form of interviews with informants, namely notaries. The research is also based on an analysis of the legal norms regarding NFTs contained in the Civil Code. The data obtained is examined using the concept of property and property law theory, which views objects beyond their physical form, as well as the theory of legal certainty and legal evolution. The results show that, first, NFTs legally fulfill the elements of objects as referred to in Article 499 of the Civil Code, namely, they have economic value, can be owned, and can be transferred. Therefore, NFTs can be qualified as intangible movable objects that are conceptually included in inheritance and can be inherited by heirs. Second, in practice, notaries generally understand that NFTs are part of digital assets that, in theory, can be inherited. However, the lack of a specific legal basis makes these notaries cautious and tend not to explicitly include NFTs in inheritance deeds. Therefore, specific regulations and technical guidelines for notaries are needed to create legal certainty in the inheritance of digital assets in Indonesia.
The principle of freedom of contract, as regulated in Article 1338 paragraph (1) of the Indonesian Civil Code, affirms that legally formed agreements bind the parties as law. This principle grants contractual autonomy to determine the formation, parties, and content of agreements, provided they do not violate statutory law, public order, or morality. However, such freedom is limited by the principles of good faith, fairness, proportionality, and the protection of weaker parties.The development of blockchain technology has introduced smart contracts as automatically executed electronic agreements based on pre-programmed code. Legally, smart contracts may be considered valid contracts insofar as they fulfill the requirements of Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code and comply with the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions. Digital consent, such as authorization through a digital wallet, constitutes a legitimate expression of agreement.Smart contracts represent a modern manifestation of freedom of contract by enabling automated performance without third-party intervention, reflecting the prior intention of the parties embedded in blockchain-based code. Their application on platforms such as Stellar Lumens (XLM) demonstrates practical implementation in cryptocurrency transactions. Nevertheless, legal challenges remain, including regulatory gaps, transaction anonymity, technological inequality, and potential imbalances in bargaining power. Therefore, adaptive legal regulation is essential to ensure legal certainty, fairness, and effective legal protection.
Mochamad Novel, Aurellia Karin Ferselli, Sania Mari Baloch, Rifdah Muflihah · 5 authors
Penelitian ini mengkaji inovasi dalam pembuatan kontrak hukum (legal drafting) yang memanfaatkan teknologi blockchain dan smart contract di Indonesia. Dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan akan transparansi, keamanan, dan efisiensi dalam proses pembuatan kontrak, teknologi blockchain menawarkan solusi desentralisasi yang dapat memastikan integritas dan keterlacakan dokumen hukum. Smart contract memperkenalkan otomasi pelaksanaan klausul kontrak secara otomatis tanpa perantara, mengurangi risiko kesalahan dan penundaan. Studi ini menelaah potensi penerapan teknologi tersebut dalam konteks regulasi dan praktik hukum di Indonesia, serta tantangan yang dihadapi dalam implementasinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adopsi teknologi blockchain dan smart contract dapat mempercepat proses legal drafting, meningkatkan kepercayaan antar pihak, dan menciptakan sistem kontrak yang lebih aman dan efisien. Namun, diperlukan pembaruan regulasi dan peningkatan literasi teknologi bagi para pelaku hukum untuk mengoptimalkan manfaat inovasi ini.
The rapid development of information technology has revolutionized conventional contract practices toward decentralized and transparent digital contracts. This phenomenon has given rise to new forms of contracting, such as smart contracts. Smart contracts are digital contracts designed to facilitate automatic (self-executing) contract execution. This research focuses on the legal validity of smart contracts as a digital contract mechanism in online (e-commerce) transactions, as well as the legal liability of the parties arising from their automated execution. The research method used is a normative legal research method with a statute approach, case approach, and analytical approach by analyzing in depth Article 1320 of the Civil Code, Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, the second amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008, Government Regulation Number 71 of 2019 concerning Electronic System Administration and Transactions, Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019 concerning Trade Through Electronic Systems, regarding the requirements for the validity of an agreement, by highlighting the implementation of smart contracts, especially the issue of the competence of the smart contract system. The results of the study show that smart contracts can be implemented technically, but legally based on the requirements for the validity of an agreement in Article 1320 of the Civil Code, smart contracts do not meet the requirements for the validity of an agreement and cannot be implemented perfectly in smart contract agreements and the legal responsibilities of the parties can still be applied in accordance with applicable regulations. Therefore, this study confirms that current smart contract regulations still have a legal vacuum and only rely on conventional legal frameworks such as Article 1320 The Civil Code and Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions serve as the primary legal basis for smart contracts.
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh perkembangan teknologi blockchain yang melahirkan Non-Fungible Token (NFT) sebagai bentuk baru aset digital yang memiliki nilai ekonomi dan dapat dimiliki secara eksklusif. Namun, sistem hukum perdata Indonesia belum secara eksplisit mengatur kedudukan NFT, khususnya dalam konteks hukum waris. Permasalahan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana kedudukan NFT sebagai objek warisan dalam perspektif hukum waris Indonesia serta apa saja tantangan hukum dalam proses pewarisannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang dilakukan dengan menelaah bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang berkaitan dengan hukum perdata, hukum waris, serta regulasi mengenai aset digital. Pendekatan yang digunakan meliputi pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan analitis, dengan teknik penafsiran sistematis dan teleologis untuk mengkonstruksikan kedudukan NFT dalam kerangka hukum yang berlaku. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis secara yuridis apakah NFT dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai benda dalam hukum perdata Indonesia dan apakah hak atas NFT dapat diwariskan kepada ahli waris sebagai bagian dari harta peninggalan pewaris. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kendala hukum yang mungkin timbul dalam proses pewarisan aset digital tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa NFT secara yuridis dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai benda bergerak tidak berwujud karena memiliki nilai ekonomi, dapat dimiliki secara eksklusif, dan dapat dialihkan. Dengan demikian, NFT termasuk dalam harta kekayaan pewaris yang dapat diwariskan kepada ahli waris. Namun demikian, belum adanya pengaturan eksplisit mengenai mekanisme pewarisan aset digital, khususnya terkait akses terhadap kunci privat dan pembuktian kepemilikan, menimbulkan potensi ketidakpastian hukum bagi ahli waris dalam merealisasikan haknya atas NFT. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengembangan peraturan perundang-undangan yang mampu mengakomodasi keberadaan aset digital dalam sistem hukum waris Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Non-Fungible Token (NFT), Hukum Waris, Benda Bergerak Tidak Berwujud.
Arka Atyanta, Prosawita Ririh Kusumasari, Argya Basanta
Perkembangan pesat teknologi digital telah melahirkan bentuk kekayaan baru berupa aset digital, seperti cryptocurrency dan Non-Fungible Token (NFT), yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi namun tidak berwujud secara fisik. Fenomena ini menimbulkan tantangan bagi sistem hukum pidana Indonesia, khususnya dalam menerapkan Pasal 362 KUHP tentang pencurian yang menggunakan istilah "barang" sebagai unsur utama. Pasal tersebut masih dimaknai secara klasik sebagai benda berwujud, sehingga menimbulkan kekosongan hukum dalam melindungi kepemilikan aset digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah kemungkinan perluasan makna "barang" agar dapat mencakup aset digital melalui pendekatan hukum pidana progresif, teori kepemilikan digital, dekonstruksi hukum, serta perbandingan hukum dari beberapa negara. Dengan metode yuridis normatif dan spesifikasi deskriptif-analitis, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pendekatan legalistik konvensional sudah tidak memadai dalam menghadapi kejahatan digital. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan interpretasi ulang terhadap Pasal 362 KUHP yang mampu mengakomodasi realitas ekonomi digital, tanpa mengabaikan prinsip legalitas. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi pada pengembangan hukum pidana Indonesia yang adaptif dan responsif terhadap tantangan era digital, serta memberikan perlindungan hukum yang adil dan seimbang bagi seluruh jenis kekayaan, baik fisik maupun digital.
The development of digital technology has enabled the emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) as digitally authenticated assets recorded on blockchain networks, including their use in representing ownership of digital land within metaverse ecosystems. However, Indonesia has not yet formulated explicit regulatory provisions governing the legal classification of NFTs, the scope of supervisory authority, or the standards for consumer protection. This regulatory absence results in legal ambiguity regarding the placement of NFTs within the framework of Financial Sector Technology Innovation (ITSK) under Law No. 4 of 2023, and simultaneously presents risks to consumers, including fraud, data misuse, loss of access to digital assets, and a lack of clear accountability mechanisms on NFT platforms. This research examines the legal status of NFTs in relation to ITSK and analyzes the adequacy of current consumer protection measures in NFT-based digital land transactions. Through a normative juridical method, the study finds that NFTs have not been formally classified within ITSK, nor assigned to a definitive supervisory authority, whether OJK or Bappebti. As such, consumer protection remains reliant on general norms under Law No. 8 of 1999, which are insufficient to address the specific risks inherent in NFT transactions. This research recommends the issuance of derivative regulations by OJK and/or Bappebti to clarify NFT classification, establish platform obligations, and strengthen consumer protection.
Materi Crypto Assets dalam Decentralized Finance (DeFi) ini disampaikan dalam Rapat Pleno Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah yang diselenggarakan di Yogyakarta pada 14 Desember 2025. Paparan ini bertujuan memberikan landasan konseptual dan analitis yang jernih mengenai aset kripto dalam perspektif teknologi, ekonomi, dan hukum, sebagai bahan pertimbangan ilmiah dalam proses tarjih dan ijtihad institusional. Pembahasan difokuskan pada klarifikasi kedudukan aset kripto sebagai aset digital, bukan sebagai alat pembayaran yang diterbitkan negara, serta penjelasan mengenai mekanisme kerja blockchain dan smart contract sebagai fondasi utama ekosistem DeFi. Materi ini menyoroti bagaimana aset kripto memperoleh nilai dari fungsi, manfaat, kelangkaan, dan kepercayaan pengguna, sekaligus membedakannya dari praktik spekulatif murni yang tidak memiliki underlying value. Selain itu, disampaikan pula pemetaan jenis-jenis aset kripto—termasuk cryptocurrency, stablecoin, utility token, security token, governance token, NFT, dan Real World Asset (RWA) token—beserta contoh penerapan nyatanya dalam sektor keuangan, industri kreatif, dan layanan publik. Paparan ini juga mengkaji risiko inheren aset kripto, seperti volatilitas, risiko teknologi, dan potensi penyalahgunaan, sehingga menegaskan pentingnya prinsip kehati-hatian, literasi, dan tata kelola. Materi ini mengaitkan perkembangan aset kripto dengan kerangka regulasi nasional, khususnya Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 27 Tahun 2024, untuk menunjukkan bahwa aset kripto telah berada dalam rezim pengaturan resmi. Dengan demikian, materi ini diharapkan menjadi rujukan objektif dan proporsional bagi Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid dalam merumuskan sikap, pandangan keagamaan, dan rekomendasi kebijakan yang berbasis ilmu pengetahuan serta kemaslahatan umat.
Digital assets such as cryptocurrency, social media accounts, NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens), and other types of virtual ownership have emerged as a result of rapid technological advances. This phenomenon raises new issues in Islamic inheritance law in Indonesia, particularly regarding the status, inheritance procedures, and security of assets. This research method uses a normative juridical approach with a legislative and conceptual approach. The study utilizes primary legal sources from legislation, hadith, and the Quran, as well as secondary legal sources from literature reviews. The objective of this research is to evaluate the status of digital assets as inheritable property from an Islamic legal perspective and to determine their legal certainty within the Islamic inheritance system in Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that digital assets, which have economic value, can be inherited according to Islamic law. Highlighting the absence of regulations, technical challenges in access and security, and the need for harmonization between Sharia law and technological developments, despite the detailed regulation of principles of justice and transparency in Islamic inheritance law, the implementation of digital asset distribution is still hindered by the absence of clear legal mechanisms and operational standards for the inheritance of digital assets. To achieve justice and avoid disputes among heirs, there is a need to strengthen regulations, promote Sharia digital literacy education, and foster collaboration between the government, religious scholars, and technology practitioners.
Smart contract adalah program yang dapat memastikan bahwa aturan atau perjanjian di jaringan basis data terdistribusi berlaku untuk transaksi yang terjadi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dengan sifat penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan. Analisis dalam penelitian ini dilakukan secara kualitiatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa pengaturan mengenai smart contract di Indonesia belum diatur secara jelas dalam suatu regulasi. Smart contract dapat diterapkan di Indonesia asalkan sesuai dengan hukum dan tidak melanggar norma-norma sosial. Keabsahan hukum atas kehadiran smart contract dikaitkan dengan transaksi elektronik memerlukan kerangka hukum yang jelas dan dukungan dari berbagai pihak, sebab regulasi mengenai smart contract di Indonesia masih belum sepenuhnya terdefinisi. Sehingga kepastian hukum terhadap keabsahan hukum atas kehadiran smart contract belum dapat diwujudnya sepenuhnya, dikarenakan sandungan dalam regulasi yang belum jelas. Implementasi smart contract pada teknologi blockchain dalam kaitannya dengan praktik Notaris sebagai pejabat umum tidak dapat sepenuhnya menghapuskan peran Notaris selaku pejabat umum yang diberikan wewenang oleh ketentuan UUJN.
Universitas Indonesia, Sendrawan Tjhong, Rosa Agustina, Edmon Makarim · 6 authors
Inheritance laws regarding the transfer of digital property after someone’s death is a relatively new and evolving area of legal consideration. Inheritance laws were developed long before the widespread adoption of digital property, such as cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), online accounts, and other forms of digital property. Therefore, existing inheritance laws often lack clear guidance on how to handle the legal transfer of these digital assets upon the owner’s death. This article aims to analyze the legal concept of digital property to be inherited and provide solutions for current digital property inheritance issues from a notarial perspective. To conduct a thorough analysis on digital property inheritance law and how notaries should play a role in digital inheritance matters, this study employs a doctrinal legal analysis of current national and international laws and regulations pertaining to digital property succession; comparative legislative studies examining proposed policies across jurisdictions to garner real-world insights into the operational challenges, emerging practices, and pragmatic considerations surrounding notary participation in digital inheritance procedures. Updating inheritance laws to address the transfer of digital property is crucial in order to protect the rights and interests of individuals, promoting legal certainty, and ensuring that these valuable assets are properly accounted for and transferred to rightful heirs or beneficiaries. The law of property in the Indonesian Civil Code needs to be immediately adjusted to the development of the digitalization era. This article suggests optimizing the role of notaries to create authentic deeds on digital property inheritance.
Tujuan penulisan artikel ini untuk menyajikan analisis terhadap penerapan blockchain dalam pengembangan smart contract di Indonesia. Penulisan artikel ini didasarkan pada metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif (konsep dan perundang-undangan) dan yuridis kontekstual. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Validitas penerapan teknologi enkripsi (encrypted technology) antara lain blockchain dalam penggunaan smart contract di Indonesia Telah berkembang tidak lagi terbatas pada transaksi jual beli saja tidak serta-merta menghilangkan peran notaris Validitas smart contract berdasarkan peraturan perundangan yang mengatur tentang kontrak serta keterkaitannya dengan eksistensi notaris di Indonesia bahwa smart contract memiliki validitas hukum di Indonesia selama memenuhi unsur sahnya perjanjian sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata, oleh karena itu, dalam praktik hukum di Indonesia, penggunaan smart contract sebaiknya dikombinasikan dengan akta notaris, terutama untuk transaksi bernilai tinggi atau yang melibatkan kepemilikan dan hak atas benda
This study aims to examine the legal gaps and regulatory challenges in enforcing criminal liability against perpetrators of crimes within Indonesia’s crypto ecosystem, particularly in the context of Decentralized Finance (DeFi), smart contracts, and decentralized digital asset trading platforms. The research employs a normative juridical approach using statutory and conceptual methods. The findings indicate that current criminal law instruments, such as Article 378 of the Criminal Code, Article 28 paragraph (1) of the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law, Law No. 8 of 2010 on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering (TPPU), and Law No. 10 of 1998 on Banking, are inadequate to address the unique and complex characteristics of crypto-related crimes. These crimes are anonymous, cross-jurisdictional, and difficult to trace due to the absence of centralized authority. As a result, the existing legal framework fails to provide sufficient victim protection and leads to weak law enforcement effectiveness. This legal vacuum also hampers the state's ability to respond to the growing digital threats and creates legal uncertainty in the expanding crypto space. Therefore, this study recommends the formulation of specific criminal regulations that comprehensively define digital assets, legal subjects within decentralized systems, and new criminal offenses relevant to crypto-related conduct. It also calls for the establishment of specialized institutions dedicated to investigating and prosecuting such crimes. These proposed regulations are expected to strengthen the national criminal justice system, making it more adaptive, fair, and effective in addressing the challenges posed by digital transformation.
Perusahaan-perusahaan terinspirasi untuk berinovasi dengan munculnya teknologi digital. Salah satu cara mereka melakukannya adalah dengan menggunakan blockchain dalam platform kontrak pintar. Berasal dari mata uang kripto, teknologi ini memungkinkan eksekusi transaksi secara otomatis menggunakan kode yang diubah menjadi bahasa hukum. Untuk lebih memahami penggunaan teknologi blockchain dalam perjanjian komersial Indonesia, penelitian ini akan melihat kontrak pintar sebagai instrumen hukum digital dan validitas teknologi blockchain dalam mendukungnya. Untuk menganalisis ketentuan hukum yang relevan, penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif. Temuan-temuan ini menunjukkan masa depan teknologi yang menjanjikan dalam merampingkan dan mempermurah proses transaksi. Agar dapat berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya dan memberikan perlindungan hukum yang memadai, implementasinya memerlukan perubahan hukum dan penerimaan masyarakat.
The advancement of digital technology has led to the emergence of virtual currencies, notably cryptocurrency, which are increasingly used as a means of payment in electronic commerce (e-commerce) transactions. Although gaining popularity among businesses and the public, the use of cryptocurrency as a payment method is not yet legally recognized in Indonesia. Law Number 7 of 2011 on Currency stipulates that the Rupiah is the only legal tender within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. This study aims to examine the legality of cryptocurrency in e-commerce transactions and the legal protection available for businesses that use it. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that although cryptocurrency has been acknowledged as a tradable commodity on futures exchanges through Bappebti regulations, it is not recognized as an official payment instrument. This creates legal uncertainty and potential legal risks for business actors. Therefore, more specific and integrated regulation is urgently needed to legally govern the use of cryptocurrency in Indonesia, in order to ensure legal certainty, consumer protection, and prevent misuse in digital economic activities.