Recently, digitalization has been progressing in various fields, especially the use of blockchain technology used in virtual assets such as Bitcoin. Based on blockchain technology, new paradigms are emerging, such as creating non-fungible tokens that cannot be forged or altered, and establishing a system that provides financial services and products without intermediaries. In particular, with the advent of NFT, digital content is given asset and economic value, and as a result, transactions such as issuance and transfer occur, income increases. For this reason, the necessity of taxation was emphasized, and for that reason, the taxation relationship began to be analyzed, but it is difficult to judge the taxation relationship because the judicial legal relationship surrounding the NFT, such as the rights of the NFT holder, is not clear. In this regard, Japan's tax processing guidelines, which clarify the tax relationship between issuing and transferring digital art and reselling, have its own meaning. If you look at the contents, the copyright is usually reserved only by the creator in the case of the NFT transaction that connects digital art, and the NFT is often granted only rights such as permission to use the work. Therefore, in primary distribution, it is subject to miscellaneous income or business income, and in secondary distribution, where rights are transferred due to the transfer of NFT, it is subject to transfer income or business income. Non-fungible tokens, on the other hand, are used in various fields in terms of their properties and functions. Therefore, we have to consider how to deal with various issues individually and specifically. In terms of tax law, it is also necessary to categorize NFT in consideration of this and then tax them according to economic substance. In this study, the taxation relationship was examined by classifying it into securities-type NFT, payment-type NFT, and other NFT.
This study explores how the characteristics of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)âauthenticity, rarity, and inter- activityâaffect consumers' perceptions of emotional, functional, social, economic, and intellectual value and whether these types of perceived value influence potential purchasing behavior. A survey was conducted using a sample of 300 Korean consumers, aged from their teens to 50s, with experience using the Metaverse. The questionnaire, adapted from validated measures in previous studies, employed a 7-point Likert scale to assess these perceptions. The analysis involved descriptive statistics, factor analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis via IBM SPSS 25. The results revealed that rarity and interactivity significantly enhance emotional value, while authenticity, rarity, and interactivity strongly correlate with functional, social, economic, and intellectual value. Moreover, they showed that emotional and social value are pivotal in predicting purchasing behavior. These findings suggest strategic directions for leveraging NFTs in consumer engagement and value creation.
NFT (Non-Fungible Token) has considerable potential in the field of intellectual property. It can not only improve the efficiency of copyright registration but also promote the improvement of transaction transparency and liquidity. However, existing copyright protection schemes of NFT image relied on the NFTs itself minted by third-party platforms. Also, the widespread use of NFTs has introduced new complexities to copyright protection due to their unique nature. Therefore, we have proposed a multi-layered blockchain security framework to resolve security vulnerabilities by protecting users from threats such as illegal copying, intellectual property rights infringement, and malware infection that may occur during the process of acquiring NFT assets through analysis of smart contracts, metadata, and digital assets that constitute NFTs.
This study presents a comparative analysis of trademark protection in the metaverse and the registration of virtual goods and nonâfungible tokens (NFTs) across three distinct legal systems: those of the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Korea. Drawing on recent case law and evolving administrative guidelines, this study examines how traditional trademark doctrinesâsuch as the likelihoodâofâconfusion standard in the U.S. under the Lanham Act, source-identifying function under the UK Trade Marks Act 1994, and proactive legislative reforms implemented by the Korean Intellectual Property Officeâare being adapted to address the challenges posed by digital and virtual environments. Specifically, this study analyzes landmark cases such as HermÚs International v. Rothschild and Yuga Labs, Inc. v. Ripps , which illustrate the extension of trademark protection to NFTs and other digital assets, as well as the interplay between trademark rights and freedom of expression. It also evaluates recent updates to international classification frameworksâincluding the 2024 Nice Classification and the Madrid Protocolâand discusses their implications for ensuring uniformity and effective enforcement of trademarks in a borderless digital market. The findings reveal that while each jurisdiction applies its own legal traditions to metaverse trademark disputes, all share a common policy objective: to prevent consumer confusion and safeguard brand integrity in an increasingly digital economy. Ultimately, the study advocates for proactive registration of trademarks as virtual goods and NFTs to streamline enforcement and enhance legal certainty, thereby fostering innovation and facilitating global trade in virtual environments.
J. Suganthi, R. Sathishkumar, C. Arunpandian, V. Kannan · 6 authors
The evolution of digital art has provided the creative industry with new avenues for creating and distributing content. In turn, though, these developments have led to challenges in terms of assurance and ownership of digital assets. The NFT-based authentication system using a polygon blockchain as a solution to this. Artists can mint non-fungible tokens in this proposed system as certificates of authenticity for their digital artworks. It then makes use of the scalability and low transaction costs of the polygonal blockchain in order to ensure a good and efficient solution for proving ownership and provenance of digital assets between collectors. Our results demonstrate how NFT can be used to improve digital integrity, providing artists with a reliable means of protecting their intellectual property in the digital realm. This explores the implementation issues, potential benefits and challenges of adopting NFT-based evidence for digital art, contributing to the wider discussion of blockchain applications in the creative industries.
The rapid advancement of Web 3.0 is accelerating the development of NFT and blockchain technologies, substantially improving consumers" digital activities and experiences. The rapid growth of the NFT market highlights the growing importance of digitalization, particularly in the fashion industry, which is expected to be restructured and commercialized in this new environment. NFTs guarantee originality, uniqueness, and scarcity, adding value to digital works through media data, smart contracts, and metadata. The continuous growth of art-related NFTs underscores the potential for issuing and expanding fashion product NFTs. This study analyzes data from recent NFT-related papers, domestic and international literature, and reports from various research institutes. The findings were reinterpreted to provide insights applicable to fashion-related studies and the fashion industry. While fashion product NFTs and the development of suitable platforms for their trading can be viewed as extensions of the existing NFT industry, the unique characteristics of the fashion industry must be considered. It is essential to incorporate additional factors into fashion NFTs beyond the inherent qualities of originality, uniqueness, and scarcity associated with existing NFTs. Doing so can establish a marketing environment based on consumer experience and perceived value.
Abstract Digital items that have the appearance of real utilitarian products are often tied to NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) in the virtual space known as the metaverse, and sold as goods. The designs of real utilitarian products are increasingly being converted into the designs of such NFT goods without the permission of their developers. In order to deal with these imitations, which intersect the real and the virtual worlds, the Japanese legislator decided to utilize the existing provision for the protection of forms of goods in the unfair competition prevention law (UCPA 1993). The law was amended in June 2023 to newly define âthe act of offering through telecommunication lineâ goods that imitate the form of another personâs goods as an act of unfair competition. Copyright protection under Japanese case law has rarely been granted to designs of utilitarian products, and under Japanese design law the product design is identified not only by its shape but also by its product type. The protection of image designs is almost exclusively limited to specific images unrelated to the NFT goods. However, the revised provision of UCPA 1993 has also been generally interpreted as the provision prohibiting the imitation of designs between homogeneous products. The amendment effectively negates this interpretation. This paper reveals the impact on the existing interpretation of the relevant provision of UCPA 1993 and the issues arising from other legal provisions with respect to such imitations.
The traditional wallet we have been using for decades is a carry pouch on a go in which a person carries his/her fiat currency and small personal items like identification documents like a driver's license, visiting cards, debit cards, credit cards, or any laminated cards. However, in the age of crypto currency, you need a wallet to keep your crypto tokens in one place for use on a daily basis and for trading and earning more crypto tokens so this wallet is known as crypto wallet. It enables you to store and handle all of the day's chaos with it. This study will examine CoinSwitch a crypto currency wallet, and all the features and services it provides to its dedicated users. The impact of the CoinSwitch wallet on the Indian crypto currency market will be examined in the research article. The research article will also examine CoinSwitch's SWOT analysis, benefits and drawbacks as a crypto currency wallet.
In this era of boundless potential that the age of technology brought with it, artists are lured by the limitless terrain of digital world. Regardless, the existing backdrop presents issues for artists who work in the old-fashioned mediums and even oneâs who work in the digital mediums, as it seems that they possess distinct challenges such as reduced revenue, complicated views on streaming statistics, copyright issues, and an old framework that is failing to suit the new digital era demands. This paper seeks to elevate the model in the form of digital art domain by combining non fungible tokens and blockchain technology. This paper proposes to respond to the looming challenges of copyright infringement as well as guaranteeing income security of digital artists. With the help of blockchain technology, this model provides a revolutionary change in the digital art world by providing a decentralized and artisanal environment that changes the digital creativity landscape.
Recommender systems are widely used in domains such as movies, music, and e-commerce. Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), introduced through blockchain technology, have become a remarkable research topic due to their technological characteristics such as uniqueness, proof of ownership, immutability, and traceability. They are used in various fields such as art, finance, and education. However, research on NFT recommendation systems remains limited. NFTs introduce unique challenges due to their high sparsity of user-item interactions, diverse data types such as images, textual information, and transaction data, and blockchain anonymity, which leads to a lack of demographic and score data. These factors complicate the development of personalized recommendations. In this study, a personalized recommendation system for NFTs was developed using deep learning methods, leveraging the distinctive technological features of NFTs and addressing the challenges of the NFT domain. The proposed model, named NFT-NCFAE, utilizes Neural Collaborative Filtering (NCF) to capture user-item interactions and employs AutoEncoder (AE) to integrate diverse NFT-related data, such as images, text, prices, and transaction history, alongside user data. To evaluate the specific contribution of the AE within the developed model, an additional analysis was conducted using only NCF, focusing on user-item interactions without incorporating additional NFT-related data. Both models were tested on a dataset utilized in a previous study from the literature, and the results were thoroughly evaluated. The findings indicate that the NFT-NCFAE model outperforms both the existing study in the literature and the NCF model. Consequently, the NFT-NCFAE model has the potential to contribute significantly to the development of personalized NFT recommendation systems.
This study examined the technical characteristics of NFT, such as the concept of NFT, its history, and the distinction between NFT and NFT contents (Chapter 2). And as a preliminary review to discuss the legal issues of NFT, the productibility and the copyrightibility of NFT and NFT contents were reviewed (Chapter 3). NFT includes NFT metadata and NFT content. Under the current law, the productibility of NFT metadata and NFT content is denied, but NFT metadata has a high possibility of scarcity, exclusive control, and independent trading, so it was argued that property law protection could be possible with future amendments to the law or changes in interpretation theory. Copyrightibility of NFT metadata will be denied, but it is determined that NFT content can be recognized as copyrightable according to its contents. Based on the discussion in Chapter 3, the copyright law issues raised by NFTs were reviewed (Chapter 4). First, we looked at NFT-related copyright dispute cases that are becoming a reality, and selected and examined representative cases of digital copyright infringement that are expected to have significant implications in NFT-related litigation, focusing on relatively recent cases. Based on the review of these cases, aspects of copyright infringement that are expected to occur during the transaction and creation of NFTs are analyzed and listed in detail from the objective and subjective perspectives. Specifically, the series of processes of creating and storing NFTs without the permission of the copyright holder is highly likely to include a commercial use process, and therefore may constitute infringement of Authorâs Property Rights and Moral Rights depending on the method or content of use of NFT content. In addition, advertising and posting NFTs on NFT trading platforms appears to be an act of aiding and abetting the act of providing them to the public commercially and continuously because the NFTs contain a URI that links to NFT content that infringes copyright.
The Korean Society of Culture and Convergence, Shenhua Shenhua
This study suggested measures to revitalize the stagnant classic music market by utilizing the recently spotlighted non-fungible token (NFT). This study examined the replaceability based on NFT-related specialized knowledge and relevant preceding studies and utilized them to suggest the classic music market revitalization method by using preceding studies and statistics. NFT is blockchain-based exchange measure called non-fungible token. Since NFT is free from reproduction, falsification, and abuse, NFT is able to maintain its value. Furthermore, NFT is able to maintain the economic value not only physical artworks but also non-physical art values. Therefore, NFT can add economic value and revitalize the classic music market and other markets with decreasing attention. Especially, NFT is expected to protect the property rights and copyrights of classic music, create profits through streaming and other services, and boost transactions based on scarcity to expand the classic market.