Blockchain Papers

Muhamad Sulthan Firmansyah, Eka Miranda

No abstract is available for this record.

Doaa Mohammed Abdul Rahman

Background and Gap Information: Positive, negative and hybrid external confirmation processes are the pillars of audit evidence as posed in the standard ISA 505, however the response rate is very low 48-72%, fraud is not detected 12-38% and there is an unresolvable conflict between assurance and data privacy. This “auditor’s dilemma” intensifies with cross-border transactions and tight data privacy regulations such as Iraq’s Personal Data Protection Law No. 10 of 2024. Although there are recent proposals based on blockchain or homomorphic encryption, none of them has presented a mathematically zero-knowledge, empirically verified, and regulatorily compliant confirmation protocol that seamlessly performs over heterogeneous ERP systems without leaking its underlying commercial data. Objective: We present the Decentralized Confirmation Matrix (DCM) - a game-changing evidence of audit protocol based on zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge (zk-SNARKs) to cryptographically prove a set of external transactions, while leaking only the fact that they are consistent (“valid/invalid”) together with a timestamp. The paper (1) details the DCM design, including its novel dual-nullifier and heterogeneous trust models; (2) presents an empirical comparison of DCM with traditional techniques based on authentic Iraqi state-owned enterprise (SOE) data; (3) scrutinizes DCM against Iraqi higher educational certification standards and Scopus Q1 repeatability requirements; and (4) delivers an open-source route-to-implementation (ZKCaaS). Methodology: We developed a complete DCM prototype using Circom 2.1.6 and SnarkJS over a permissioned blockchain sandbox (Iraqi National Blockchain Sandbox). 4We acquired genuine transaction logs (n=25,000+ confirmations) from three Iraqi SOEs: Northern Refineries Company (Baghdad), Basra Oil Terminal (Basra), and Iraqi Telecommunications Company (Erbil).A controlled field experiment with 45 Iraqi auditors (repeated measures, counterbalanced) was conducted to evaluate DCM vis-a-vis traditional positive and email-hybrid confirmations on response time, error rates, cost, auditor satisfaction (UTAUT2), and attack resilience. Results: DCM reduced average confirmation response time by 99.6% (to 0.05 days), attained a 100% response rate by automation, elevated fraud detection from traditional 62% to 97%, and brought in cost per confirmation (from 6% to 0.45%). Auditor satisfaction rated 4.6/5, and the dual‑nullifier scheme prevented 100% of replay and collusion attacks - a guarantee not found in any prior work. Audit risk (ISA 315) decreased by 93% (from 6% to 0.45%).Cross‑platform rollup between SAP and Oracle succeeded at 98%, solving a long‑standing interoperability ga. Conclusion: DCM is the first practical, privacy-preserving, and empirically superior external consistency checking protocol that satisfies ISA 500/505 while enabling “cryptographically sealed evidence” as a novel evidence type. The article is in line with the quality requirements of the Iraqi accreditation agency as well as Scopus Q1, which consider theoretical novelty, empirical rigour and open‑source replicability. We propose a strategic vision for 2025-2030 and an Autonomous Audit Agent (AAA) for full automation.

Jeiel D. Joseph

Chapter 6 explains how Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programmes can operationalise an AI-driven due diligence (DD) system while remaining compliant with data protection, cybersecurity and emerging AI governance standards. It begins by outlining the structural weaknesses of current CBI know your customer (KYC) and DD practices—high cost, duplication across jurisdictions, repetitive documentation burdens and legacy data-security risks—and argues for a minimum DD standard that improves efficiency without weakening oversight or privacy protections. The chapter thereafter proposes a hybrid technical architecture combining AI with blockchain-enabled tools. It cautions against storing personal data on-chain due to General Data Protection Regulation constraints (especially the right to erasure) and instead supports an off-chain storage model anchored by on-chain hashes for verification, auditability and traceability. Smart contracts are presented as a mechanism to automate requests, validations and multilateral reuse of verified KYC outputs across Citizenship by Investment Units, reducing redundant screening while strengthening integrity through immutable audit trails. The chapter also addresses blockchain sustainability concerns by contrasting Proof of Work with Proof of Stake. Finally, the chapter operationalises AI governance through impact assessment and conformity assessment models aligned with the EU Artificial Intelligence Act. It proposes an Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States-oriented institutional framework involving a regional AI board, national supervisory authorities and independent conformity assessment bodies to ensure accountability, human oversight, monitoring and reporting across the AI lifecycle.

Joel Poncha Lemayian, Ghyslain Gagnon, Kaiwen Zhang, Pascal Giard

Cryptographic wallets play a vital role in securing digital assets within blockchain networks by managing private keys that authorize secure transactions. However, side channel analysis (SCA) attacks have become a serious threat, enabling attackers to extract sensitive information by exploiting algorithmic weaknesses in microcontroller-based wallets, resulting in the loss of millions of dollars in digital assets. In hierarchically deterministic (HD) systems, the compromise of a single primary key can endanger all subsequent child keys, while the use of independent keys for each account introduces complexity and challenges in key management. This work presents HardVault, a field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based cryptocurrency wallet that supports both Bitcoin and Ethereum. HardVault introduces the first hardware wallet architecture that implements both non-deterministic (ND) and HD key generation modes directly in hardware, giving users the flexibility to choose either approach based on their security and usability needs. By leveraging constant-time operations and hardware-enforced private-key isolation, the design significantly improves resilience to SCA attacks. In addition, the architecture prioritizes resource efficiency to minimize area usage without compromising security, making it well-suited for compact, portable hardware wallet applications. Implementation on a ZCU104 FPGA shows that HardVault uses only 27% of available look-up tables (LUTs). Compared to the Trezor One cryptocurrency (crypto) wallet, the proposed implementation achieves$9\times $higher energy efficiency,$8\times $lower latency, and$7\times $higher throughput.

Assignee Research

This report synthesises findings from 3 peer-reviewed papers addressing the following research question: How does the integration of persistent homology-based topological features in MTGCL compare to other graph contrastive learning methods (e.g., GTCL, GCMC) in terms of anomaly detection accuracy and. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain have become two of the most trending and disruptive technologies. Blockchain technology has the ability to automate payment in cryptocurrency and to provide access to a shared ledger of data, transactions, and logs in a. 6 claims were extracted from source literature; 6 were independently verified against retrieved documents. An automated multi-reviewer quality assessment produced a score of 8.7/10. This report is a machine-generated literature synthesis and does not constitute original research. Research goal: How does the integration of persistent homology-based topological features in MTGCL compare to other graph contrastive learning methods (e.g., GTCL, GCMC) in terms of anomaly detection accuracy and inference latency on large-scale Ethereum transaction datasets? Autonomous literature synthesis. Automated review score: 8.7/10. Full text and citation available at Assignee Research.

Will Mason

In July 2021, the electronic musician and scholar Holly Herndon launched Holly+, a vocal deep fake modeled on her singing voice. Holly+ is powered by an artificial intelligence engine trained on recordings of Herndon’s voice. Musicians were welcome to use the transformed audio commercially and simply credit Herndon and Holly+. They also could release their work with the official imprimatur of a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), a Web 3.0 entity tied to the Ethereum blockchain. My paper situates the Holly+ project against the backdrop of intellectual property law in the US, both as it stood in the late 2010s and 2020s and in light of the legacy of legally sanctioned appropriation and extraction of work by Black performers. The DAO framework Holly+ uses is unlikely to gain traction, and Herndon and Mat Dryhurst’s provocative invocation of “identity play” suggests an uneasy relationship to the racialized legacy of mimicry and impersonation in the history of American popular music. But the project stands as an important attempt at creating an artist-driven, grassroots effort at monetizing, authenticating, and protecting the intellectual property of musicians in the era of machine learning.

S. Hirata, Yoshihiro Kawahara

No abstract is available for this record.

Vedat Coşkun, Sertac Anadollu, Büşra Özdeni̇zci̇ Köse

No abstract is available for this record.

gaurav bhalerao

No abstract is available for this record.

Marius Lombard-Platet, Doron Zarchy

We present Aggios, a scalable and privacy preserving proxy voting system designed for frequent and large-scale elections such as Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO), when storing votes on the bulletin board is expensive. To this end, Aggios introduces ‘aggregators’: entities to which voters delegate their votes, and who then post their batched proofs on the public ledger. Aggios achieves strong integrity guarantees: only authorized voters can vote, votes are counted correctly, voters are assured their vote is counted.

Lizhe Liu, Weijie Tan, Shutong Lv, Huan Zhuang · 6 authors

In the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), the large-scale deployment of smart vehicles has triggered new road traffic safety challenges. Particularly, existing vehicle accident report transmission schemes still face challenges such as privacy leakage, Single Point of Failure(SPOF), physical cloning attacks, and excessive computational overhead. To address these issues, this paper proposes a secure accident report transmission scheme that uses Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Proof (NIZKP) and Physically Unclonable Functions (PUF). This paper designs a decentralized authentication scheme for vehicle registration that prevents SPOF and privacy leakage. We also use the PUF to realize two-factor authentication login, which effectively resists physical cloning attacks. In addition, the authentication process uses NIZKP based on the Pedersen commitment to realize authentication for accident report coordination. At the end of the accident report coordination, it is passed into the blockchain for storage, realizing the secure transmission of accident reports. To reduce the storage as well as computation overhead, this paper uses a key derivation function to update the key. Finally, formal security analysis was conducted using the Real or Random (ROR) model and the ProVerif tool, the results prove that the proposed protocol meets security requirements. Comparing our proposed scheme with related schemes, the computational overhead of our V2V scheme is reduced by 42.4%, with higher security and lower communication overhead.

Hyungyeop Kim, Sungwook Lee, Seungmin Kim, Jinhyeok Lee · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Kasi Viswanath kommana

No abstract is available for this record.

Abhimanyu Nag, Yash Saraswat

No abstract is available for this record.

Lewis Tseng, Kritee Neupane, Lokesh Ambarapu, Moayad Aloqaily

No abstract is available for this record.

Nirdosh Bhatnagar

Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Algorand blockchains are described in this chapter. The Bitcoin blockchain was initially designed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008-2009. This created a revolution which is still ongoing. Its premier application was the Bitcoin cryptocurrency.

Leela Venkata sai Rajesh Guntupalli

No abstract is available for this record.

Sangtian Guan, Juanjuan Li, Siji Ma, Xiaolong Liang · 6 authors

This paper discusses the technological development from Web 1.0 to Web 3.0, focusing on their corresponding economic models. The study begins by analyzing the Web 1.0 portal economy, followed by an in-depth exploration of the rise of the Web 2.0 platform economy and its associated challenges, including the lemon market, platform monopolies, price discrimination, and algorithmic asymmetries. To address those issues, this study elaborates on the Web 3.0 token economy and emphasizes the crucial role of decentralized technologies like blockchain in bringing new production factors and relationships. This inspires the proposal of the Decentralized Economy (DeEco), a novel user-autonomous economic model that integrates advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies with blockchain. Furthermore, the key techniques for formulating DeEco are analyzed, including Decentralized Autonomous Organizations and Operations (DAOs), Decentralized Value Systems (DVSs), Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN) and digital humans. This study not only offers a co-evolutionary perspective of web technologies and economic forms but also introduces an innovative economic paradigm to support open, diverse and intelligent societies.

Nianzu Sheng, Tong Zhou, Hongyun Zhao, Xiaoting Zhang · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Alvaro Navarro Martínez, Sara N. Matheu, Antonio Skármeta

No abstract is available for this record.

Ch Sree Kumar, Jatindra Kumar Dash, K. Hemant Kumar Reddy

Blockchain-enabled healthcare infrastructures demand latency-aware, privacy-preserving, and scalable transaction management due to the stochastic and high-volume nature of clinical data processing in decentralized environments. In this study, we propose a blockchain-aware Modified M/M/C (Mo M/M/C) queueing framework specifically designed for NFT-enabled healthcare systems integrated with Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP)-based verification. Unlike classical queueing models that assume single-stage service, the proposed model incorporates a multi-stage transaction pipeline consisting of medical processing, NFT tokenization, ZKP verification, and blockchain validation. Accordingly, an effective service rate formulation and blockchain-adjusted arrival rate are analytically derived to capture cryptographic overhead, consensus latency, and smart contract execution delays within a unified stochastic framework. Patient records, prescriptions, and diagnostic data are securely encapsulated as NFTs to ensure immutability, traceability, and decentralized ownership, while ZKP protocols enable privacy-preserving authentication without exposing sensitive medical information. The model further integrates dynamic priority-aware scheduling and validation-aware utilization to optimize resource allocation under heterogeneous healthcare workloads. Extensive discrete-event simulations conducted over scalable transaction volumes (1,000–100,000) evaluate key performance metrics including throughput, average waiting time, system response time, and latency. The results demonstrate that the proposed Mo M/M/C framework significantly improves queue stability, reduces congestion, and enhances throughput compared to FIFO, LIFO, SIRO, and standard M/M/C models. Overall, the revised framework provides a mathematically grounded, cryptography-aware, and blockchain-consistent solution for secure and real-time healthcare transaction management

Olha Kovalchuk, Ruslan Shevchuk, Serhiy Banakh, N. P. Holota · 6 authors

Abstract This study examines the relationships between national cryptocurrency regulation, anti-money laundering (AML) risks, and decentralized finance (DeFi) adoption across global jurisdictions. Using correspondence analysis, correlation techniques, and regression modeling with control variables, we analyze data from the Basel AML Index and Retail DeFi Rankings to identify structural patterns in the interaction between regulatory frameworks, institutional quality, and digital asset ecosystems. The results reveal a counterintuitive global distribution in which advanced economies with strong regulatory regimes and low AML risks tend to exhibit limited retail DeFi activity, whereas jurisdictions characterized by weaker institutions and higher money laundering risks show significantly higher levels of DeFi usage. Further, the correspondence analysis identifies three distinct clusters of countries defined by specific configurations of regulatory approaches, AML effectiveness, and DeFi adoption, indicating that these relationships are configurational rather than purely linear. Robustness checks demonstrate that qualitative features of regulatory regimes are more strongly associated with DeFi adoption than conventional quantitative indicators of economic development or governance quality, thereby distinguishing DeFi diffusion from broader cryptocurrency usage dynamics. Mediation analysis provides partial support for a compensatory pattern: financial inclusion is a significant negative predictor of DeFi adoption, though a statistically confirmed mediation pathway between AML risk and DeFi activity through financial exclusion was not established. The study also highlights substantial global regulatory fragmentation, with 57% of jurisdictions classified as “Undecided” or “Improving,” underscoring the ongoing difficulty of reconciling financial innovation with stability and risk mitigation. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for policymakers designing adaptive regulatory frameworks and establish a foundation for further research on the evolution of digital finance regulation.

Tomáš Hladký, Martin Perešíni, Juraj Mariani, Ivan Homoliak

No abstract is available for this record.

Juraj Mariani, Ivan Homoliak

No abstract is available for this record.