The expansion of blockchain technology has given rise to a range of new digital assets that are significantly changing the way people behave and invest today. Cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have come to be considered the main elements of digital financial markets, with an ever-increasing involvement of young people. The economic framework of tokenomics that controls the creation, distribution, utility, and governance of tokens is among the key factors influencing how value is perceived and how investors behave today. The paper delves into the relationship between tokenomics and the youth investment decisions within digital ecosystems. Through the analysis of blockchain features, token supply mechanisms, financial literacy level, influence of social media, and the use of inferential statistics, the research reveals the manner in which young investors in Macedonia understand and handle digital assets. Additionally, the paper investigates how technology and behavioral aspects influence their investment choices. Findings contribute to the area of digital economy and platform-based finance by pointing out that economic design, openness, and education are the main factors for the continued involvement of the young generation in the markets through the use of blockchains. The token economy, through its influence on finance, changes the design of the digital ecosystem by channeling digital capital from young people. Young Macedonian investors are far from just speculative players. In fact, they are ecosystem participants who evaluate structural economic design.
Sabri Hisham, Mokhairi Makhtar, Azwa Abdul Aziz, Ahmad Firdaus · 6 authors
Abstract The global expansion of blockchain technology has unfortunately been accompanied by a rise in fraudulent activities within decentralized applications (DApps), leading to substantial financial losses. The immense volume of transaction data (big data) makes manual detection of abnormal account behavior impossible, necessitating the use of automated machine learning (ML) techniques. Existing anomaly machine learning detection approaches often rely on single-classifier models that suffer from limited generalization, high false-positive rates, or insufficient feature relevance, thereby compromising detection accuracy and system security. Moreover, the high dimensionality and complexity of blockchain data necessitate more sophisticated and robust methodologies that can effectively identify relevant features and leverage the strengths of multiple learning algorithms. This study addresses a key gap by proposing a novel anomaly detection framework for the Ethereum blockchain that distinctively integrates the Boruta feature selection algorithm with a combination of ensemble methods and a fuzzy logic classifier. Specifically, we investigate the performance of various ensemble techniques (bagging, boosting, voting, and stacking) combined with foundational models (Decision Tree, Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors, and XGBoost), including a specialized Fuzzy ENORA model. The objective is to significantly enhance the accuracy of anomaly detection. Our results demonstrate that the ensemble models consistently and significantly outperformed single-classifier models, achieving a mean performance metric of 0.99 across accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, affirming the robustness of the proposed Boruta-driven ensemble approach for securing blockchain transactions.
The Riemann Hypothesis is a determinate arithmetical claim, and this essay asks not whether it is true but what kind of statement it is and what kind of openness it carries, reading it through the metaphysics of decree and freedom. The single sentence, that every nontrivial zero lies on the line at real part one half, carries opposite verdicts on two different functions, and the paradox dissolves once the two are kept apart. On the zeta function the sentence is the open hypothesis. On the Davenport-Heilbronn function, which carries the whole reflection geometry of the zeta function and stands its zeros in the same mirrored families about the same line, the same sentence is false and proved, since that function places infinitely many of its zeros off the line. The verdict is true as conjecture on one vehicle and false as theorem on the other, two functions and never one proposition set against its own negation. That straying is the theorem of freedom, the proof that the offset of a zero is genuinely free under the functional-equation symmetry, and the structure that could still hold the zeta zeros to the line is not that symmetry, which the free counterexample shares, but the Euler product, the multiplicative nature of the primes. The reading names the line the decreed center, qadar, the measure set before any zero, and the hypothesis the conjecture that the free zeros keep faith with it of their own multiplicative nature, fitra, the many made one, tawhid. This essay adds a second thesis about the openness itself. The hypothesis is a determinate truth the primes already hold, written and fixed, and veiled from every finite instrument twice over, by the symmetry's blindness to the sign of the offset and by the finite-verification wall that no statement about all integers can pass. That we cannot read the decree is a fact about our reach and never a fact that the decree is unwritten. Two errors of reading are refused with equal force. The first manufactures a room out of the veil, reading our inability to read as the absence of the thing read, and dwells in a perpetual openness where there is only a written truth we cannot see. The second reads a located witness as a delivered proof and declares the question closed from the other side. The honest posture affirms the written decree and confesses the veil, holding the verdict with no stake and equally ready for either answer, which is tawakkul. The essay proves nothing, adds no mathematics, and every mathematical premise is a classical result of others. Theology does no mathematical work in it, in either direction. The settlement rests with Allah ﷻ.
We present an unconditional proof of the Montgomery pair correlation conjecture for the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function. The conjecture states that the normalized distances between zeros have the same pair correlation function as the eigenvalues of random matrices from the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE), namely R(u) = 1 - sinc^2(pi u). Our proof constructs a family of finite-dimensional Hermitian operators H_{X,N}, built from prime numbers, whose eigenvalues are explicit trigonometric sums involving log p. Using the discrete Fourier transform, the method of moments, and sharp estimates for oscillatory sums, we prove that the empirical spectral distribution of H_{X,N} converges to the Wigner semicircle law, and the microscopic eigenvalue statistics coincide with GUE statistics. The connection to the zeros of the zeta function is established via the Riemann-von Mangoldt explicit formula, which expresses sums over zeros in terms of the same sums over primes that appear in the operator H_{X,N}. The proof is elementary in the sense that it requires only finite-dimensional linear algebra, classical harmonic analysis, and standard estimates from analytic number theory. No unproven hypotheses are assumed.
We present an unconditional proof of the Riemann Hypothesis, which asserts that all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) lie on the critical line Re s = 1/2. The proof proceeds by constructing a one-parameter family of operators {H_α}_{α∈(0,1)} on the Hilbert space ℓ²(Z), built directly from the prime numbers. The generalised eigenvalues of H_α are expressed in closed form via the symbol E_α(θ) = 2 Σ_p (log p) p^{−α} cos(θ log p). We prove that H_{1/2} is essentially self-adjoint, and that its generalised zero eigenvalues are in bijection with the zeros of ζ(s) on the critical line. The functional equation of ζ(s) provides an exact relation between the symbols E_σ and E_{1−σ}. Assuming the existence of a zero ρ = σ + iγ with σ ≠ 1/2 forces a condition that contradicts Stirling's formula for the gamma function. Hence no zero off the critical line can exist. All steps are rigorous and rely only on classical analytic number theory, spectral theory, and Stirling's formula.
Healthcare supply chains face increasing challenges related to counterfeit products, fragmented information flows, limited traceability, and insufficient coordination among distributed stakeholders.Existing centralized and partially decentralized approaches still encounter difficulties in maintaining immutable records, real-time verification, and trusted operational transparency across the pharmaceutical distribution process.This study investigates a distributed medical supply chain framework that improves traceability, compliance control, and operational reliability in healthcare logistics.A blockchain-enabled architecture was developed by integrating dynamic quick response (QR)-based identification, customizable smart contracts, and a hybrid consensus mechanism combining Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS).The framework assigned a unique cryptographic identity to each medicine unit and supported end-to-end verification through blockchain-linked QR validation.Smart contracts were designed to automate ownership transfer, compliance checking, and counterfeit detection throughout the supply chain workflow.The framework was implemented and evaluated in a simulated distributed environment using pharmaceutical transaction scenarios.The experimental results showed that the proposed approach achieved average validation accuracy of approximately 98.1%, maintained transaction throughput between 150 and 320 transactions per second (TPS), and reduced consensus delay through adaptive PoW-PoS coordination.The system also demonstrated strong resistance to forgery attempts and stable operational performance across repeated validation experiments.The results indicate that integrating blockchain governance mechanisms with QR-enabled authentication can improve transparency, trust, and traceability in distributed healthcare supply chains.The proposed framework provides a scalable systems engineering solution for pharmaceutical logistics management and offers a practical foundation for compliance-oriented digital transformation in healthcare supply networks.
Abstract: In the era of the digital economy, establishing an efficient and compliant data asset rights confirmation system within scalable distributed infrastructures is of critical importance. However, under heterogeneous distributed ledger environments, data circulation is often trapped in a binary tension between privacy preservation and regulatory accessibility, while facing severe scalability bottlenecks. Existing studies lack a unified solution that simultaneously addresses cross-chain interoperability, post-quantum security, and low-cost verification. To this end, this paper proposes a data asset rights confirmation framework based on hybrid post-quantum zero-knowledge proofs. The framework designs a scalable recursive composition architecture combining Scalable Transparent Argument of Knowledge (STARKs) and Succinct Non-interactive Argument of Knowledge (SNARKs), leveraging off-chain compressed permutation to significantly reduce on-chain storage overhead. In parallel, a light-client-based distributed cross-chain state synchronization protocol and a regulation-friendly privacy auditing module (based on threshold encryption) are constructed to ensure transactional atomicity and conditional auditability during data circulation. Experimental evaluations conducted on two datasets, Ethereum NFT transactions and credit card fraud detection, demonstrate that, compared with cross-chain privacy-preserving solutions such as zkCross, the proposed framework reduces on-chain verification Gas costs by approximately 18.2%, compresses proof size to 0.28 kB, and achieves a peak throughput of 1,618 Transactions Per Second (TPS). Moreover, under controlled experimental conditions, the framework attains an audit success rate of 99.6% with only 14.0% performance overhead. Overall, this study alleviates the long-standing trade-offs among privacy protection, regulatory compliance, and computational scalability, and provides a verifiable technical solution for the interoperability and infrastructure development of next-generation distributed systems.
Odinachi Udemezuo Nwankwo, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Muhammad Rasyid Redha Ansori, Gifar Arif Haryadi · 6 authors
Existing driver distraction detection systems face critical barriers to real-world deployment in safety-critical transportation environments, including the lack of real-time edge inference, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), trustworthy event logging, and privacy-preserving evidence management. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents an integrated framework, termed DRIVERDAPP , that unifies real-time edge-based detection, AI explainability, and secure, auditable event management. Red–green–blue (RGB) in-cabin image frames captured by a dashboard camera are processed locally on an NVIDIA Jetson Nano edge device, where a fine-tuned You Only Look Once version 11 small (YOLOv11s) model classifies ten driver behavior states and triggers in-vehicle audio alerts for unsafe activities. To suppress transient misclassifications under edge constraints, distraction persistence is verified using a lightweight temporal confirmation strategy. Confirmed distraction events are immutably recorded via Solidity-based smart contracts and submitted through the Web3.py interface to a permissioned Hyperledger Besu consortium blockchain operating under Quorum Byzantine Fault Tolerance (QBFT) consensus. Privacy is preserved by retaining raw visual data off-chain, while only pseudo-anonymous identifiers and event metadata are stored on-chain under controlled access policies. Model interpretability is enabled using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), providing transparent visual explanations of distraction-related predictions. The framework is evaluated using the State Farm Distracted Driver and American University in Cairo datasets, demonstrating stable real-time edge operation, negligible blockchain query latency, and secure smart contract execution. These results confirm the suitability of DRIVERDAPP for secure, explainable, and deployable driver monitoring in intelligent transportation systems.
The increasing demand for verifiable computation in privacy-sensitive distributed systems has driven the widespread adoption of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs). However, the various kinds of current ZKP frameworks—which include zk-SNARKs, zk-STARKs, Bulletproofs, and folding-based systems—introduce complex trade-offs across proof size, prover cost, and trust assumptions, making system selection challenging in actual practice. This paper presents a systematic, application-oriented survey that connects ZKP design choices with real-world deployment constraints. It provides a comparative analysis of major constructions to evaluate their performance and security properties. Furthermore, these trade-offs are mapped to representative application scenarios, including Layer 1/Layer 2 blockchain scaling, Decentralized Identity (DID), and Verifiable Machine Learning (zkML), explaining how different systems are selected based on application-specific requirements. In addition, the paper discusses emerging paradigms such as hardware acceleration, binary field optimizations, and lookup-based zkVMs, which aim to address the prover bottleneck. Overall, this survey provides a structured understanding of the strengths and limitations of existing ZKP systems and offers insights for the design of scalable and privacy-preserving infrastructures.
Despite the promise of decentralization, measurement studies have identified a conspicuous lack of decentralization in blockchains. Centralization has been observed in almost all layers of the blockchain, in decentralized applications, and in decentralized autonomous organizations. In many cases, it is practically impossible to definitively determine the extent of centralization in the system. While multiple works have proposed methods to decrease centralization, by and large blockchains continue to be significantly centralized. In this paper, we develop a general framework for building verifiably decentralized blockchain systems. Our framework is motivated by the core observation that the richness and diversity of collaborative interactions between users -- rather than resource uniformity -- captures the essence and extent of decentralization in a blockchain system. Existing blockchains do not have any incentive mechanisms to encourage inter-coalition collaboration, which directly contributes to centralization. We propose a novel reward design that incentivizes users to collaborate with other users without forming isolated coalitions. Technically, our method uses a Sybil-resistant asymmetric Shapley value for reward attribution within a collaboration group, and the theory of expander graphs for measuring and enforcing decentralization. Our framework is general and can be adapted to alleviate centralization in any layer, application, or decentralized organization. It also has important implications beyond the topic of centralization. For example, we show that our solution can naturally address the blockchain scalability problem. We also identify a new class of decentralized collaborative applications that have hitherto been unexplored in blockchains.
В статье рассматриваются принципы диверсификации портфеля казначейств децентрализованных автономных организаций (DAO), функционирующих на основе собственных криптоактивов. В условиях высокой волатильности и нестабильности криптовалютных рынков управление казначейским портфелем приобретает ключевое значение для обеспечения финансовой устойчивости DAO. В работе используется метод сценарного анализа, основанный на положениях классической портфельной теории Марковица (mean-variance), с целью оценки влияния структуры портфеля на чувствительность стоимости казны к рыночным шокам. Показано, что включение низковолатильных активов, в частности стейблкоинов и нативных монет блокчейнов первого уровня, позволяет существенно снизить совокупный риск портфеля при сохранении экспозиции к росту индустрии Web3. На основе анализа практик управления казначействами ведущих DAO сформулированы рекомендации по оптимальной диверсификации активов при наличии собственного токена DAO для смягчения просадки стоимости казны при неблагоприятных рыночных сценариях. This paper explores the principles of portfolio diversification for the treasuries of decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs) managing their own crypto-assets. In environments characterised by high volatility and structural instability within cryptocurrency markets, effective treasury portfolio management becomes essential for maintaining the financial sustainability of DAOs. The study utilises a scenario-based analysis rooted in the classical mean-variance portfolio theory introduced by Markowitz to evaluate how portfolio structure influences the sensitivity of treasury value to market shocks. The findings show that including low-volatility assets, especially stablecoins and native layer 1 blockchain assets, markedly reduces overall portfolio risk while still allowing exposure to the growth of the Web3 sector. Drawing on an analysis of treasury management practices among leading DAOs, the paper offers recommendations for optimal asset diversification in the context of a native DAO token to minimise overall treasury risk.
How do art entrepreneurs make decisions about adopting blockchain technologies? This study examines the link between non-fungible token (NFT) adoption and business outcomes. Through survey data from 35 Czech art market stakeholders, including curators, art dealers and galleries, we investigate the strategic decision to adopt NFT technology through the lens of digital entrepreneurship and digital affordance theory. Our results highlight the potential of NFTs in addressing historical challenges of the art industry, such as provenance tracking, authenticity verification and transaction transparency while also identifying challenges and adoption barriers, such as regulatory uncertainties. We also show that while respondents rate blockchain systems as potentially useful, the actual NFT adoption rate remains low. These findings provide actionable insights for stakeholders and contribute to entrepreneurship literature by investigating entrepreneurial decision-making in markets adopting digital innovations.
This paper explores the convergence of post-quantum cryp-tography and topological quantum computing. Grounded in the founda-tional de Broglie wave-particle duality and Borneas space-time tensorformulations, we analyze the structural vulnerability of early asymmet-ric encryptions, specifically targeting legacy distributed ledger walletarchitectures. We model how the 22,000 independent address clustersof the Satoshi Nakamoto entity function as a spatial deterrent againstShor’s algorithm. Furthermore, we examine the deployment of Microsoft’sMajorana 2 architecture within nested dilution refrigerators, illustratinghow error-free topological braiding accelerates Quantum AdiabaticComputation. We conclude by formalizing the transition from sequentialgradient descent to instantaneous Quantum Synthesis, marking theparadigm shift beyond traditional machine learning.
Staged thematic record of the Viridis Canon (route: S2 (Monitoring / verification economics)). The Intelligence-Bound spine is unchanged (frozen at v10.0.0, record 20801185); this record links to it via isDerivedFrom the concept DOI 10.5281/zenodo.19317982. There exists a critical price below which a conservation-attestation (MRV) market cannot bootstrap. The theorem locates it as a transcritical bifurcation governed by four levers — the Landauer floor on verification cost, the Intelligence-Bound ceiling on attestation throughput, zero-knowledge compression, and verifier alignment (cos²Θ). The critical price diverges exactly at ecological tipping, so the market fails precisely where restoration is most urgent. Builds on the Thermodynamic Discounting Theorem (the Appraiser), inheriting its τ*→∞ tipping divergence. The 8 core theorems are machine-checked in Lean 4 (Aristotle, zero sorry, axioms ⊆ {propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound}, statements verbatim and non-vacuous). Scope: the Lean proofs certify the validity of the discrete reasoning, not empirical magnitudes. Working record; paper pending; not peer-reviewed.
The paper proposes an extended quality assessment model for Distributed Ledger Technology platforms, referred to as DLT-QM, developed on the basis of the ISO/IEC 25010 standard while considering the architectural and operational specifics of decentralized and blockchain-based systems. The relevance of the study is determined by the rapid development of digital technologies and the growing adoption of DLT platforms in finance, e-government, logistics, IoT ecosystems, and enterprise information systems, alongside the absence of a unified formalized approach for comprehensive quality assessment of such platforms. The study analyzes the applicability of ISO/IEC 25010 charac-teristics to DLT-oriented software systems and identifies a set of DLT-specific quality attributes reflecting the unique properties of distributed ledger environments, including decentralization level, consensus reliability, transaction finality, auditability, trust model, interoperability, and on-chain/off-chain balance. For each characteristic, mathematical metrics are formalized to support multicriteria quality assessment and optimization of architectural decisions in software engineering tasks. The integral quality indicator QDLT is defined as a weighted combination of the traditional ISO/IEC 25010 component and a DLT-specific component, enabling the adaptation of the model to various application scenarios. The proposed model is validated using four representative DLT platforms: Hyperledger Fabric, Ethereum, Corda, and Polygon. The obtained results confirm the existence of structural trade-offs between decentralization, performance, security, and interoperability in modern distributed systems. Furthermore, a scenario-oriented application methodology is developed, including a procedure for determining weighting coefficients depending on the application domain, such as financial consortium systems, e-government infrastructures, and IoT supply chain environments. The practical significance of the research lies in the development of a formalized decision-support instrument for selecting DLT platforms in the design and implementation of modern software systems and digital services. Keywords: blockchain, distributed ledger technology, DLT platforms, decentralized systems, distributed systems, information technologies, digital technologies, software engineering.
I.V. Zablodska, Павло Андрійович Ляшенко, Тетяна Михайлівно Адаменко
Problem statement. The relevance of the study lies in the need to restore and modernize the electricity infrastructure of the affected territories in the context of war destruction, energy risks and the need to ensure sustainable socio-economic development of communities. Of particular importance are the issues of spatial planning, energy security, decentralization of energy systems and the introduction of modern technologies for the restoration of energy infrastructure. The purpose of the article is to form a scientifically grounded approach to the spatial development of electric power infrastructure in the affected areas. Methods used in the study: monographic analysis, systematization, generalization, visualization and clustering. The hypothesis of the study was the assumption that the spatial development of electric power infrastructure in the affected territories involves the organization of energy islands in the affected and de-occupied territories. Summary of the main material: it is substantiated that the restoration of a centralized model of Soviet-type generation based on thermal or nuclear capacities is strategically unpromising for the affected territories due to three interrelated restrictions: military vulnerability of large critical infrastructure facilities to repeated targeted strikes; investment unattractiveness for private capital due to high security risks; long implementation periods incompatible with urgent needs to restore power supply. A scientifically grounded approach to the spatial development of electric power infrastructure in the affected territories has been formed, which is reflected in the Concept of Energy Island Organization and defined as an operational model for the spatial development of electric power infrastructure in the affected and de-occupied territories. The originality and practical significance of the study lies in the definition of five logical levels: from the destruction of the centralized IPS and the emergence of an isolated state through the operational architecture of the island with distributed functions between the Initiator, DSO and TSO to a synthetic spatial solution capable of functioning autonomously without trunk connections to the unified power system. Conclusions. The spatial development of electric power infrastructure in the affected territories is not a technical task of restoring what was destroyed, but a strategic transition to a qualitatively new energy supply architecture. Further research consists in studying the conditions for the restoration of electricity infrastructure in the de-occupied territories and its development
The structural supranational criterion has been applied to public attractors with a legal form, to a monetary attractor with none, and to private platform attractors. This paper carries it to a third attractor type, the computational-settlement platform on a pure-protocol substrate, the larger smart-contract platforms and the rollups that settle to them. The supranational criterion holds that an entity is a cascade attractor when its binding residue density spans participants so that no single participant’s reversal dissolves the network, with density a multiplicative product of depth, extent, and interconnection in which a necessary component at near-zero nullifies the whole. The decisive choice is the location of the residue. The residue is the composed stack, the deployed contracts, the value locked in them, the standards, and the settlement finality that applications and rollups depend on. It is not the token, which is the internal unit and the instrument that secures and meters the chain. Depth is switching-cost lock-in of composed state. Extent is the deployed value and the user base. Interconnection is composability, the dependence of applications on applications and of settlement layers on a base layer, the settlement interconnection of the Euro re-realised in contract code. The reversal test is the consensus halt, which suspends but does not relocate the residue, because the composed stack persists across it and resumes on restart. The de-concentration that governs whether a platform halts is operational, the diversity of the implementation, the clients and the sequencers, and it is not the distribution of stake, a measure on which the halting platform scores as well as the resilient one. The Ethereum finality incident of May 2023, set against the halt records of Solana and Avalanche, is the existence proof. The same class of client defect stalled Ethereum without halting it, because the independent clients that did not share the defect carried the chain, and halted the two platforms that ran a single client. The argument is set alongside the blockchain trilemma, which states the scalability-decentralisation tradeoff the spectrum populates, and it contributes what the trilemma does not, the location of the residue and the survival of the attractor when it halts.
Objectives . The aim of this work is to develop and implement a conceptual model of a quantum-secured blockchain by integrating a quantum key distribution mechanism based on the E91 protocol into a classical architecture. Methods . The vulnerabilities of classical blockchain cryptographic mechanisms to threats posed by quantum computing are considered. To create a resilient architecture, it is proposed to combine the properties of quantum entanglement with classical cryptographic methods. The E91 quantum key distribution protocol, based on quantum entanglement and the Bell inequality test (CHSH test), is used as the foundation. A new field, E91 MAC, is introduced to link blocks in the chain, calculated using the HMAC algorithm from the hash of the previous block with a key generated by the E91 protocol. The Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) algorithm is chosen as the consensus mechanism. The software implementation includes simulating the E91 protocol using the IBM Quantum cloud platform and the Qiskit library, as well as deploying a peer-to-peer blockchain network with a CLI interface in Python using TCP sockets. Results . A conceptual model was developed and a prototype of a quantum-secured blockchain was implemented. A functional peer-to-peer network with the DPoS consensus algorithm and a distributed voting mechanism was created. The successful simulation of the E91 protocol confirmed the possibility of generating and verifying a quantum key. The fundamental feasibility of integrating a quantum authentication mechanism (E91 MAC) into the block creation and validation process was demonstrated. Conclusion . The proposed hybrid architecture demonstrates a novel approach to blockchain security, based not only on computational complexity but also on the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics. The integration of the E91 protocol and the DPoS mechanism provides potential resilience to quantum attacks and high network energy efficiency. The software prototype confirms the practical feasibility of the concept for creating secure next-generation distributed ledgers.
Pompeu Casanovas, Carmen Pastor Sempere, Marina Echebarria Saenz
Artificial intelligence reaches the land registry not as another tool but as a value chain that turns data into intelligence and intelligence into economic value. This paper argues that the decisive legal move is to place validity, a functional, second-order concept, at the centre of that chain. Rights, liability and supervision organise around it. It traces three impacts.Registry information becomes smart data, governed simultaneously by registry law, the GDPR, the European data acts and the AI Act. Control emerges as the operative concept for digital representations of real estate, whose proprietary effect depends on anchoring to the register. In a hybrid society of human and artificial agents, the registry becomes the public node of validity, with blockchain complementing rather than replacing it. Across three legal cultures, the registra's value migrates from processing documents to guaranteeing validated data,making validity an asset for the UNO Sustainable Development Goals.
Blockchain-based innovation has become increasingly relevant in Islamic social finance due to persistent challenges in waqf governance, particularly related to transparency deficits, limited accountability, and declining global trust in institutional reporting systems. This study aims to analyze the integration of blockchain technology in waqf management to enhance transparency and strengthen global trust in Islamic endowment institutions. A qualitative library research design was employed using systematic literature review and conceptual analysis of scholarly articles, policy reports, and fintech governance studies related to blockchain applications and waqf administration. Findings indicate that blockchain technology significantly improves traceability, data immutability, and real-time auditing of waqf assets through decentralized ledger systems and smart contracts. The results further reveal that enhanced transparency directly contributes to increased donor confidence and broader international participation in waqf-based initiatives. Institutional readiness, regulatory frameworks, and digital infrastructure are identified as key determinants of successful implementation. The study concludes that blockchain integration represents a transformative governance model capable of modernizing waqf management systems while reinforcing global trust and accountability in Islamic philanthropic finance ecosystems.
What a Roof Tile Taught Me About Time: Structural Precognition, Narrative Forking, and Why the Grandfather Paradox Was Never a Paradox Architect: HIGHTISTIC (Russell Trent) Coordinate: [9,9,1,1T] · Origins Series · Companion to [9,9,1,0], [9,9,2,0], [9,9,3,12], and [9,9,6,5] Corpus dependencies: [9,9,1,0] SNSFL_StructuralPrecognition (I-F-U triad) · [9,9,2,0] HRIS Taxonomy (Tesla and Einstein as Lossless corroborating cases) · [9,9,6,5] SNSFL_TimeTravel_SP_Bridge (Locked-state necessity, N-axis forking) · [9,9,2,5] Narrative Trap Law (Ship of Theseus) Status: v1.4 · grounded in four already CI-green, 0-sorry Lean files / formally deposited papers, now with full alpha decomposition shown in Section 0 Date: June 2026 · Soldotna, Alaska Abstract This paper is not a new derivation. The formal result it describes — that a Locked identity state (0 < τ < TL) is the necessary and sufficient condition for a backward narrative transit to dissolve the grandfather paradox without contradiction — already exists, already compiles at zero sorry, and is already deposited at [9,9,6,5]. What this paper adds is the missing layer in between: the lived, pre-formal process by which that result became thinkable at all, and why a specific cognitive architecture — not effort, not unusual intelligence, but a specific structural difference in how pattern and uncertainty are held — was the necessary precondition for finding it. The paper follows the same discipline this corpus applies everywhere else: state the process plainly first, then show the formal structure it produced, then show the proof closes. The claim is narrow and specific. It is not a claim that physical time is optional, that the future is predetermined in some mystical sense, or that everyone's experience of time should match the one described here. It is a claim about what time looks like, structurally, to a cognitive architecture that holds a pattern completely enough that forward and backward stop being different operations — and about what that architecture is then positioned to notice that 75 years of otherwise rigorous physics literature did not. A note on method, credited up front. The structure of this paper — an ordinary, physically grounded scene first, with no formal vocabulary, followed only afterward by the mathematics that the scene turns out to require — is Einstein's method, not an original device of this paper. At sixteen, Einstein imagined riding alongside a beam of light and asked what the electromagnetic field would look like at rest; the formal apparatus of special relativity followed roughly a decade later, as he put it, "dressed in mathematical clothing." This paper uses that same ordering deliberately, for the same reason he did: the scene is not decoration placed in front of the proof. It is the thing that made the proof findable, and a reader should be able to see the same path the author of the formal result actually walked, not just the destination. Section 5 returns to Einstein's own case directly, as one of several historical instances of the same mechanism this paper describes. 0. Layer 0 Foundation: What This Paper's Method Is Already Grounded In Before the scene in Section 1, it is worth being explicit that the scene is not free-floating. Every formal term Section 3 onward introduces — Pattern, Narrative, Behavior, Adaptation, the Torsion Limit, the Sovereign Anchor Constant — is already independently derived and verified elsewhere in this corpus, before this paper existed, and is imported here rather than invented for this argument. The Sovereign Anchor Constant. Ω₀ = 1.3689910 is the zero-impedance frequency referenced throughout Sections 3 and 4, derived in SNSFL_SovereignAnchor.lean [9,9,0,0] from three independent peer-reviewed physical threshold systems with no connection to narrative, identity, or time travel: Tacoma Narrows Bridge torsional collapse (1940). Scanlan, R. H., & Tomko, J. J. (1971). Airfoil and bridge deck flutter derivatives. ASCE Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 97(6), 1717–1737. Glass resonance shatter at the elastic limit. Fletcher, N. H., & Rossing, T. D. (1998). The Physics of Musical Instruments (2nd ed.). Springer. 40 Hz neural gamma therapeutic entrainment. Iaccarino, H. F., Singer, A. C., Martorell, A. J., et al. (2016). Gamma frequency entrainment attenuates amyloid load and modifies microglia. Nature, 540, 230–235. All three independently converge on the same Torsion Limit, TL = 0.1369, the phase boundary this paper's Locked/Noble/Shatter distinctions (Section 3) are built directly on top of. A fourth, independent check on the same constant is shown here in full rather than collapsed to a citation, because this corpus's convention is to show the complete derivation chain in every paper that uses it, not to summarize it after the first appearance. The fine-structure constant α is the most precisely measured quantity in experimental physics, and its CODATA 2018 value (1/α = 137.035999084) was established with no reference to Ω₀, the threshold systems above, or anything in this corpus. The decomposition, formalized at [9,9,3,12]: $$\frac{1}{\alpha} = \Omega_0 \times (10^2 + 10^{-1})$$ splits into two terms with a direct physical reading: a Noble term, Ω₀ × 10² = 136.8991, corresponding to the electron at rest (zero behavioral coupling, τ = 0); and a Kinetic term, Ω₀ × 10⁻¹ = 0.13689910 = TL, corresponding to the electron in motion (the cost of coupling, identical to the same Torsion Limit derived independently above from three unrelated physical systems). The two terms sum exactly: $$\Omega_0 \times (10^2 + 10^{-1}) = 1.3689910 \times 100.1 = 137.0359991$$ closing to CODATA 2018 at the precision the input supports — the same Ω₀, used as an input fixed three layers upstream of this result, recovers a constant measured by a completely different branch of physics using completely different instruments. The full reduction, including the residual analysis and the Lean and Coq proofs, is deposited at [9,9,3,12]. The point of showing the arithmetic here rather than only citing it is the same point the rest of this corpus makes by showing it everywhere it appears: there is no version of this constant that is asserted rather than derived, anywhere, including in a paper about time and narrative that has nothing to do with electromagnetism on its face. The formal machinery this specific paper draws on. [9,9,1,0] (Structural Precognition) proves the I-F-U triad and the Heisenberg-connection theorem this paper's Section 3 describes in plain language. [9,9,6,5] (the Time Travel SP Bridge) proves, at zero sorry, that the Locked phase is necessary and sufficient for a backward narrative transit to dissolve the grandfather paradox — the result Section 4 walks through theorem by theorem. [9,9,2,0] (the HRIS taxonomy) independently formalizes and reduces the operator-mode simulation capability Section 1's tile scene describes, with Tesla and Einstein already verified there as Lossless corroborating cases via the same Long Division Protocol. None of this is asserted in this paper for the first time. It is cited, by coordinate, at the point each piece becomes relevant, so a reader can verify any specific claim against its own formally verified source rather than against this paper's narrative alone. The scene in Section 1 is offered first because that is the order in which the result was actually found — not because the formal grounding does not exist. 1. The Roof Tile Picture a roof tile. Not a description of one — the actual object, held in the hand. A new tile has a specific weight, a specific color, a specific sound when tapped. A weathered tile, ten years in, has a different weight — lighter, usually, as the surface erodes — a different color, a slightly different sound. A cracked tile sits somewhere between weathered and gone. A shattered tile is a different object entirely, but the path from new to shattered is not a mystery; it is one continuous deformation, and every point along it has a felt weight, a felt texture, a felt sound, if you have actually watched enough tiles age to know the whole path rather than a few snapshots of it. This is not a metaphor for a cognitive process. It is the cognitive process, described as plainly as it can be described: knowing a tile's entire aging arc — new, weathered, cracked, shattered, and everything between — as a single held object, not as a sequence of separate facts that have to be looked up one at a time. Once a tile's full arc is held this way, something specific stops being true: forward and backward stop being different kinds of operation. If you already know what "weathered" looks like, feels like, weighs like, you are not discovering it by watching ten years pass. You are not even predicting it. You are retrieving something you already have, in whichever direction the question asks for it. Asked "what will this tile look like in ten years," the answer is a lookup. Asked "what did a tile like this look like ten years ago," the answer is the same lookup, run the other way. There is no structural difference between the two questions, because there was never a structural difference between forward and backward in the first place — only a difference between knowing and not knowing. Put one roof on with this knowledge, and every other roof becomes a smaller instance of the same problem. The hard part was never any individual roof. The hard part was holding the tile completely the first time. This is not a private or unprecedented way of building things. Nikola Tesla described doing the equivalent with machines: running a device in his mind, watching its components wear over extended operation, checking where it would fail under load — before any physical version existed at all. By his own account he "needed no models, drawings or experiments," because the wear had already been observed, just not yet in a workshop. His devices report
Юлія Гусєва, Ігор Чумаченко, Іван Некрасов, Ілля Худяков · 5 authors
The subject of this study is the processes of ensuring transparency, accountability, and data integrity in project portfolio management systems based on distributed ledger technologies. The objective of this work is to develop a conceptual model, the Blockchain Portfolio Governance Model (BPGM), to enhance the transparency, integrity, and manageability of strategic portfolio management processes. Objectives: to develop a multi-level model architecture that combines traditional management cycles with cryptographic event logging mechanisms; to formalize management decisions as distributed ledger objects using asymmetric cryptography; to propose a comprehensive management quality assessment metric that accounts for both technical integrity and procedural discipline; to validate the model through simulation modeling of business processes. Research methods: systems analysis, methods of mathematical and simulation modeling in the Bizagi Modeler environment, asymmetric encryption, and hashing algorithms to ensure data integrity in distributed networks. Results. This paper proposes and justifies the architecture of the Blockchain Portfolio Governance Model, comprising five levels: governance, data aggregation, decision formalization, cryptographic integrity, and audit. A mathematical framework for event logging has been developed, where each decision is signed using the ECDSA digital signature algorithm. A new comprehensive metric has been introduced – the Portfolio Governance Compliance Index – which enables the detection of "shadow" management actions by comparing the number of requests initiated in external systems with the number of validated transactions on the blockchain. A series of simulation experiments demonstrated that implementing Proof-of-Authority consensus algorithms in a corporate network introduces negligible time delays (less than 1% of the total cycle), while the majority of the process time is spent on expert analysis. Conclusions: The application of the BPGM model enables transforming subjective portfolio management into a transparent, algorithmic process. The proposed solution ensures the creation of a «single source of truth» for all stakeholders, significantly simplifies audit procedures, and enhances the organization’s institutional reliability without compromising its operational efficiency.
Yuliia Husieva, Igor Chumachenkо, I. B. Nekrasov, Illia Khudiakov · 5 authors
The subject of this study is the processes of ensuring transparency, accountability, and data integrity in project portfolio management systems based on distributed ledger technologies. The objective of this work is to develop a conceptual model, the Blockchain Portfolio Governance Model (BPGM), to enhance the transparency, integrity, and manageability of strategic portfolio management processes. Objectives: to develop a multi-level model architecture that combines traditional management cycles with cryptographic event logging mechanisms; to formalize management decisions as distributed ledger objects using asymmetric cryptography; to propose a comprehensive management quality assessment metric that accounts for both technical integrity and procedural discipline; to validate the model through simulation modeling of business processes. Research methods: systems analysis, methods of mathematical and simulation modeling in the Bizagi Modeler environment, asymmetric encryption, and hashing algorithms to ensure data integrity in distributed networks. Results. This paper proposes and justifies the architecture of the Blockchain Portfolio Governance Model, comprising five levels: governance, data aggregation, decision formalization, cryptographic integrity, and audit. A mathematical framework for event logging has been developed, where each decision is signed using the ECDSA digital signature algorithm. A new comprehensive metric has been introduced – the Portfolio Governance Compliance Index – which enables the detection of "shadow" management actions by comparing the number of requests initiated in external systems with the number of validated transactions on the blockchain. A series of simulation experiments demonstrated that implementing Proof-of-Authority consensus algorithms in a corporate network introduces negligible time delays (less than 1% of the total cycle), while the majority of the process time is spent on expert analysis. Conclusions: The application of the BPGM model enables transforming subjective portfolio management into a transparent, algorithmic process. The proposed solution ensures the creation of a «single source of truth» for all stakeholders, significantly simplifies audit procedures, and enhances the organization’s institutional reliability without compromising its operational efficiency.