El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la naturaleza jurídica de la criptomoneda Bitcoin en el ordenamiento jurídico chileno. Para ello, se realiza una aproximación a la figura de los criptoactivos, para luego describir las principales características del bitcoin. Posteriormente, se realiza un análisis dogmático y normativo tanto de la literatura especializada como de la legislación vigente aplicable a la materia. Considerando las particulares características del Bitcoin, así como lo expresado por la doctrina nacional y comparada, y especialmente, los términos de nuestro Código Civil y de la Ley 21.521 (Ley Fintec), es dable sostener la imposibilidad de identificar al Bitcoin con alguna categoría de lege lata que permita explicar integralmente la figura, por lo que es más apropiada su calificación de bien sui generis a la luz del ordenamiento jurídico nacional.
El presente estudio aborda la intersección entre los derechos de propiedad intelectual, derechos de autor y conexos y los tokens criptográficos gestionados por registros distribuidos. Con el objeto de examinar estas cuestiones, se adopta un enfoque particular de un subconjunto específico de tokens, los asset tokens o tokens de activos, que pueden representar una unidad de cuenta fungible o un bien único no fungible, non fungible tokens o NFTs. La investigación se centra en la clasificación y protección de estos activos únicos, escasos y criptográficos, que están vinculados a obras de arte tanto en formatos físicos como digitales. Se adopta una perspectiva de no fungibilidad para proporcionar un análisis exhaustivo de la materia.El objetivo principal es dilucidar cuestiones clave en el ámbito del derecho de autor y la propiedad intelectual relacionadas con los NFTs. Entre los interrogantes que se plantean se encuentran: la extensión de la protección de los derechos de autor sobre los NFTs, la relación entre la estructura interna del activo y su representación visual, la viabilidad técnica de retirar un NFT del mercado en caso de violación de derechos de propiedad intelectual y, finalmente, los derechos que posee el propietario de una obra de arte física para convertirla en un NFT. El análisis técnico detallado busca ofrecer respuestas a estas preguntas, contribuyendo así al entendimiento legal y académico de los activos digitales en el contexto de la propiedad intelectual.
Spanish Abstract: El presente es un trabajo de investigación contentivo de una propuesta de proyecto para la creación de un Sistema de Identificación descentralizado, autónomo e independiente del gobierno del Estado venezolano que culmina con un prototipo que permita expedir al venezolano un pasaporte válido para viajar, dentro o fuera de Venezuela, dependiendo de la situación política en la que se encuentre el país y la penetración de internet. La propuesta surge debido a la falta grave del gobierno venezolano de abstenerse de expedir la renovación o prórroga de los pasaportes nacionales de venezolanos que viven dentro y fuera de Venezuela. Para materializar la propuesta se hace necesario el concurso de las oficinas regionales de las agencias especializadas de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, tales como la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones y el Alto Comisariado para las Naciones Unidas o la Cruz Roja. Estas podrían fungir como tercero de confianza. English Abstract: The following is a study on the legal and technical feasibility of creating temporary and permanent solutions to put an end to the serious problem that Venezuelans are going through, due to the fact that the competent authority responsible for the issuance of the national passports and identity cards has stopped performing its work. This violation of constitutional guarantees and, in general, of the fundamental human rights to identity and freedom of movement must cease. We therefore present four temporary solutions and one permanent solution for obtaining a Venezuelan national passport. To materialize this proposal, it is necessary to have the cooperation of the regional offices an main headquarters of the United Nations’ specialized agencies, such as the International Organization for Migration and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, as well as, the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights. One of these organizations could act as a trusted third party in the process of issuing the travel document for Venezuelan citizens inside and outside Venezuela.
[ES] En este TFG se va a exponer un sistema de notarización de documentos digitales aprovechando las cualidades de transparencia e inmutabilidad de Ethereum para almacenar los registros. \n \nSe van a presentar dos posibles arquitecturas para este sistema, siendo la gestión de las cuentas Ethereum la principal diferencia. \n \nEn el primer diseño, el usuario debe tener una cuenta de Ethereum con fondos para interactuar con el sistema. Los dos componentes fundamentales son: la interfaz web y el Smart Contract en Ethereum. El usuario se conecta al sistema en la página web, usando un Wallet específico de navegador (MetaMask). Desde la web podrá guardar, recuperar o validar cualquier registro en Ethereum. \n \nEn el segundo diseño, no será necesario que el cliente tenga su propia cuenta de Ethereum. En su lugar, habrá un servidor que identificará a los usuarios e interactuará con Ethereum en su nombre. \n \nPor último, se hablará de un sistema de gestión de identidades, basado en el estándar de W3C, el cual dará una capa extra de seguridad a nuestro sistema de notarización.
espanolEl presente articulo analiza a traves del desarrollo historico de la criptomoneda Bitcoin (BTC), como la tecnologia de cadena de bloques (blockchain), siguiendo los propios principios bajo los cuales ha sido desarrollada, especificamente el de descentralizacion de la informacion y resistencia publica a la censura, hace indeseable la utilizacion de la misma por parte de autoridades estatales y gubernamentales para garantizar la trazabilidad de transacciones como contratos, transparencia y acceso a la informacion o tractos registrales. EnglishThe following paper analyzes Bitcoin’s historical development, as a cryptocurrency backed up by blockchain technology and how after its own core principles, specifically information decentralization, and open resistance to censorship, makes usage by governmental authorities to guarantee traceability of transactions, such as contracts, transparency, information access and registry undesirable.
espanolEste articulo compara algunas expresiones clave y palabras de cuatro constituciones de la region andina en paises que han adoptado el tipo de estado unitario y el modelo de organizacion territorial frances, desde entonces y hasta ahora, desarrollando procesos diferentes de descentralizacion (Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). Las palabras: plurinacional, multicultural, comunitario, autonomo, autonomia, unitario y indivisible seran contadas (vamos a comparar cuantas veces cada palabra aparece en los textos constitucionales) y su significado sera analizado en relacion con los procesos de descentralizacion de cada pais. Estos procesos seran analizados por medio de un dialogo entre ciencia politica y derecho comparado para entender mejor las tendencias de la descentralizacion en America latina y su impacto sobre la circulacion del modelo frances. EnglishThis article aims to compare some key statements and words from four constitutions in the Latin American region of countries that initially adopted the unitary form of state and the territorial organization of the French model, while subsequently developing different decentralization processes (Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). The words: plurinational, multicultural, communitary, autonomous, autonomy, unitary and indivisible will be counted (comparing the number of times each word appears in the constitutional texts) and their meaning will be analyzed in relation to decentralization processes of each country. We analyze this process through a dialog between political science and comparative law to better understand the Latin American decentralization trend and its impact on the circulation of the French model.
The main objective of this investigation was to analyze the legal nature of the Decentralized Federal State as a political-territorial organization in Venezuela. The federal State is formed under the principles of federalism, that is, of political decentralization. Its territory is divided into autonomous units that, on certain matters, are governed by their own Constitution, laws and authorities, while others are subject to the central legal order of the State and the government of the federation. It corresponds to the federal Constitution to distribute the competences between the central and decentralized bodies. The methodology was based on a non-experimental design, in the documentary research modality. The techniques of documentary observation, analytical summary and critical examination, bibliographies of national and foreign authors were used; the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (1999) and the Organic Law of People's Power (2010). The techniques of data collection will be the bibliographic archival and the documentary observation, whose instrument will be the documentary record.
This article aims to compare some key statements and words from four constitutions in the Latin American region of countries that initially adopted the unitary form of state and the territorial organization of the French model, while subsequently developing different decentralization processes (Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). The words: plurinational, multicultural, communitary, autonomous, autonomy, unitary and indivisible will be counted (comparing the number of times each word appears in the constitutional texts) and their meaning will be analyzed in relation to decentralization processes of each country. We analyze this process through a dialog between political science and comparative law to better understand the Latin American decentralization trend and its impact on the circulation of the French model
The public administration of the environment in Colombia is characterized by decentralized\n. Based on this form of organization , renewable natural resources are\norganized under criteria ecosystem unit subject to the territorial jurisdiction of the\nregional autonomous corporations CAR. The CAR is part of what in Colombia\nis called the National Environmental System, SINA, and although they are not\nsubject to administrative hierarchies by the Ministry of environment, discusses the\ntrue scope of its administrative autonomy. The discussion about the autonomy of\nthe CAR has created tensions between the central level and the decentralized level\nto the point of being necessary the intervention of the constitutional court to set\nlimits to the possibility for the Ministry to intervene in the proceedings of the CAR,\nand to define those competencies that the CAR can act autonomously.
Decentralization and democratization in Bolivia and Ecuador occurred in the context of regional and global trends that shifted powers from central to local governments and expanded citizen participation in public decision making. These trends converged with the return to civilian-elected rule in Latin America in the late 1970s and accelerated and deepened over the next decade. Latin America in subsequent decades produced some of the most admired decentralization experiences (Eaton 2004: 36). Development professionals embraced the writings of political theorists extolling the “normative, substantive and instrumental benefits of participation” (Humphreys et al. 2006: 585–6). By the 1990s virtually all major development players – multilateral and bilateral donors and civil society groups – had embraced a preference for governance methods that facilitate the autonomous involvement of stakeholders in the choice, design, implementation, and monitoring of development programs. Thus, when Andean indigenous governments sought new ways to link social-movement organizations with public decision-making bodies in the 1990s, they received enthusiastic support from many development actors. Before we investigate the variations in institutional innovation in particular municipalities, it is important to understand the enormous impact of the larger legal, political, and economic contexts in each country. We must remember that the most important decisions that affect local living conditions are made in distant national, and even international, capitols (Bebbington 2005: 5; Grindle 2007: 182–3). In the first section I describe the development of decentralization in Ecuador and Bolivia.
Abstract The public sector in Latin America has been characterized by the proliferation of national semi‐autonomous bodies known as ‘decentralized agencies’. This article focuses on such agencies in Colombia from the 1960s onwards. Attention will be paid to their institutional proliferation and how this affected local government, particularly in the fields of water and sanitation. Such changes in state organization have not been problem free. The growth of ‘decentralized agencies’ has been associated with problems of inefficiency, administrative confusion and problems of social and political unrest. Indeed, such contradictions have resulted in the issue of decentralization being placed on the political agenda and the development of innovative and administrative reforms that could breathe new life into local government.