Non-Fungible Token (NFT) plays a transformative role in the digital asset market, revolutionizing how ownership and value are exchanged in decentralized ecosystems. Understanding NFT transaction dynamics is essential for analyzing trading patterns and how user interactions shape market behaviors. Existing studies analyze single blockchain or specific NFT collections, limiting a broader understanding of different blockchains to support NFT transactions. We compare Ethereum-based NFT's and Polygon-based NFT's network dynamics using network analysis as the implementation method of graph analytics to examine the distinct network structures and market behaviors. This study collects 2,819,578 NFT transaction data, including 806,995 from Etherscan and 2,012,583 from Polygonscan between May 2022 and May 2024. The methodology employs network properties, temporal degree analysis, and network metrics, including centrality and modularity, to evaluate user interactions and assess network efficiencies. The findings reveal that the temporal average degree shows Polygon-based NFT higher node connectivity at certain periods, while Ethereum-based NFT remains more stable. The average weighted degree reveals higher early transaction activity in Polygon-based NFT. Centrality analysis highlights single dominant nodes in both networks. Polygon-based NFT demonstrates higher activity reflected by network density and tightly clustered interactions with higher modularity. Ethereum-based NFT exhibits a more interconnected structure and cohesive community clusters with lower modularity. These findings offer valuable insights into blockchain selection and optimization in the NFT market, emphasizing the comparative understanding of network dynamics across different ecosystems.
Honey is globally recognized for its substantial nutritional and therapeutic properties. However, its high market value makes it susceptible to counterfeiting, negatively impacting consumers and beekeepers. This paper presents a blockchain-based framework to monitor the honey trade supply chain, ensuring authenticity. The framework employs an oracle component to verify honey quality and origin using IoT data. Additionally, it integrates fungible and non-fungible tokens to track honey batches. The study evaluates the economic feasibility of this approach, demonstrating that the cost of performing a trade is less than USD 1, with the oracle component achieving an average accuracy rate of 90% in detecting falsified sensor data.
Cryptocurrencies have surfaced as important fiscal software systems. cryptocurrency is a recent and significant invention in the fiscal assiduity. cryptocurrency relinquishment position has increased and the request has grown dramatically. cryptocurrency live only in digital form and can be transferred fully between digital addresses. According to a report by cryptocurrency exploration, India is one of the world’s fastest growing crypto requests, adding by 641.
We develop an analysis of the cryptocurrency market borrowing methods and concepts from ecology. This approach makes it possible to identify specific diversity patterns and their variation, in close analogy with ecological systems, and to characterize the cryptocurrency market in an effective way. At the same time, it shows how non-biological systems can have an important role in contrasting different ecological theories and in testing the use of neutral models. The study of the cryptocurrencies abundance distribution and the evolution of the community structure strongly indicates that these statistical patterns are not consistent with neutrality. In particular, the necessity to increase the temporal change in community composition when the number of cryptocurrencies grows, suggests that their interactions are not necessarily weak. The analysis of the intraspecific and interspecific interdependency supports this fact and demonstrates the presence of a market sector influenced by mutualistic relations. These latest findings challenge the hypothesis of weakly interacting symmetric species, the postulate at the heart of neutral models.
본 연구에서는 새로운 형태의 민간화폐에 대한 화폐창출의 민간화 과정을 살펴보고 민간화폐제도의 소멸 이후 중앙은행제도를 통해 국가 권력이 국가경제운영의 도구로 활용되는 화폐에 대한 권한을 독점하는 과정과 중앙은행이 새로운 유형의 민간화폐인 Bitcoin의 등장에 대하여 부정적인 입장을 취하는 이유와 다른 나라의 규제차이를 분석하였다. 첫째, 개별 국가의 Bitcoin 규제수준을 정하는데 전자화폐로 접근할 것인지, 과세를 적용하는 형태의 규제를 실시할 것인지, 화폐로 인정할 것인지에 대하여 판단 근거에 대한 결정이 이루어지지 않은 단계이다. 둘째, 국가는 화폐에 대한 전권을 소유해야 한다는 전통적 관점을 유지하고 있다. 셋째, Bitcoin의 속성과 현황에 기초하여 다른 나라의 규제현황과 규제수준 등을 각국 정부와 중앙은행의 발표, 공신력이 있는 언론보도를 기초로 분류하였고, Bitcoin을 화폐의 기능적 관점에서 사례분석을 통하여 각국의 규제에 차이가 나는 이유를 규명하였다.
Bitcoin, but there are other serious players in the game such as Ethereum, NEO, and Ripple, to name just a few. 2 Cryptocurrencies extend beyond the pre-established limits, and thus do not fit easily into the existing paradigm. 3 In fact, their scope is so vast, it is almost impossible to predict their future impact. 4 It is a bit like attempting to estimate the possible size and magnitude of an unknown type of fully mature tree from its tiny infant seed.*So, perhaps we should not limit our imaginations too much with rapidly redundant frameworks and limiting definitions.*The objective of this article is to widen and expose the field of interpretations and understanding of cryptocurrencies while providing some stimulating, inspirational thoughts regarding the unprecedented opportunities and dilemmas cryptocurrencies face.*This mini-thesis has been written almost like a stream of thought, rather than a concisely researched document.*This is because it does not attempt to meet all the criteria of empirically proven research.*As such, some of its statements are unproven, unquantifiable, and unquoted.*Currently, complete examination is impossible because cryptocurrency, and the blockchain technology supporting it behind the scenes, is a rapidly evolving organic phenomenon-it is swirling, moving, and adapting. 5 At this stage, it is impossible to predict accurately what will global simulations.He is a regular contributor to the World Bank doing business reports from 2015 through 2018.
New Zealand (NZ) is both a Gondwanan continental fragment and a geologically active oceanic island, and hence, unravelling the origins and diversification of its biota has been considered important to biogeographic theory more generally (Nelson 1975). For instance, given this dual nature, the modern NZ land mass provides an ideal setting to consider the relative contribution of vicariance (NZ is believed to have separated from the Gondwanan supercontinent c. 80 Ma; but see, e.g., Ladiges and Cantrill 2007, who suggest more recent terrestrial connections between Australia and NZ) versus more recent transoceanic long-distance dispersal in shaping biogeographic patterns (Crisp 2008, Wallis and Trewick 2008). Following its rifting from Gondwana, crustal thinning resulted in progressive submergence of the plate that carried NZ culminating in the “Oligocene drowning” (c. 34–24 Ma) when the emergent landmass of what would become NZ was reduced to a small fraction of the modern area or was submerged entirely (Campbell and Landis 2003; Trewick et al. 2006, Landis et al. 2008). The fossil record of NZ indicates a very high rate of biotic turnover since the Cretaceous (Pole 1994, Pole and Vajda 2009). The importance of Tertiary oceanic long-distance dispersal in the assembly of the modern biota has been widely demonstrated (e.g., Fleming 1979, Mildenhall 1980, Pole 1994, Macphail 1997, Winkworth et al. 2002, Cook and Crisp 2005, Knapp et al. 2005). In light of these data, it has been argued that the burden of proof rests with biogeographers to demonstrate in situ Gondwanan (vicariant) heritage, or indeed, a continuous pre-Oligocene link for the modern NZ biota (Waters and Craw 2006, Landis et al. 2008). Here, we review the claim that Kauri (Agathis australis), the sole extant NZ representative of the predominantly Southern Hemisphere conifer family Araucariaceae, survived the Oligocene drowning (Stöckler et al. 2002, Knapp et al. 2007). Stöckler et al. (2002) present a molecular (plastid rbcL sequences) phylogenetic hypothesis for Agathis and Araucariaceae in which A. australis is resolved as sister to all other Agathis spp. included in their study and is separated by a long branch leading to the Australian, New Caledonian, and Malesian representatives of that genus. We find no substantive evidence from this study to support their claim that A. australis represents a lineage that has continuously occupied NZ since before the Oligocene and potentially since the Cretaceous. Specifically, they argue that the phylogenetic position of A. australis rejects the hypothesis of Pole (1994) “that most if not all New Zealand plant taxa have been derived by long-distance dispersal from Australia during the Tertiary” (Stöckler et al. 2002, p. 830; but see Pole 2008, for an alternative interpretation of Pole 1994). However, the topology of Stöckler et al. (2002) is still consistent with Tertiary long-distance dispersal of the A. australis lineage from Australia to NZ. The tree does not reject the possibility that A. australis is more closely related to extinct Australian Agathis, which are known from well-substantiated macrofossils of southern Australia from the Palaeocene to the Miocene (Hill and Brodribb 1999, Hill et al. 2008). Possibly stronger evidence for the scenario of Stöckler et al. (2002) comes from the antediluvian fossil record of NZ, including putative (then undescribed) Agathis fossils from the Cenomanian (c. 100 Ma) of NZ that would suggest a continuous presence since at least the Late Cretaceous. Pole (2008) has compared morphological variation within “A. seymouricum” and “A. clarencianum” of the NZ Cenomanian with that of extant Agathis and finds no support from these fossils for a presence of Agathis in NZ prior to the Cainozoic (<65.5 Ma). Lee et al. (2007) cast further doubt on the affinities of these Cretaceous fossils, noting that the original illustrations did not contain characters that have been used to define the genus. Hill et al. (2008) believe that the oldest organically preserved fossils that can be unequivocally assigned to Agathis date to the Late Palaeocene in southeast Australia, and even they have some unusual features compared with living Agathis. Furthermore, it has recently been suggested that Araucariaceae may have been extirpated from NZ at the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary (c. 65 Ma; Pole 2008; Pole and Vajda 2009) corresponding to probable global deforestation following the asteroid impact in Yucatan (Vajda et al. 2001). Knapp et al. (2007) used a plastid DNA sequence data set with integrated fossil time constraints to infer a Late Cretaceous–Eocene divergence of A. australis from a sister clade comprising Agathis from Australia, the southwestern Pacific and Malesia. On this basis, Knapp et al. (2007) hypothesis that NZ Agathis is derived from a lineage that survived the Oligocene marine transgression, although they are cautious with respect to Cretaceous in situ vicariance and consider alternative hypotheses, including possible pre-Oligocene long-distance oceanic dispersal in the context of the Australian fossil record. Our major concern with the analyses of Knapp et al. (2007) rests largely in their treatment of the fossil data to calibrate molecular rates for Araucariaceae. Knapp et al. (2007) applied “conservative” age constraints to internal nodes for their divergence time estimation (i.e., older node age constraints could be justified on the basis of fossil evidence, which could result in older estimates of divergence times for A. australis), although their treatment also implies a high level of confidence with respect to the taxonomic placement of the fossil Araucariaceae. Specifically, they assume that the fossils belong within the Araucariaceae crown group radiation, disregarding the possibility that they are stem group lineages (i.e., the root of their topologies excludes the outgroup). Below, we demonstrate that this approach has strong implications for molecular evolution among araucarians, and using alternative calibration constraints, we question the strength of evidence for a pre-Oligocene presence of Agathis in NZ. We assembled a data set comprising partial plastid rbcL and matK sequences for 24 taxa including 15 Araucariaceae and 9 outgroup taxa representing the conifer families Podocarpaceae, Cupressaceae, Taxaceae, Sciadiopityaceae, and Pinaceae. Sequences were sourced from GenBank, and alignment was performed manually. The aligned sequence length (including two indels in matK) was 1965 nucleotides. Taxa sampled and GenBank accession numbers are indicated in Table 1, and the aligned data matrix is available as Supplementary material at http://www.sysbio.oxfordjournals.org. Taxa sampled and GenBank accession numbers for sequences used in this study Taxa sampled and GenBank accession numbers for sequences used in this study We used the Bayesian relaxed clock implementation BEAST (v1.4.8; Drummond and Rambaut 2007; BEAST input files available at http://www.sysbio.oxfordjournals.org) that implements a number of theoretical advances in molecular clock methods relative to those employed by Knapp et al. (2007, penalized likelihood, Sanderson 2002, and the Bayesian relaxed clock implementation, Multidivtime, Thorne et al. 1998; Thorne and Kishino 2002) including the simultaneous estimation of topology and branch lengths (divergence times) from the aligned DNA sequences, no a priori assumption of rate autocorrelation among adjacent branches of the tree and flexible priors on model parameters (such as parametric calibration priors; Drummond et al. 2006). For these analyses, we used a GTR + I + Γ model of sequence evolution, a Yule prior on branch rates and uncorrelated lognormal (UCLN) prior distribution of branch rates, that is, rate variation among lineages was assumed to be uncorrelated and lognormally distributed (Drummond et al. 2006). Using essentially the same sequences, Stöckler et al. (2002) and Knapp et al. (2007) identified a GTR + I + Γ submodel as providing the best overall fit to their Araucariaceae data sets and found that divergence time estimates were reasonably insensitive to the choice of substitution model (Knapp et al. 2007). We favored the UCLN model of branch rates because it includes a variance parameter (UCLN standard deviation), providing an estimate of among lineage rate variation. Using simulated data, Drummond et al. (2006) found that the UCLN implementation in BEAST performed well (in terms of accuracy and precision) when the data were clocklike or showed significant rate heterogeneity among lineages. Relative to an uncorrelated exponential prior distribution of branch rates, the UCLN model had similar accuracy but greater precision and could better accommodate data that were nearly clocklike because it includes the variance of the lognormal distribution as a parameter (Drummond et al. 2006). We estimated araucarian phylogenies using 2 different sets of constraints on node age. Firstly, we sought to approximate the hypothesis of divergence times for Araucariaceae of Knapp et al. (2007) that was originally derived from 4 fossil constraints and a prior assumption on the age of the root (their Araucariaceae crown node; Table 2; hereafter referred to as crown group scenario). We used lognormal priors with a zero offset providing lower node age constraints equivalent to those applied by Knapp et al. (2007) for their 4 constraints. The prior probability distribution of node ages had a median value (peak prior probability) approximating the mean node age estimates for each of the constraints reported by Knapp et al. (2007) for their Bayesian relaxed clock analyses of their concatenated data set (their table 3, p. 867). The upper limit of node age has a “soft” bound, that is, much older ages are possible but are associated with decreasing probabilities (Sanders and Lee 2007). In addition, we placed a maximum age on the root (i.e., the most recent common ancestor, MRCA, of Araucariaceae and the outgroup taxa; Fig. 1) of 320 Ma, approximating the appearance of conifers in the fossil record (Rothwell and Scheckler 1988; Gaultier et al. 1992; Miller 1999; Hernandez-Castillo et al. 2009). Constraints used to estimate divergence times, the posterior divergence time estimates (median [95%HPD], millions of years before present), and the coefficient of rate variation estimated from the data (median [95%HPD]) under scenarios (a) and (b) Notes: The UCLN mean rate (substitutions site−1 million years−1) and its standard deviation are also indicated for each scenario. Constraints used to estimate divergence times, the posterior divergence time estimates (median [95%HPD], millions of years before present), and the coefficient of rate variation estimated from the data (median [95%HPD]) under scenarios (a) and (b) Notes: The UCLN mean rate (substitutions site−1 million years−1) and its standard deviation are also indicated for each scenario. Tree topologies (maximum clade credibility trees) and divergence time estimates for Araucariaceae under 2 calibration schemes: (a) crown group scenario and (b) stem group scenario. The crown group scenario used 4 fossil constraints (1, Araucariaceae crown; 2, MRCA Agathis + Wollemia; 3, MRCA Section Bunya + Araucaria; and 4, MRCA Section Bunya + Eutacta), whereas for the stem group scenario, 2 age constraints (1, Araucariaceae stem node and 2, MRCA of Agathis + Wollemia) were used to estimate divergence times among Araucariaceae (see Table 2, and text, for details). Branch support (posterior probability) is 1.0 unless indicated adjacent to that branch. The horizontal bars indicate the 95% HPD of divergence times associated with each node and the timescale is in millions of years. The alternative approach (hereafter referred to as stem group scenario) used the same maximum age to constrain the root and additionally used lognormal calibration priors to constrain: First, the MRCA of Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae based upon the oldest well-assigned fossils for both these families from the Mid-Jurassic (Hill and Brodribb 1999). Putative fossils of Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae have been recorded from the Triassic, although the affinities of these are tentative (Hill 1995; Hill and Brodribb 1999). However, note that a Triassic age for this node is not ruled out a priori (Table 2) and, secondly, the MRCA of Agathis + Wollemia based upon the recent reviews of the macrofossil record of Agathis (Lee et al. 2007; Hill et al. 2008; Pole 2008). Currently, the oldest unequivocal fossils of Agathis are from southeastern Australia of the Late Palaeogene (c. 55–50 Ma; Hill et al. 2008). We designed the prior to include a mid-Cretaceous age within the 95% confidence interval in light of the description of A. victoriensis (Cantrill, 1992) from Cretaceous (c. 120–100 Ma) sediments of southern Australia (Table 2). However, this species lacks organic preservation, and its generic identity is considered doubtful (Hill and Brodribb 1999; Hill et al. 2008; Pole 2008). Initially, we analyzed the data with each of these fossil constraints singly to consider their internal consistency. As these analyses returned comparable posterior divergence time estimates (Supplementary material; model priors as and as both fossil constraints were included to estimate divergence times among Araucariaceae under the stem group scenario. For each scenario, were each of topology and parameter and Drummond was used to between and estimate an the median and 95% posterior of parameters sampled from the posterior distribution of the and to that the was to estimates of model parameter variance (i.e., see Drummond et al. an fraction the topologies estimated from the 4 were and topology and parameter were Drummond and Rambaut on the credibility The sister group of Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae was not from these data 1) but is in other analyses sequence data for sampled plant lineages (e.g., et al. 2008). we estimated topologies for the alternative as with the of Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae or and found no substantive in divergence time estimates or of rates among lineages not The reported to the set of The among Araucariaceae derived from the Bayesian of plastid rbcL and matK sequences are largely consistent with those of including et al. Stöckler et al. and Knapp et al. is resolved as as are the and whereas Bunya and are resolved as sister Wollemia and Agathis are resolved as Agathis, the divergence is that of A. australis from NZ from the Agathis species included in analyses We divergence time estimates for Araucariaceae under the two calibration 1) using 4 internal node age constraints to approximate the hypothesis of Knapp et al. (2007) group scenario) and 2) using two alternative constraints singly (Supplementary or in group Table 2 and Fig. For under the stem group scenario, the estimated age of the Araucariaceae crown group is an of the age suggested by the crown group scenario, whereas the extant lineages of Araucariaceae are of versus predominantly under the stem and crown group (Table 2 and Fig. the stem group scenario a hypothesis of araucarian evolution that the widely (e.g., and and is with of the fossil record of Araucariaceae. For instance, fossil taxa assigned to Bunya and are known from fossils, Section fossils have been reported from the Cretaceous (Hill and Brodribb and is known from the Late Cretaceous (c. Ma; Macphail et al. However, the stem group scenario the affinities of Araucariaceae and in to the crown group scenario provides an of the record. Below, we consider the implications of the alternative calibration with respect to rates of molecular evolution among Araucariaceae. We estimated phylogenies using a UCLN relaxed clock model that the distribution of branch rates to from clocklike rate variation among to in branch rate (Drummond et al. 2006). this the of rate variation among branches can be by the standard deviation of the UCLN relaxed clock In Table (see also Fig. we the estimated value of this for two calibration scenarios (see and Lee 2007). In both is significant from a molecular the standard deviation in the clock rate includes although the of from group scenario) to group indicate that the standard deviation the value of the clock rate branch rate estimates for two calibration scenarios are indicated in For the crown group scenario, the branch rate estimates are associated with the For instance, the Araucariaceae stem group lineage has an estimated median rate of 4 million years In the median branch rate estimates are associated with the Araucariaceae crown from c. to 4 million years 1, that is, to an of lower the estimated stem group the stem group scenario, median branch rate estimates for Araucariaceae from to 4 million years and are comparable to rates for the conifer 4 million years et al. 2007). For the crown group scenario, we find that the in molecular rate c. from the to the Araucariaceae within the Araucariaceae crown is a and strong to lower rates including an c. times lower rate the branches both the and the Agathis + Wollemia crown relative to the stem group rate 2). For the stem group scenario, we find branch rate estimates and in rates from to lineages the of the tree 2). to median molecular branch length to topologies with median node estimates as 1) the rate for each branch branches have a posterior probability in the phylogenies under (a) crown group and (b) stem group calibration that two in terms of constraints, it that the of Araucariaceae fossils is the of the patterns molecular rates between crown and stem group scenarios 2). 1) the fossil constraints in the study of Knapp et al. (2007) are and rates have been the timescale of araucarian evolution or 2) the Araucariaceae are by of rate which would to the that the fossil record of Araucariaceae is rate variation has been widely the tree of and has been to a of including in the of DNA and level of that species are to and reasonably it has been that time may be a major to rate whereas other (e.g., are more important for rate variation among related lineages For the with molecular rate variation demonstrated in (e.g., et al. 1992; et al. and 2008). For instance, based upon and were found to on times and 2008; maximum from their data set was a times in rate in a from a to and time with are to strong rate variation the of species are as is the for all extant Araucariaceae. alternative for the of among lineage rate variation is that the calibration is Specifically, Knapp et al. (2007) assume that the crown group is but no to this The in rate variation could be by the of the calibration a of some branches instance, the Araucariaceae stem which would be between the lower age by the fossil and the upper maximum age set on the and a of (i.e., the crown group internal and branches have in to fit the data to the an would not be in the original analyses of Knapp et al. (2007) because they did not their a scenario most of these constraints were As an of the we divergence times for Araucariaceae using equivalent to those used for the crown group scenario (Table 2) but in the of an upper root age (i.e., 320 Ma, approximating the appearance of the this is a of rate variation among branches (UCLN clock standard 95% although the estimated age of the root is to Ma, 95% not the assumption of an for extant lineages of Araucariaceae (Knapp et al. is associated with entirely estimates for the divergence times of extant conifer families given of land plant evolution (e.g., and Scheckler 1988; and a that it is the calibration approach that is this all internal constraints for Araucariaceae that the number of constraints has a on the value of the rate variation when compared with the assumption that the crown group is we the divergence time estimates for the crown group by the stem group scenario, the is that the fossil record for the family The from the stem group scenario was to find that the fossil are much older their associated lineages. However, if the Araucariaceae crown group a maximum of and Table all these older fossil belong within crown can be stem Araucariaceae not to living In light of the molecular age an alternative is that the affinities of Araucariaceae with extant lineages are an of could result if fossils extinct lineages with extant putative for the extant lineages that are more among extinct For the most the fossil record of Araucariaceae a of that have been in terms of on the basis of partial fossils as and or The extant lineages instance, the extant of are using sets of from the plant (e.g., et al. whereas it is that extinct lineages a greater of morphological is in the present and Hill et al. 1995; Hill and Brodribb 1999; Cantrill and 2006). the of and are characters from may be to taxonomic has been suggested for et al. et al. 2007). have been the affinities of known from material et al. and some putative fossil of and Crisp 2005). The of is of concern for of the between fossil and extant taxa because to as a clade ages provides a review of the of extant Southern Hemisphere conifers including Araucariaceae and found that at the of living taxa could be to the that a of fossil material is as The recent of the extant Wollemia has a of of the fossil record of Araucariaceae of which et al. p. that of Wollemia fossil and of this would be as would be assigned to et al. Section to include extinct from the of based on the of that included that are similar to those of Section whereas the closely to those of doubt as to the of fossils that have been assigned to Section et al. et al. also question the affinities of fossils assigned to Section given that the sole extant representative was resolved in a derived position in their molecular and has at least that is in the The hypothesis of Knapp et al. (2007) the divergence of Section Bunya at not more and doubt as to the of Bunya Lee et al. (2007) and preserved Agathis from the Miocene from the in the of the of New Zealand as affinities with the extant A. However, Hill et al. (2008) that these fossils are unusual for Agathis in a and the the from the is not leading to a as in extant Lee et al. (2007) that these fossils, which they believe affinities with extant Agathis support to the hypothesis of Knapp et al. However, this support is on a phylogenetic between the fossils and the extant A. which is doubt by Hill et al. In light of the evidence we believe that (Stöckler et al. Knapp et al. that the in situ of a lineage to NZ Agathis since before the Oligocene marine are not well Specifically, even if their topology and assumed divergence times are the tree of Stöckler et al. (2002) is still consistent with the possibility that the A. australis lineage from Australia to NZ whereas fossil evidence for the of this lineage in NZ is in light of recent analyses (Hill et al. 2008; Pole 2008; Pole and Vajda 2009). The for the age of A. of Knapp et al. (2007) upon a set of the taxonomic of fossils that rate variation among branches of their (Table 2 and Fig. 2). We believe that the of confidence in the fossil data by the treatment of Knapp et al. (2007) is and, for instance, a of fossil and living Araucariaceae (e.g., et al. 2009) has not been we these the of araucarians, the estimated age of the A. australis lineage is and does not reject the alternative hypothesis of long-distance dispersal to NZ. the divergence time estimates under the stem group scenario suggest the to biogeographic and for Araucariaceae. The ages of nodes suggest an family that has as well as recent diversification in to the that is to extant Supplementary accession number was under the Australian number to We and an for their and on