This study examines the theoretical contributions of Masayasu Narumi, who served as a policy advisor to Mayor Ichio Asukata of Yokohama. He formulated influential ideas on local autonomy and local public finance. Despite his central role in shaping the theory of reformist local governments,Narumi’s theoretical contributions have not been sufficiently clarified. His work is characterized by its practical orientation, grounded in municipal reform and citizen participation, as well as its historical consciousness in addressing challenges and prospects for local governance. In the context of the 1980s “era of local autonomy,” when the essence of progressive local governments was under critical scrutiny, Narumi advanced a new paradigm such as a “policy-making government” or “citizens’ government.” In his theory of local public finance, Narumi conceptualized local autonomy and local public finance as integrated activities. He argued that the realization of reform and policy within a“ citizens’ government” required a decentralized administrative and fiscal structure between the central and local governments. His formulation of a“ decentralization-oriented fiscal theory” anticipated later debates on local choice and fiscal responsibility. As contemporary Japan again confronts the necessity of municipal reform, Narumi’s pioneering insights into participation, decentralization, and autonomy warrant renewed scholarly attention.
In the postwar Japanese political world, decentralization of power was an issue primarily championed by opposition parties and scholars and journalists critical of ruling administrations. The constitution that took effect in 1947 included a section on “Local Self-Government,” which provided for the election of assemblies and local chief executives. Consequently, in comparison to other countries, decentralization of power has been accorded a fair degree of emphasis in Japan, and the political autonomy of local governments vis-à-vis the central government is well protected. The absence of a corresponding level of administrative and financial autonomy has long been noted, however. There were entities within the central government that recognized the importance of decentralization, the Ministry of Home Affairs foremost among them. Acting in opposition to the Ministry of Finance and other government institutions, the Ministry of Home Affairs sought to enhance local governmental autonomy, mainly in the financial realm, by arranging for tax revenue to be allocated to local governments (Kitamura 2009). In addition, the Ministry of Home Affairs recognized that local governments were often hampered by inadequate administrative capacity. The ministry helped address this situation via policies enabling it to place some of its own bureaucrats in key administrative positions in many prefectures and ordinance-designated cities and establish a system for approving local government bonds to provide financial resources (Doi 2007).
This study analyzed 1889-1894 (Meiji period) lumber sales books recorded by forestry workers of Hachiyado, a village on the western shore of Lake Biwa in Otsu, Shiga Prefecture, and clarified the commercial distribution of forest resources and their uses. Seventeen tree species were found to have been used as commodities for sales. They included Zelkova serrata, Thujopsis dolabrata and Quercus serrata. 63% of all sales were for use as timber, while 18% were for use as fuel. We found twenty product categories. They included raw lumber, bark, firewood, and leaves. The largest distribution destination was neighboring villages, followed by Otsu City, areas on the eastern shore of Lake Biwa, and Kyoto City. Timber was shipped by overland route or by boat to the nearby urban areas when possible. On the other hand, fuel tended to be distributed and used in nearby villages. An analysis of the various uses of the local forest resources and of the commercial distribution at the time (Meiji period) showed that sales of Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergia and Cryptomeria japonica played a central role.
Research trends in studies of local governments in Japan have been analysed quantitatively using text-mining methods on approximately 35 years of article titles from the Journal of Urban Management and Local Government Research, from its first issue (1985) to the vol. 35, no. 1 (2020). Co-occurrence network analysis and correspondence analysis were conducted to determine the changes in research interests during the target period. Substantially more research on accounting, finance, management, and reform was seen in the target journal after 1980. The extracted words prefecture, city, case, evaluation, and analysis show the features of local government studies in Japan after the enactment of decentralization reforms in March 2000. The author interprets the first dimension of the configuration figures of correspondence analysis as an axis of accounting and time; the second dimension concerns financial accountability; and the third dimension concerns public enterprise. The publisher association of the journal has a large number of members who specialise in accounting and local finance, including certified public accountants and tax accountants, and the characteristics of such a membership structure are reflected in these results.
<strong>Advanced manufacturing is the use of innovative technology to im prove products or processes. Now-a- days POKA YOKE�S made by new technologies are used for mi stake proofing to achieve � ZERO DEFECT �. Poka Yoke focuses on eliminating the defects of hum an origination by reducing the opportunity for defects. Naturally human beings are not mistake proofed,therefore we can�t eliminate all the mistakes done by human beings. But organization can avoid these mistakes from r eaching to the customer,which is known as a defect in this case. Japanese manufacturing engineer Shig eo Shingo develops the quality assurance technique Poka Yoke. The aim of Poka Yoke is to eliminate de fects in a product by preventing or correcting mistakes as early as possible. A Poka Yoke is d one by using a method that uses sensor or other devices for catching errors that may pass by human beings or operators. Shigeo Shingo defines Poka Yoke as:Poka � �Inadvertent Mistake That Anyone Can Make� [2] and Yoke � �To Prevent or Proof� [1]. Poka -Yoke performs two key operations of ZDQ (Zero D efect Quality) i.e. identifying the defect immediately (Point of Origin Inspection) & quick feedback fo r corrective action. Poka-yoke detects an error,gives a warning,and can shuts down the process. This paper describes the solution on customer complaint of fa ilure of brake in the car due to wrong machining in the TMC (Tandem Master Cylinder). The root ca use is detected by using systematic 8-D method. To overcome this problem we have made a Poka Yoke us ing laser sensor.</strong> <strong>https://www.ijiert.org/paper-details?paper_id=140489</strong>
This study investigated the development process of Japanese national land policies and evaluated the achievements. In Japan, the Nationwide comprehensive plan had begun in 1962. Since 1962, it had been made in 5times. It made a consistent subject,“made the development which is balance of the country”. but, The 5th plan(21C National Grand Design) had changed the goal of regional policy,“the Regional characteristic development”. In aspects of ?the population decentralization?, ?income difference relaxation? and ?the industrial decentralization?, as a result,“the Nationwide comprehensive plan” failed. First, in case of ?the population decentralization?, Population concentration of Tokyo was deepened. Second, ?income difference relaxation? was relaxed gradually. But, When considering“the tendency of Tokyo's population concentration”, also failed. ?The industrial decentralization? got results. but be placed in an situation,“Change of industrial structure”. Balanced regional development policy in Japan is propelled centralization. so, resultantly, brought about the national finance charge and region of dependency augmentation, deepening the pole concentration of Tokyo, the magnification of the metropolis etc.
The Nakasone political power modeled on the policy of Thatcher in Britain and Reagan in the United States, and promoted deregulation, privatization and the administrative reform. To revitalize Tokyo when “The Fourth Comprehensive National Development Plan” was formulated in 1987, spatial policy such as “Control the Metropolitan Areas and Promote Local Areas” until that time was changed. The Nakasone policy has changed gradually into the measure that expanded the investment in public works from the fiscal reconstruction in the background of the asset-inflated economy.In the post Nakasone political power after the burst of the economic bubble, it was in the state of straying to alternate retrenched finance and measures to boost the economy. It was “Basic Plan for the Public Investment” in 1990 to influence the investment in the public works expansion.The Hashimoto political power enacted the Fiscal Structure Reform Law in 1997. But the austerity would be stopped before long so that the business, which just began to recover, worsened. That political power changed measures again, boost the economy and tax reduction were executed. “Grand Design for the 21st Century” (21GD) as the fifth comprehensive national development plan was formulated in 1998 under that circumstances.The numerical target was almost none at all in the 21GD though that plan had aimed at different one from the former development plans. Therefore it came to plan the long & large bridge project easily because of no brake of the fiscal framework. Moreover, the concept “National Axis Zone” is not supported. However, it was appreciable to have induced trends of today's urban renewal, consolidation of municipalities, etc.The environment that surrounds spatial planning like the movement of restructuring of government ministries and agencies and decentralization, etc. changed greatly after 21GD. The symbols of a conventional spatial policy like New Industrial City Construction Law, Special Measures Law of Industrial Development, etc. were abolished as an epoch event. On the other hand, new legislation of an individual field like the Infrastructure Maintenance Emphasis Plan Law and the Urban Renewal Law, etc. continues.These series of trends are new currents that deny the sense of comprehensiveness, character of a long term, and the feature of regionalism that the spatial planning has possessed up to now. The problem is how to reform the spatial planning system from now on.JEL classification : N95, O21, R53, R58
The idea of the theory of Community Co-management was originally based on research of the fishing and pearl culturing villages of Shima district in Mie Prefecture during the 1960s. At that time, the landed quantity of cultured pearls in the district increased rapidly because of growth in number of culture establishments and an increase in density of their culturing oyster shells. However, the increase of pearl production in a limited marine area resulted in the rapid deterioration of both quality and price of cultured pearls. At around the same time, sightseeing facilities attracted attention in the district, and environmental burdens imposed by them have become heavy. Then, to realize compatible and sustainable relations with each other for the efficient use of local resources, the establishment of a new community organization composed of fishermen, pearl culture establishments, sightseeing facilities, and inhabitants as comsumers of marine products became indispensable. The management of local resources, by all interested parties, became the core function of the community. For this reason, a community can be seen as an organization for the co-management of living conditions. Modern society has increased its collective consumption, and has grown in community co-management of its living conditions. This means that a community can be seen from the view point of managerial functions. There can be an understanding of the common features and structures of rural and urban communities as well as of neighborhood communities and municipal authorities despite ecological and legislative differences. At present, the development of the decentralization of administrative systems in our country permits the official establishment of a kind of teritorrial autonomous body within a local autonomy. The concept of community co-management has become increasingly realistic.
Decentralization of welfare policy for the elderly in recent Japan made local municipalities have responsibility to provide services. This means, however, the varieties in the quantity and the quality of services between municipalities. It is difficult to obtain the land for institutions especially in urban municipalities because of the high price of land. Therefore, the shortage of provision is serious problem in urban administration. Furthermore, the demand for services can not be satisfied in own municipality and affects neighborhood municipalities.From these problems, the present paper aims to clarify how the institutional care services were provided and the needs for services were satisfied in and out of one municipality. Nagoya City, the study area, is one of the major metropolitan city in Japan, with over two million population and it is divided into 16 wards. The object of this study is nursing home for the elderly, which is the most major service in institutional care in Japan.The results of the study can be summarized as follows:1) The locations of nursing homes are remarkable in peripheral than central wards of the city relatively. The capacity of beds by wards is not proportional to the population 65 and above.2) Each nursing homes bases on a variety of types of the organizations; public, welfare facilities, hospital, religious group, private person and so on. Since 1994, the outer organization of the administration, which had financed half by the administration, had built many homes remarkably. Consequently, the location of homes proceeded also in the central wards, where there were no homes so far. This means that unless positive policy for the provision of homes by the administration is adopted it is not easy to increase homes in urban region, where the availability of land is low.3) Regarding use of nursing homes, many of migrations to enter homes leave for own or neighbor wards. There are more immigrations from other wards where the degree of congestion of homes (the number of beds per 100 people aged 65 years and over) is relatively loose.4) Correlation coefficient between the provision of nursing homes (the number of persons entered in homes) and the demand (the number of entered and waiting lists) was not significantly different from zero at the 0.05 level. Therefore, the level of territorial justice on nursing homes in Nagoya City is not high.5) As a result of the principal component analysis on the migrations to enter homes in Nagoya City, six components (cumulative percentage of the total variance; 73.3%) were extracted. By the interpretation of the components, major patterns of immigrants were to“northeast wards”, “southwest wards”and“eastern wards”.6) Although immigrations to other municipalities leave for the whole of Aichi Prefecture, municipalities in western region of the prefecture had accepted many people from Nagoya City. Immigrations to the municipalities in the next region, policy for provision of services for the elderly, of Nagoya City is surpassing from the peripheral ward which locates on a line from the central of Nagoya City toward to a municipality of destination.7) Although by municipalities in the prefecture the degree of congestion of homes doesn't have relations with the number of persons from Nagoya City, by the policy district it was obviously proportional to ones. Consequently, most of eleven cities with populated above 100 thousand people had so congested that immigrations from Nagoya City were not so many, except for Toyohashi and Toyokawa where the degree of congestion of homes were loose.8) Finally, horizontal intergovernmental relations between Nagoya City and its next municipalities were evaluated through the comparison the number of immigrations from Nagoya City and each of their own demand for homes.
This paper examines the relation between computer networking by On-line System and the role of branch offices in Fukuoka CBD. There are two impacts of computer networking on multi-locational firms. These impacts are related with the locational trends of head and branch offices. One is changes in the role or the position of a branch office, and the other is the influence of an On-line System as a communication medium on meetings and telephone contacts. The characteristics and trends of computer networking and business tasks managed through an On-line System are discussed. As well, the influence of the introduction of an On-line System on the frequencies of meetings and telephone contacts are also discussed. The results are as follows : 1) Network-type of an On-line System ; This is classified into six types : three types with a decentralized pattern of computer networking and the other three types with a centralized pattern. Centralized types which have a host-computer set up in a head office, are unevenly distributed in finance and insurance sectors, while decentralized types which have sub-computers set up in branch offices are unevenly distributed in wholesale and other sectors. In finance and insurance, there are two trends ; expansion of a centralized network pattern, and a shift to a decentralized type. On the other hand, decentralized types are increasing in wholesale and other sectors. 2) Characteristics of business tasks ; a) Offices with a decentralized pattern perform a greater number of business tasks through an On-line System than ones with a centralized pattern. b) As well, these offices perform a greater number of market planning and management tasks than ones with a centralized pattern. The shift to a decentralized pattern makes such trends concerning business tasks possible. c) Finance and insurance sectors generally declare that business authority within branch offices have remained unchanged. Though the major trend is to maintain this status quo, there is also a lesser trend which gives added authority to branch offices. In wholesale and other sectors, the trend is clear that the role of branch offices are being strengthened. 3) Introduction of an On-line System causes a decrease in the frequency of telephone calls in communication within the same firm. But there is little influence of its introduction on the frequencies of meetings and telephone calls in communicating with other firms. Therefore, an On-line System as a communication medium does not lessen the value of face-to-face meetings in communications between firms.