Blockchain Papers

Muhammad Azizur Rahman Ramli, Azlin Suzana Salim, Amir Abidin Bashir Mohammed

No abstract is available for this record.

Dimpi Gulati

Abstract Originally designed to support cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, blockchain technology has evolved into a powerful tool with applications far beyond digital currency. This paper explores how blockchain is transforming software development by enabling decentralized, secure, and transparent systems. Key areas of focus include digital identity verification, smart contract automation, supply chain tracking, decentralized data storage, and secure e-governance solutions such as digital voting. The study outlines fundamental blockchain components—such as distributed ledgers, consensus mechanisms, and tokenization—and explains how they contribute to building tamper-resistant applications. It also examines blockchain’s role in powering Web3 technologies, decentralized finance (DeFi), and cross-chain interoperability. Through real-world case studies in healthcare, logistics, and digital governance, the paper highlights the tangible benefits of blockchain-based solutions while acknowledging current limitations like scalability, energy use, and regulatory issues. The analysis offers a forward-looking perspective on how software developers and organizations can harness blockchain to create resilient, next-generation applications.

P. Sai Srujan Reddy, M. Venkat Prashanth, V. Kanapathi, Nikhil Tom Jose · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Firuzi Kotwal

No abstract is available for this record.

Bharath Singh Jebaraj, Vivekrabinson K, Adapa Greeshmi Karunya, Uggirala Sairam Manikanta · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Vedang Ratan Vatsa

This study analyzes 128,286 academic papers tagged as blockchain or cryptocurrency research by OpenAlex's machine-learning concept classifier, published between 2013 and mid-2026. A broader keyword search across paper abstracts identifies 1,938,409 publications that mention Web3-related terms. The analysis measures keyword frequency, temporal trajectories, growth rates, citation distributions, geographic concentration, institutional output, and open access rates. Key findings include 117x growth in annual blockchain publications between 2013 and 2025, the rise of zero-knowledge proofs as the fastest-growing cryptographic primitive (2.1x growth, 2025-2026 vs. 2022-2023), DeFi research experiencing a 74x increase from 2019 to 2025, NFT research peaking in 2023 before declining, China and India leading global output with 13.5% and 13.3% of all papers respectively, and 43.5% of all papers receiving zero citations.

Chaoju Wang, Lionel Huntley Henderson, Yinxue Lyu, Chaokai Zhang

Buildings are shifting from static, environment centric control schemes toward dynamic systems that adaptively respond to individual occupants. To clarify how this transition affects building operation, this paper reviews recent advances in occupant centric control from three dimensions: physical control systems, data and network infrastructure, and occupant interaction mechanisms. The review draws from research in building science and computing and organizes key developments using the trinity of transformation, resilience, and sustainability. The results show that the shift to occupant centric requires high-density sensing, distributed data processing, interoperable protocols, and feedback models that integrate occupant behavior. The paper also discusses how concepts introduced from Web3 can support decentralized data management and long-term trust in occupant participation. This work provides a technical and conceptual basis for researchers and practitioners involved in the digital transformation of smart building operation.

Hoang Vu Trinh

This exploratory study investigates the security, fairness and economic implications of Decentralised Finance (DeFi) within the Ethereum ecosystem. While DeFi has experienced rapid growth, there remains several systemic risks and vulnerabilities that can affect hugely. The study focuses on three key aspects: (1) Transaction Semantics (Analysing how core actions in DeFi are executed on EVM and recorded in transaction receipts and logs), (2) Vulnerability Analysis (Identifying recurring patterns of anomalies), and (3) Detection Framework (Evaluating the effectiveness and potential scale of DeepTx, a real-time analysis tool to detect threats in transactions). By conducting the report based on leading protocols in Ethereum such as Uniswap, Aave and Compound, the study bridges the gap between transaction data and security insights. It will therefore provide a foundation for policymakers to create frameworks for how bugs and risks can affect the DeFi ecosystem, serving as a guide for a secure and scalable Web3 industry.

Regiane Cristina Azevedo

Decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols increasingly interface with the United States financial ecosystem while exhibiting structural vulnerabilities related to operational resilience, governance fragmentation, and illicit finance exposure. This paper proposes a structured Operational Risk Governance Framework tailored to decentralized financial platforms, translating established financial-sector internal control and operational risk principles into functionally equivalent governance mechanisms suitable for blockchain-based environments. The framework introduces (i) an operational risk taxonomy adapted to DeFi, (ii) an internal control governance model mapped to COSO and Basel-aligned concepts, and (iii) the ORG-DeFi Model, a scoring methodology that evaluates platforms across governance integrity, technical controls, AML and illicit finance exposure, liquidity and market stability, and transparency and monitoring. A hypothetical lending-protocol case example illustrates application for institutional due diligence, compliance assessment, and research benchmarking. By operationalizing governance indicators that align with U.S. policy priorities on financial stability, market integrity, and illicit finance mitigation, this work provides an implementation-oriented methodology to support responsible innovation and strengthen risk governance in decentralized systems.

Kingsley Imandojemu, Aliyu Akorede Rufai, Felix Orole, Romanus Osabohien

ABSTRACT Balancing energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability has become increasingly challenging as economies pursue low‐carbon growth amid climate risk and persistent disparities in access to modern energy. Although entrepreneurship is widely recognized as a driver of innovation, its role in addressing the energy trilemma remains contested. This study examines whether, and under what conditions, entrepreneurship contributes to resolving the energy trilemma, using panel data for 64 countries from 2011 to 2022. Drawing on the World Energy Council's trilemma indices, World Bank entrepreneurship and macroeconomic indicators, and OECD‐DAC climate finance data, the analysis employs random‐effects models to capture both within‐ and between‐country variation. The results show that entrepreneurial activity is robustly associated with improved energy security and energy equity, alongside more modest gains in environmental sustainability. Innovation capacity strengthens these relationships, while foreign direct investment and climate finance exhibit uneven effects, tending to support system‐level and environmental outcomes more than inclusive access. Regulatory quality emerges as a critical enabling condition that significantly amplifies the positive impact of entrepreneurship across the energy trilemma. Overall, the findings provide cross‐country evidence that entrepreneurship functions as both an innovation conduit and a decentralizing force in energy transitions, underscoring the importance of predictable regulation and better‐targeted climate finance for access‐oriented clean energy solutions.

Farbod Ghasemlu

No abstract is available for this record.

Hugo Hedlund

A majority of well-known blockchains supports Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) operations via smartcontracts. Smart contracts often allow users to store arbitrary logic and code for a small programon the blockchain, and run it on the validator nodes when a monetary transaction is made to thecontract’s account. The use of smart contracts creates extra complexity in the blockchain protocolwhen allowing concurrent smart contract execution between shards alongside monetary transactions.To reduce the complexity of the blockchain protocol, native tokens and operations could be supportedby the blockchain, albeit restricting developers to a predefined set of functions and operations. Nativetoken operations can serve as a secure complement to the versatility of Turing-complete smartcontracts, providing robust, predefined primitives that could reduce the surface area for smart contractvulnerabilities. This project introduces a native token model that is centered on unique, non-fungible tokens thatsupport three primary use cases: ownership, rights and authenticity. By requiring bilateral transferconsent, and supporting optional clawback and freeze mechanisms, for revocable rights and non-transferable tokens respectively, the model bridges the gap between blockchains and legal frameworks.Additionally, an indirect transaction cost mechanism is implemented to protect the blockchain networkagainst Denial-of-Service attack during non-monetary operations. The project is supported by an emulator implementing monetary and token operations, alongsidea implementation design of how the token protocol could be integrated within ScaleGraph. The emulator’s throughput displays a slightly degraded performance of token transfer operations of ~150TX/s on average, compared to monetary transfers in the current implementation. Despite this, theemulator maintains a high average throughput of ~1300 TX/s with load generators of both monetaryand token transfer operations, when tested on a VPS with 2 vCPUs and 4GB of ram.If the token operation properties and performance compared to monetary transaction are transferableto ScaleGraph, native tokens could be a preferred way of implementation of tokens independentlywether or not with implementation of smart contracts.

Theodora KOSTOULA

Defence date: 28 May 2026

Christian Finke, Tamino Marahrens, Matthias Schümann

As supply chains (SCs) face increasing pressure from ecological demands, ethical expectations, and global disruptions, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is gaining attention as a potential enabler of transparent, secure, and automated processes, helping to meet the expectations of customers and regulatory authorities. Nevertheless, the lack of generally valid design recommendations hinders its implementation. Therefore, we adopted grounded theory principles within a design science research approach to address this gap. Subsequently, we derived 11 overarching expert insights for developing a DLT operating model in SCs and 15 for its implementation by conducting 16 expert interviews. These insights were finally used to extract 19 generally valid design recommendations for applying DLT in SC processes that contribute to practical implementations and the framing of realistic adoption expectations by guiding researchers and practitioners.

Jaya Pathak, Yash Pandey, Jagat Sesh Challa, Amitesh Singh Rajput

No abstract is available for this record.

Iman E. Murdalova

This article examines the architecture of a secure information system built on distributed ledger technology. It substantiates the need to transition from a centralized data storage model to a distributed trusted environment that ensures cryptographic verification of transactions, immutability of records, and resistance to compromise of individual nodes. A multi-tiered system architecture is proposed, including subsystems for identification, access control, event registration, cryptographic protection, and anomaly monitoring. Particular attention was paid to aligning the designed model with the requirements of the Federal Service for Technical and Export Control of Russia for threat modeling and the provisions of GOST R 34.10-2012 on electronic digital signatures. An integrated security indicator was developed to assess the integrity, availability, and confidentiality of data.

Benjamin Lewis

No abstract is available for this record.

Arnaldo Tomasino, Corrado Fasciano, Michele Ruta

No abstract is available for this record.

Tiphaine Henry, Loïk Assekour, Carolynn Bernier, Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni · 5 authors

The Digital Product Passport (DPP) is a cross-sectoral framework for sharing data across value chains to promote circular economy practices such as repair, reuse, and recycling. A key challenge is ensuring trust and integrity in DPP data, which is often fragmented among multiple stakeholders. Distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) ofer a promising solution by enhancing data integrity, transparency, and reliability. However, a comprehensive understanding of how DLTs can support DPPs remains underexplored. This paper reviews academic and industrial initiatives using DLTs to build trustworthy DPP infrastructures. It identifies three core benefits of DLTs for DPPs: (1) tamper-proof data integrity for traceability, (2) peer-to-peer private data sharing without central authority, and (3) decentralized DPP lifecycle management, from creation to deactivation. Based on these findings, the paper proposes design guidelines to inform the development of DLT-based DPP systems that can support long-term trust and collaboration in circular economy ecosystems.

Kent Douglas Lambert, Tom Bradley, John M. Borky, Steve Simske · 6 authors

This research identifies a set of practical solutions to the uncontrolled growth of malicious cross-industry cybersecurity threats. Given the presence of the behaviors and negative effects of cyber threats, the research seeks to understand the effects of three eco-system-wide strategies for cyber defense: Defense-in-Depth (DiD), Zero-Trust Architectures (ZTA), and secure cryptographic key provisioning. These strategies are developed using the BlockFrame, Inc., Eco-Secure Provisioning™ (ESP™) Framework, blockchain-assisted digital logistics management and governance, and the application of Emergence Theory and Uniformity. The research addresses five specific questions to organize the approach, with practical translations of this research to selected industrial use cases.

娟 王

本文梳理分布式账本技术在金融交易中的前沿进展，分析其对支付结算、资产登记、监管审计和风险治理的影响。采用文献分析与比较研究方法，选取国内外标准化报告、国际组织研究、监管文件和典型项目材料，从技术架构、金融功能、资产形态、风险类型与治理要求五个维度进行归纳。结果：分布式账本技术已不再局限于加密资产记账，而是逐渐进入跨境支付、资产代币化、稳定币结算、供应链金融、证券登记清算、监管科技和央行数字货币相关基础设施等场景。本文进一步通过Project Agorá、mBridge、Project Guardian、Terra/Luna、数字人民币与BSN等代表性项目或案例进行横向比较，指出不同方案在开放性、可控性、结算最终性、资产确权、合规嵌入和治理责任方面存在明显差异。研究认为，DLT的金融价值主要体现为多主体共享可验证记录、缩短对账链条、支持可编程结算和提升监管可验证性，而不是简单替代金融中介。综上，DLT的大规模金融应用应在效率提升与风险控制之间取得平衡，重点完善隐私保护、法律确权、智能合约安全、跨链互操作、失败处置机制和跨境监管协同。This paper reviews recent developments in distributed ledger technology (DLT) for financial transactions and explains how these developments affect payment and settlement, asset registration, regulatory audit and risk governance. A literature-based and comparative research approach is adopted. The discussion is organised around five dimensions: technical architecture, financial function, asset form, risk type and governance requirement. This revised version adds representative comparisons of Project Agorá, mBridge, Project Guardian, Terra/Luna, e-CNY and BSN, and argues that DLT should be understood as an infrastructure for verifiable coordination rather than a simple substitute for financial intermediaries. Its large-scale adoption depends on technical performance, legal recognition, privacy protection, interoperability standards, smart contract security and cross-jurisdictional regulatory coordination.

- RUDI WIJAYA HULU

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh perkembangan teknologi blockchain yang melahirkan Non-Fungible Token (NFT) sebagai bentuk baru aset digital yang memiliki nilai ekonomi dan dapat dimiliki secara eksklusif. Namun, sistem hukum perdata Indonesia belum secara eksplisit mengatur kedudukan NFT, khususnya dalam konteks hukum waris. Permasalahan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana kedudukan NFT sebagai objek warisan dalam perspektif hukum waris Indonesia serta apa saja tantangan hukum dalam proses pewarisannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang dilakukan dengan menelaah bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang berkaitan dengan hukum perdata, hukum waris, serta regulasi mengenai aset digital. Pendekatan yang digunakan meliputi pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan analitis, dengan teknik penafsiran sistematis dan teleologis untuk mengkonstruksikan kedudukan NFT dalam kerangka hukum yang berlaku. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis secara yuridis apakah NFT dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai benda dalam hukum perdata Indonesia dan apakah hak atas NFT dapat diwariskan kepada ahli waris sebagai bagian dari harta peninggalan pewaris. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kendala hukum yang mungkin timbul dalam proses pewarisan aset digital tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa NFT secara yuridis dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai benda bergerak tidak berwujud karena memiliki nilai ekonomi, dapat dimiliki secara eksklusif, dan dapat dialihkan. Dengan demikian, NFT termasuk dalam harta kekayaan pewaris yang dapat diwariskan kepada ahli waris. Namun demikian, belum adanya pengaturan eksplisit mengenai mekanisme pewarisan aset digital, khususnya terkait akses terhadap kunci privat dan pembuktian kepemilikan, menimbulkan potensi ketidakpastian hukum bagi ahli waris dalam merealisasikan haknya atas NFT. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengembangan peraturan perundang-undangan yang mampu mengakomodasi keberadaan aset digital dalam sistem hukum waris Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Non-Fungible Token (NFT), Hukum Waris, Benda Bergerak Tidak Berwujud.

Rolf H. Weber

No abstract is available for this record.

Luis Jimenez-Castillo

No abstract is available for this record.