Of the ten thousand young artists along the Pacific Coast, how many are important? Ten thousand of them are important. No great artist in the past has leapt full fledged from the brain of Zeus. They have all grown out of the endless striving of countless seekers after beauty. And we may expect a few young artists of today along the Pacific to achieve greatness precisely because nine thousand nine hundred and ninety young men and women are staking their all in search of some ultimate perfection.Here and there a sculptured form or painted picture re-creates us as we gaze, and our own refeshment and renewal are proof that we have eaten of the godâthe art is authentic. The work of Donal Hord, San Diego sculptor, has this rare greatness. His granite figure of the Aztec, just nearing completion, is already timeless. Here is not the face of a mere American Indian; here is the face of the cosmos. We enter a world beyond good and evil, beyond striving and regretting. Here is equilibrium of spirit and form. The figure is hewn from a two and a half ton block of black diorite, the same hard species of stone in which the sculpture of the Egyptians has come down to us through some six thousand years. The subject of the Aztec was chosen because of its symbolic meaning for the San Diego State College, whose students have commissioned this work as an art heritage for future generations, even down to the class of 6937. (While the inspiration for the work and the purchase of the materials came from the students, the cost of the years of labor that have gone into the sculpture has been carried by the Federal Art Project.) Hord tells us that the nature of the material always determines for him, in a large measure, the form. Agitated lines in this impervious granite would have tortured the sculptor no less than the stone. Moreover, the expressive modelling of the head is the more powerful above the severe planes of the serape drawn about the massive, crouching figure. The pose is not suggested by some ancient sculptor, but by a characteristic of the contemporary Mexican which he may well have inherited from his Aztec forebears. He likes to sit for hours in this position, observing the passing scene, or meditating on the meaning of life.
2 source records
Environmental and Cultural Studies in Latin America and Beyond
Polar Research and Ecology
Geography and Environmental Studies in Latin America
The possible methods of utilizing magnetrons to generate short-wave oscillations are indicated and the more important results of previous workers are described. The theoretical basis of âelectronicâand âdynatronâoscillations is discussed, with particular reference to those features which can be investigated experimentally. It is shown that the wavelength of the electronic oscillations is determined mainly, if not entirely, by the electron time of transit. The general expression for the time of transit is given and hence expressions for the wavelength in terms of magnetic field strength are obtained for zero and saturated space-charge conditions. The wavelength is found to be about 36 per cent greater in the latter case. It is shown that initial electron velocity causes an appreciable reduction in wavelength in normal cases. The effect of magnetic field on space charge is considered and is found to lead to a small, possibly negligible, increase in wavelength. It is shown that the space charge is uniformly distributed when the magnetic field strength exceeds the critical value at which the electron orbits just touch the anode surface. This result has been previously stated by Hull, but Hull's deduction that the electrons travel in circular orbits round the cathode is disputed.An attempt to provide a simplified theoretical explanation of the âdynatronâcharacteristics of a âsplit anodeâmagnetron leads to a false result from which it is concluded that no theory will provide an explanation which does not take into account the non-uniformity of the electric fields in the two halves of the valve. The general shape of the static characteristics is indicated by means of Habann's theory, which is, however, not capable of giving proof of the existence of negative resistance in the case of a symmetrical oscillatory circuit, which is the case considered here. A qualitative explanation of the occurrence of negative resistance, i.e. of the greater fraction of the anode current reaching the lower-potential anode segment, is given.The object of the experimental investigation was to discover the nature of the fundamental relations in the electronic and dynatron types of oscillation, to compare these relations with the indications of the theory, and to apply the knowledge obtained to the production of a sufficient amount of power to be technically useful at the shortest possible wavelength.For electronic oscillations it is found that the experimental results are entirely in agreement with the theory in so far as it is applicable. In particular it is confirmed that the strength of the electronic oscillations is greatest at the âcriticalâ relation between anode voltage and magnetic field strength, and that the wavelength of the optimum oscillation is inversely proportional to the magnetic field strength. The actual value of the wavelength and the amount of the wavelength change due to space charge both agree with the theoretical values within experimental accuracy. It is concluded that the effect of magnetic field on space-charge distribution is not great enough to affect the wavelength appreciably. It is shown that apparently anomalous results can be explained by taking into account the stray capacitances, due in particular to the glasswork of the valve, across the oscillatory circuit. Theselead to internal resonance effects which, although often a nuisance to the investigator, sometimes have the advantage of enabling a relatively large output to be obtained at a particular wavelength.The fact that the greatest output is, in general, obtained with the magnetic field not exactly in the direction of the electrode axis, which has been reported by Slutzkin and Steinberg and by Ranzi, was observed independently. The existence of an optimum field angle differing from zero is found to be due to the resultant spiral motion of the electrons balancing out the effect of cathode potential-drop for electrons arriving at part of the anode surface in such a way as to increase the number of oscillating electrons.By making use of an internal resonance effect and suitably adjusting the field angle,'an output of the order of 1â5 watts was obtained at a wavelength of about 24 cm.It is pointed out that the wavelength of the electronic oscillations can be expressed in the same form as the Bark-hausen-Kurz equation for the triode case, and that the existence of an optimum value of anode current (approximately 1/10th of the space-charge saturation value) leads, as in the triode case, to the result that the minimum wavelength obtainable without overloading the valve depends on the anode diameter and decreases with it. For an anode diameter of 3 mm the shortest wavelength at which optimum oscillating conditions can be maintained is of the order of 20 cm. The corresponding figure for the triode case (grid diameter 3 mm) is about 50 cm. The shortest wavelength actually observed was 18 cm. Oscillations of shorter wavelength have not been investigated, owing to the small power obtainable.It is shown that it is possible to obtain dynatron oscillations in a split-anode magnetron by tilting the magnetic field, and that these are distinct from both the electronic and simple dynatron oscillations. Hollmann has investigated the occurrence of oscillations of this kind in the full cylindrical, anode magnetron and found a minimum wavelength of about 20 m. It is shown here that these oscillations can be produced down to about 35 cm wavelength, but at this wavelength the effect of electron inertia is important.In the investigation of the simple dynatron oscillations, static characteristics showing the negative resistance effect are obtained. From these curves the operating characteristics of the valve are calculated and checked by comparison with a. set of measured values (for a relatively low frequency). Good agreement is obtained.It is found that the energy of the dynatron oscillation starts to fall off rapidly at a wavelength which is about 4 times the electronic oscillation wavelength corresponding to the anode voltage used. This leads to a formula for the wavelength limit for dynatron oscillations.The relation between oscillation amplitude and anode voltage is discussed, with particular reference to modulation.It is found that during oscillation the anode current may exceed the original total emission. This is probably due to bombardment of the filament by electrons which return to it with considerable velocity. The exact mechanism of this bombardment is not clear and the effect is being further investigated. By taking steps to reduce this effect it has been possible to obtain an output of 60 watts from a relatively small valve at about 2 m wavelength.The shortest wavelength obtained by means of dynatron oscillations was about 30 cm. At this wavelength the power obtainable was about 0-1 watt. It is concluded that for wavelengths below about 50 cm electronic oscillations give the greater output.
Part I. Introduction 1. Prologue.Thus far, very little has been published on the general theory of formal modular invariants or covariants.Workers have, on the whole, obtained results for special, more or less isolated, cases; and although some beautiful and important general theorems have been proved, they are more or less unrelated.This is, of course, only natural in any division of knowledge in its formative state.Nevertheless, no worker in the field could fail to be conscious of a certain uniformity common to the special cases that have been studied in detail; though (alas !) this uniformity usually appeared to be broken ruthlessly in the next case studied.This breaking of an apparent law signified, however, merely that we did not know these special cases with a sufficient thoroughness of illuminating detail, or were trying unwittingly to make the laws conform to certain standards, unconsciously preconceived.This latter handicap was laid on us naturally enough by our thorough knowledge of algebraic invariants and the fact that this newer kind of covariants is, in many ways, strikingly like the older, classic covariants, though so tantalisingly different.Their similarity and their difference show themselves in the very beginning of the study: in the definitions, in the simplest examples.Perhaps the differences that first come to mind are those which are inherent in the fields of definition, which, in the case of classic covariants, is the field of reals or ordinary complex numbers and, in the case of modular covariants, is a Galois field, GF[pn], of order pn.These differences are too obvious to mention in detail, but one who has studied the beautiful proofs given by the old masters of invariant theory has been forced to the conclusion that most of the proofs seemed to use the properties of a field of characteristic zero, not in some accidental manner, but rather in veriest necessity.Growing from the surface differences between the two fields are two very important distinguishing characteristics of the two kinds of covariants.It * Part II was presented to the Society, September 7, 1920; Part III, December 28, 1921; Parts IV and V, December 27, 1922.
of Paul's chapters two definitions of the Christian ideal blend-' For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are sons of God'; John makes Jesus stake the future on the ' other Paraclete.'These texts represent all schools of New Testament thought.Indeed, the New Testament is just 'the book of the Spirit.'It is not necessary to repeat the old proofs that in it the ' Spirit of God' and the 'Spirit of Christ' are one, nor to argue that he who has another's spirit and none other is sure to grow really like him.He who receives God's Spirit becomes Christ-like and God-like.This third notion of true manhood is synonymous with the other two.' 1 C. Ryder Smith,
DURING the past six years, a considerable amount of progress has been made, in certain directions, towards improving methods of library work. The improvements introduced have mostly come from the younger generation of English librarians, and it must also be added that this enthusiasm for betterment has been confined to a very small circle of young librarians. The majority of British librarians have apparently remained untouched by the movement towards more perfect methods compassed by their fellows, and it is doubtful if, in spite of the remarkably good work accomplished by a few âearnest men in various parts of the country, there is not, on the whole, a great preponderance of professional apathy in regard to burning questions of librarianship. The proof of this is only too obvious. Anyone who has watched the dwindling attendances at monthly Library Association meetings must have been struck by the fact as indicative of weakness or defectiveness somewhere. No professional association, with professional interests at stake, is going to languish, and practically sputter out, unless the members are bored, or indifferent, or in some way apathetic. For nearly four years, the interest in the Library Association meetings has been declining, and although the annual gatherings have been more or less successful, thanks to the energy of the provincial members, it must be remembered that the monthly meetings have been very badly attended, although their interest has been as great as heretoforeâwhich, however, is not saying much. Recently, this lack of interest has assumed the form of a kind of epidemic rot, which has attacked other associations as well as the parent one. We hear of one kindred society having entirely suspended its meetings for months, while we read of another which can hardly get an attendance large enough to carry a vote of thanks to the speaker. When we hear it stated that the interest in the Library Association meetings is so languid that even the readers of papers do not trouble to appear, and that about halfâaâdozen members is all that can be mustered on some occasions, it must be obvious to all that there is something radically wrong. We have heard it suggested that the Library Association meetings take place on an impossible day, and that the notice sent out is insufficient because only published in the Record, which nobody reads ! There may be an element of truth in these suggestions, but hardly enough to account for the allâround apathy which undoubtedly exists. The stimulus derived from the Leeds meeting has apparently evaporated already, and beyond a decidedly more healthy response to the examination scheme of the Association, it is hard to understand in which direction activity of any kind exists. Comparing the professional work on this side of the Atlantic with that of the United States, it must be confessed that the comparison is very unfavourable to the British case. In America there are dozens of flourishing associations, counting their membership in thousands, while here, there are some halfâdozen associations, including the Library Association itself, which can only muster among them a little more than five hundred members. This is a poor record when one considers the possibilities, and if librarianship is to become a more powerful factor in the educational development of the future, it is evident that a strong effort must be made all round to double the membership of all the existing associations to begin with, and then to interest and retain the members who join by means of live meetings, publications, and other enterprizes. It will not suffice to rest on present achievements if librarianship is to be recognized as a greater power in the State than hitherto, and for this reason it behoves those librarians who have any âgoâ left in them, to try and pull up the existing machinery to a higher state of efficiency.
(j**SUv*L. 1872.] LIVING GLACIE. ttSOE California. "L*~ 547 the distance, a water-fall, rippling from the rocks, Avith a sense of motion so Avonderfully conveyed as to arrest the attention even of the most casual beholder. Near by, a cabin of logs. In the foreground a woman, with her hand resting on the arched neck of a young horse, which is the most conspicuous figure on the canvas. A jockey and a boy complete the group. Its catalogued title is simply, " Nelly." . As a work of art, it is a revelation of symmetrical outline and warmth of coloring, delicate in conception, exquisite in finish. The other â a companion picture â represents a similar cabin, upon whose threshold a woman is arrested by a pony express-rider, bearing a telegraphic dispatch. In the light and joy and illumination of her face, one can easily understand why it should be called, "After the Race." These two paintings express, in color, the story here related â a story containing more fact than fiction. They are not for sale, having been painted as a gift for Charles Swinford and wife, who reside in San Francisco, by an artist living in Rome, whose Avorks are rapidly rising in value. His name is Paul. LIVING GLACIERS OF CALIFORNIA. ON one of the yellow days of October, 1871, when I was among the mountains of the "Merced group" following the foot-prints of the ancient gla-. ciers that once flowed grandly from their ample fountains, reading what I could of their history as written in moraines, cations, lakes, and carved rocks, I came upon a small stream that was carrying mud of a kind I had never seen. In a calm place, where the stream widened, I collected some of this mud, and observed that it was entirely mineral in composition, and fine as flour, like the mud from a fine-grit grindstone. Before I had time to reason, I said, " Glacier mudâmountain meal! " Then I observed that this muddy stream issued from a bank of fresh quarried stones and dirt, that was sixty or seventy feet in height. This I at once took to be a moraine. In climbing to the top of it, I was struck with the steepness of its slope, and with its raAY, unsettled, plantless, new-born appearance. The slightest touch started blocks of red and black slate, followed by a rattling train of smaller stones and sand, and a cloud of dry dust of mud, the Avliole moraine being as free from lichens and weather - stains as if dug from the mountain that very day. When I had scrambled to the top of the moraine, I saw what seemed to be a huge snow-bank, four or five hundred yards in length, by half a mile in width. Imbedded in its stained and furrowed surface were stones and dirt like that of Avhich the moraine Avas built. Dirt- stained lines curved across the snowbank from side to side, and when I observed that these curved lines coincided Avith the curved moraine, and that the stones and dirt were most abundant near the bottom of the bank, I shouted, "A living glacier I" These bent dirt-lines show that the ice is following in its different parts with unequal velocity, and these imbedded stones are journeying down, to be built into the moraine, and they gradually become more abundant as they approach the moraine, because there the motion is slower. 548 'LIVING GLA'cTERS OF CALIFORNIA. [Dec. On traversing my new-found glacier, I came to a crevasse, down a wide and jagged portion of which I succeeded in making my way, and discovered that my so-called snow-bank was clear, green ice, and, comparing the form of the basin which it occupied with similar adjacent basins that were empty, I was led to the opinion that this glacier was several hundred feet in depth. Then I went to the "snow-banks" of Mts. Lyell and McClure, and, on examination, Avas convinced that they also were true glaciers, and that a dozen other snow-banks seen from the summit of Mt. Lyell, crouching in shadow, were glaciers, living as any in the world, and busily engaged in completing that vast work of mountain-making accomplished by their giant relations now dead, which, united and continuous, covered all the range from summit to sea. But, although I was myself thus fully satisfied concerning the real nature of these ice masses, I found that my friends regarded my deductions and statements with distrust; therefore, I determined to collect proofs of the common, measured, arithmetical kind. On the twenty-first of August last, I planted five stakes in the glacier of Mt. McClure, which is situated east of Yosemite Valley, near the summit of the range. Four of these stakes were extended across the glacier, in a straight line, from the east side to a point near the middle of the glacier. The first stake was planted about twenty-five yards from the east bank of the glacier; the second, ninety-four yards; the third, 152, and the fourth, 225 yards. The positions of these stakes were determined by sighting across from bank to bank, past a plumb-line, made of a stone and a black horse-hair. On observing my stakes on the sixth of October, or in forty-six days after being planted, I found that stake No. 1 had been carried down stream eleven inches; No. 2, eighteen inches : No. 3, thirty-four, and No. 4, forty-seven inches. As stake No. 4 was near the middle of the glacier, perhaps it was not far from the point of maximum velocity â forty-seven inches in forty-six days, or one inch per day. Stake No. 5 was planted about midway between the head of the glacier and stake No. 4. Its motion I found to be, in forty-six days, forty inches. Thus these ice-masses are seen to possess the true glacial motion. Their surfaces are striped with bent dirt-bands, and are bulged and undulated by ine- quallfpfs in the bottom of their basins, causing an upward and downward swedg- ing, corresponding to the horizontal swedging as indicated by the curved dirt-bands. The Mt. McClure glacier is about one- half of a mile in length, and the same in width at the broadest place. It is crevassed on the south - east corner. The crevasse runs about south-west and north-east, and is several hundred yards in length. It is nowhere more than one foot in width. The Mt. Lyell glacier, separated from that of McClure by a narrow crest, is about a mile.in width by a mile in length. I have planted stakes in the glaciers of "Red Mountain" also, but have not yet observed them. The Sierras adjacent to the Yosemite Valley are composed of slate and granite, set on edge at right-angles to the direction of the range, or about north 300 east, and south 300 west. Lines of cleavage cross these, running nearly parallel with the main range; and the granite of this region has a horizontal cleavage or stratification. The first-mentioned of these lines have the fullest development, and give direction and character to many valleys and canons, and determine the principal features of many rock-forms. No matter how hard, how domed or homogeneous the granite may be, it still possesses these lines of cleav e, which 1872.] LIVING GLACIERS OF CALIFORNIA. 549 require only simple conditions of moisture, time, etc., for their development. But I am not ready to discuss the origin of these planes of cleavage, which make this granite so easily denudable, nor their full significance Avith regard to mountain structure in general. I will only say here, that oftentimes the granite contained between two of these north 300 east planes is softer than the rock outside, and has been denuded, leaving vertical walls, as determined by the direction of the cleavage, thus giving rise to those narrow-slotted canons, called "devil's slides" "devil's lanes" "devil's gateways" etc. In many places, in the higher portions of the Sierras, these slotted canons are filled with "snow" which I thought might prove to be ice; might prove to be living glaciers, still engaged in cutting into the mountains, like endless saws. To decide this question, on the twenty-third of August last, I set two stakes in the narrow-slot glacier of Mt. Hoffman, marking their position by sighting across from Avail to wall, as I did on the McClure glacier; but on visiting them, a .month afterward, they had been melted out, and I was unable to decide anything Avith any great degree of accuracy. On the fourth of October last, I stretched a small trout-line across the glacier, fastening both ends in the solid banks, which at this place were only sixteen feet apart. I set a short, inflexible stake in the ice, so as just to touch the tightly- drawn line, by which means I was enabled to measure the flow of the glacier with great exactness. Examining the stake in twenty-four hours after setting it, I found that it had been carried down about three-sixteenths of an inch. At the end:of four days, I again examined it, and found that the whole downward motion was thirteen-sixteenths of an inch, showing that the flow of this glacier was perfectly regular. In accounting for those narrow-lane canons, so common here, I always referred them to ice-action in connection with special conditions of cleavage, and I was gratified to find that their formation was still going on. This Hoffman glacier is about 1,000 feet long by fifteen to thirty feet wide, and perhaps loo feet deep in the deepest places. I go back to the mountains to complete these observations. These are the first fruits, and the rest of the crop I Avill bring in when I come to study in the Coast Range.
"Separation of ethyle (ethule, ethereum, = 4c + 5 h.)." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 14(92), pp. 543â544