Introduction: E-commerce transactions that develop, of course, bring changes to agreements that have been carried out conventionally, the digital era has finally brought about a new world called the metaverse with a number of assets in the form of objects such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) and Crypto Currency that only exist in cyberspace.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this research is to examine how the validity of agreements in the digital era, especially regarding electronic contracts and the purchase of Crypto Currency and NFT from Indonesian law persperctive.Methods of the Research: This research is descriptive analytical with a normative juridical type using primary, secondary and tertiary data from literature studies, both legislation and legal literature and other documents.Results of the Research: Both electronic contracts and electronic signatures used in e-commerce already have a legal basis so that their use is not something that is prohibited. Talking about the validity of an agreement will not be separated from Article 1320 of the Civil Code which requires 4 points that must be fulfilled in order for an agreement to be valid in the eyes of the law. This also applies to buying and selling crypto and NFT. Crypto is actually a currency, not recognized by the state. However, crypto can be traded and recognized as a trading commodity. NFT does not yet have special regulations, but the legal requirements for buying and selling NFT are still met even if the transaction uses crypto.
This research is motivated by the dynamics and development of money laundering crimes that utilize a technological operating system known as cyber laundering as a result of increasingly massive technological developments. The modes and means of cyber laundering used are consistently growing, one of which is by using NFT which makes it even more difficult to trace and to prove. Evidentiary is indeed a problematic factor in this crime as there is no technological sophistication to be able to prove it. The formulation of the problems raised in this study, first; what is the modus operandi of cyber laundering via NFT? Second, what are the legal policy efforts towards proving cyber laundering crimes committed through the NFT platform in Indonesia? The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach. The data collection was carried out through a literature study. The results of the study show that the NFT modus operandi is carried out through the exploitation of digital artworks. This is caused by the absence of price limits, the lack of control so that there is no comprehensive policy. The difficulty of proving the crime of cyber laundering through cryptocurrency and NFT is due to its properties which strictly maintain the confidentiality of the account owner. Thus in order to be able to prove this crime apart from using balanced limited inverted evidence as stipulated in the crime of money laundering, new breakthroughs are also needed for NFTs to be tracked.
Popularitas teknologi Blockchain telah banyak digunakan dalam aspek kehidupan di berbagai bidang dan industri. Karena sebelumnya teknologi blockchain digunakan sebagai crypto atau dikenal dengan mata uang digital yang telah berkembang ke arah teknologi dan digital berkembang pesat. Dimana penggunaan teknologi blockchain merupakan sebuah inovasi baru yang semakin berkembang dalam sistem keamanan data yang sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman dan menjadi salah satu teknologi modern dalam dunia pendidikan. Dalam hal ini penelitian akan memiliki menyajikan keterbaruan berupa implementasi teknologi Blockchain pada objek penelitian yaitu penyimpanan sertifikat tanpa keterlibatan pihak ketiga (Desentralisasi). sehingga sebagai solusi, pada penelitian ini akan menghadirkan aplikasi teknologi Blockchain dengan keunggulan yang diberikan adanya transparansi dan sifat yang desentralisasi untuk tujuan agar peneliti selanjutnya dapat menghasilkan inovasi baru dalam peningkatan keamanan data dan peningkatan kualitas teknologi yang dapat menghasilkan temuan baru pada sistem keamanan data yang lebih modern. Dalam menuju keberhasilan penelitian, metode yang digunakan adalah sampling yang akan memecahkan permasalahan dan solusi yang dihadirkan. Hasil dari penelitian yang didapatkan, penerapan teknologi blockchain dapat meningkatkan keamanan sertifikat yang telah diterapkan pada publikasi jurnal dengan nama abc. untuk meningkatkan keketatan perlindungan data sistem.
Virtual currency was designed as an alternative legal tender, originally for use in virtual communities, and certain online gaming sites. The number of such virtual currencies is constantly growing and reaching out to activities in the real world. Currently there are a large number of virtual currencies in circulation and they can be obtained either directly (through mining, bilateral transactions with investors, from companies that sell virtual currencies, purchase of certain goods, etc.) or indirectly through the exchange of virtual currencies. Cryptocurrency can also be referred to as unformed commercial objects; it is actually a digital form which can be used in electronic transactions. This study aims to analyze the existence of virtual money (cryptocurrency) in stock trading in Indonesia and find out the responsibility of money laundering perpetrators who use virtual money (cryptocurrency) in stock trading. The research method used is normative legal research. The results showed that the existence of virtual uag (cryptocurrency) in stock trading in Indonesia when used as currency unification, transacting, trading or as a means of payment with businesses in this case, especially stock trading in Indonesia, can be said to be invalid in terms of its use7 Of 2011 On Currency. Users of virtual money (cryptocurrency) in Indonesia are quite widely used in terms of business, which can be seen in Indonesia itself already circulating virtual money (cryptocurrencies) such as Bitcoin and Centcoin. Then, the responsibility of money laundering perpetrators who use virtual money (Cryptocurrency) in stock trading which is very negative for the state of Indonesia, especially in terms of business because people who have committed these crimes take advantage of technological advances unwisely so that perpetrators can be charged based on law no. 8 of 2010 on the prevention and eradication of money laundering. Keywords: Stock Trading, Cryptocurrency, Special Crimes
Perkembangan teknologi berdampak pada kegiatan investasi khususnya jual beli Non Fungible Token (NFT) oleh Ghozali di Open Sea yang menggunakan smart contract dan cryptocurrency sebagai alat pembayarannya yang menimbulkan permasalahan mengenai sah atau tidaknya transaksi NFT mengingat belum terdapat peraturan hukum yang khusus mengatur transaksi NFT di Indonesia. Di lain pihak status hak ekonomi atas suatu karya NFT belum jelas mengingat smart contract bukanlah perjanjian lisensi sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Hak Cipta. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami legalitas transaksi penjualan NFT yang dilakukan oleh Ghozali dihubungkan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 71 Tahun 2019 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik dan untuk memahami kepemilikan hak ekonomi atas hak cipta NFT yang dijual oleh ghozali di Open Sea. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach), dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach) dengan dihubungkan dengan kasus hukum yang diangkat. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis yang mengkaji berdasarkan sumber data sekunder baik berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier yang dikumpulkan dengan teknik studi pustaka (library research). Hasil penelitian ini menguraikan bahwa belum terdapat peraturan hukum yang mengatur secara khusus maka selama tidak merugikan pihak lain, tidak adanya pembatalan dari para pihak serta selama para pihak sepakat dan memahami segala resikonya maka penjualan NFT oleh Ghozali adalah sah secara hukum. Kepemilikan hak ekonomi atas karya NFT melalui smart contract bersifat terbatas bagi para pihak sehingga berbeda dengan hak ekonomi yang diberikan melalui perjanjian lisensi.
Penelitian ini mengkaji mengenai karakteristik bitcoin dikaitkan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan, kriteria benda yang dapat dimasukkan ke dalam harta pailit dan kedudukan bitcoin sebagai harta pailit serta hambatan-hambatan yang timbul dalam pemberesan harta pailit berupa bitcoin. Penelitian ini bersifat yuridis-normatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bitcoin telah memenuhi klasifikasi benda tidak berwujud dan benda tidak bergerak. Di Indonesia, bitcoin ditetapkan sebagai aset kripto dan merupakan komoditi. Berdasarkan praktik kepailitan di Indonesia, benda yang didaftarkan sebagai harta pailit adalah benda-benda yang dapat dijadikan jaminan di bank dan memiliki nilai ekonomis. Bitcoin termasuk dalam kategori harta pailit namun memiliki hambatan-hambatan dalam proses pemberesan harta pailit yaitu dalam proses pencatatan harta pailit, mengamankan bitcoin sebagai harta pailit, mengoptimalisasi nilai bitcoin dan terkait mekanisme penjualan harta pailit.
ABSTRAK Kemunculan dari Non-Fungible Token atau yang dikenal sebagai NFT cukup berdampak pada sebagian industri ditanah air terkhusus di industri seni. Salah satu dampak buruk dari kehadiran NFT adalah berkenaan dengan pelanggaran pornografi di dunia siber. Terlihat secara fakta bahwa di dalam pasar digital NFT terdapat akun akun yang menjual gambar dan konten yang bermuatan porno dan melanggar kesusilaan. Penulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif, dengan tujuan dari penelitian ini, tentunya untuk memberikn sanksi kepada pelanggar kesusilaan kepada para pemilik akun tersebut. Selain itu tidak hanya pelaku yang bisa terkena jeratan hukum melainkan penyelenggara sistem elektroniknya pun bisa mendapatkan sanksi berdasarkan hukum Indonesia, penyelenggara sistem elektronik dapat diberikan sanksi berupa sanksi administrasi yaitu pencabutan izin. Sanksi ini diberikan sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab hukum para penyelenggara sistem elektronik yang berada di wilayah hukum Indonesia. ABSTRACTThe emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens or known as NFTs has had quite an impact on some industries in the country, especially in the arts industry. One of the bad effects of the presence of NFT is related to pornography violations in cyberspace. It can be seen in the fact that in the NFT digital market there are accounts selling pornographic images and content that violate decency. This writing uses a normative juridical approach, with the aim of this research, of course, to give sanctions to violators of decency to the account owners. In addition, it is not only perpetrators who can be subject to legal entanglement, but also the organizers of the electronic system can get sanctions under Indonesian law, the organizers of the electronic system can be given sanctions in the form of administrative sanctions, namely revocation of permits. This sanction is given as a form of legal responsibility for electronic system operators in the Indonesian jurisdiction.
Information and communication technology advancements has spawned numerous innovations, including cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency is a currency that only exists in Indonesia as a digital asset. The volatile and uncontrollable value of cryptocurrencies causes investors to suffer losses. This study aims to determine the legal protection of cryptocurrency investors in Indonesia under Consumer Protection Law. This study employs a descriptive qualitative methodology with a normative approach through legislation. According to the findings of this study, The Consumer Protection Act provides legal protection for cryptocurrency investors by regulating the rights and responsibilities of consumers and business actors.
Penelitian ini merupakan studi pustaka dan bersifat kualitatif. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitis dengan pendekatan hukum Islam yuridis normatif. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa uang kripto bisa digunakan sebagai komoditas dalam perdagangan komoditi di Indonesia dengan syarat Pemerintah menciptakan uang kripto sendiri yang terlindung (underlying asset). Sementara itu, bitcoin tidak bisa dijadikan sebagai komoditas dalam Kontrak Derivatif Syariah, karena bitcoin masih mengandung unsur spekulasi (maysir) yang bersifat untung-untungan. Kedudukan hukumnya adalah haram lighairihi atau haram karena faktor luar.
Pendanaan dalam sebuah tindak pidana merupakan salah satu faktor pendukung yang dapat menjadikan suatu tindak pidana dapat dilakukan. Saat ini telah berkembang jenis mata uang baru berbentuk digital, yakni mata uang kripto. Kehadirannya tentunya memberikan peluang yang lebih luas terhadap setiap pelaku tindak pidana yang akan mendanai sebuah aksi tindak pidana. Salah satunya ialah pendanaan terorisme. Pendanaan terorisme di Indonesia telah diatur dalam undang-undang No. 9 Tahun 2013 tentang Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pendanaan Terorisme. Namun praktiknya undang-undang ini masih belum dapat adaptif terhadap perkembangan jenis media pembayaran yang baru. Sehingga isu hukum yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini meliputi bagaimana legalitas penggunaan bitcoin dalam cryptocurrency dalam melakukan pendanaan terorisme. Penelitian hukum normatif digunakan dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil dari penelitian ini memperjelas terkait dengan legalitas berlakunya mata uang kripto di Indonesia, dikarenakan pengaturan yang telah dikeluarkan oleh BAPPETI dan menteri keuangan hanya memberlakukan mata uang kripto sebagai aset, bukanlah alat pembayaran. Sehingga perlunya pengaturan lebih lanjut berupa undang-undang yang menjadi legalitas terhadap mata uang kripto sangat diperlukan.
Tindak pidana pencucian uang sebagai salah satu extraordinary crime mengalami perubahan dikarenakan adanya perkembangan dan kemajuan teknologi. Uang virtual atau cryptocurrency sebagai bentuk alat transaksi digital yang beredar di dunia siber berpotensi menjadi sasaran bagi para pelaku tindak pidana pencucian uang. Terjadinya kejahatan pencucian uang melalui cryptocurrency berpotensi mempersulit proses penyidikan, penuntutan, dan eksekusi terhadap perkara Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang sehingga perlu perhatian khusus oleh pemerintah dan seluruh lapisan masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi pemanfaatan cryptocurrency sebagai sarana tindak pidana pencucian uang serta mengetahui urgensi regulasi dan penanganan tindak pidana pencucian uang menggunakan cryptocurrency. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian ini menilai bahwa pemanfaatan cryptocurrency sebagai sarana tindak pidana pencucian uang memerlukan pengawasan yang ketat oleh aparat penegak hukum serta dasar hukum yang mengikat terkait pemanfaatan cryptocurrency sebagai salah satu alat pembayaran di Indonesia sehingga dapat meminimalisir terjadinya suatu tindak pidana terutama tindak pidana pencucian uang yang dilakukan oleh pihak yang tidak bertanggung jawab.
The purpose of this study is to analyze: first, the form and legal consequences that occur in Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) transactions. Second, the role of legal development in dealing with NFT transactions in the era of the digital revolution. This is an empirical legal research as it examines NFT transactions that exist in the community with the approach to laws, legal principles, legal norms and existing legal theories. First, there are still obstacles in NFT transactions from a legal perspective, such as smart contracts executed in the blockchain system that have left several important elements of the agreement. Besides this, NFT itself has the potential to become a ground for cyber money laundering crimes because in blockchain technology it is possible to use anonymous and assets that are in the NFT have a high value as money laundering crimes that have taken place, money laundering often uses valuable assets. And the self-assessment tax reporting system allows individuals not to make tax payments. Second, the development of national law in dealing with NFT must prioritize efficiency as in the economic approach to Posner's law, in addition to the development of laws that create public order, laws that reflect values in society. It also requires the political will of the government in the law making process and law enforcement process in cyberspace, in order to present effective and efficient laws and regulations and law enforcement processes.
Ida Ayu Samhita Chanda Thistanti, I Nyoman Gede Sugiartha, I Wayan Arthanaya
Technological advances in the world are very helpful in payment systems that are safe, fast and confidential. Currently, it has also given birth to a rapidly growing currency, namely cryptocurrency, but Indonesia still does not have definite regulations regarding the use of cryptocurrencies. The purposes of this research are to examine the regulation of cryptocurrency legality based on the Indonesian Positive Law and to examine the legal sanctions in the event of a criminal use of cryptocurrency in Indonesia. The method used is normative legal research with a statutory approach. The legal materials used are primary and secondary legal materials that have authoritative properties. To obtain valid data in the field, the researcher uses library techniques, recording techniques, and combines it with normative legal research and makes a law that is both inductive and deductive. The data were analyzed by legal argumentation and descriptive analysis to obtain a systematic comprehensive picture. The results of the study reveal that the regulation of the legality of using cryptocurrencies in Indonesia is no longer referred to as “digital money”, but “commodities” regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency in CoFTRA rules No. 3 of 2019 and CoFTRA No. 5 of 2019. It is expected that policy holders will issue strict regulations and sanctions related to the use of crypto currency for crimes against the use of cryptocurrencies for the public and investors as users of Crypto Assets in Indonesia.
Abstract The rapidly growing currents of globalization and technology are having a tremendous impact on the joints of human life. The one that's currently high and hyper preoccupied is Cryptocurrency (virtual money). Cryptocurrency is a nonformable, yet it is essentially a digital form of digital data or information in the digital form of electronic transactions. Cryptocurrency currently is often used as a cover for criminal offence. Basically, the use of Cryptocurrency has two sides: profit and surplus. Therefore, the study aims to analyze whether Cryptocurrency is a criminal money laundering crime and how legality of the Indonesian use of Cryptocurrency is based on regulations. The research of journal used normative legal methods, constitutional approaches and conceptual approaches. The result of the study as a virtual currency has been debated because it has two sides of a double-edged knife. Cryptocurrency directly benefits the transaction process to those who make the transaction and are safer for the users. However, it can help to facilitate and provide virtual (digital) crime and help crime members more safely washing off their crime results. The legality of the use of Cryptocurrency in Indonesia, when using it as a payment, would not be a valid one because it would not fit the regulations of the law, but instead, cryptocurrency could be traded through a physical trader of crypto assets in the stock exchange. Key word: cryptocurrency; criminal offence; virtual money Abstrak Arus globalisasi dan teknologi berkembang dengan pesat yang memberikan dampak yang luar biasa terhadap sendi kehidupan manusia. Salah satunya yang saat ini ramai dan banyak di perbincangkan adalah cryptocurrency (uang virtual). Cryptocurrency merupakan benda niaga yang tidak berbentuk, namun pada dasarnya berbentuk digital berupa data atau informasi dalam bentuk digital dalam transaksi elektronik. Cryptocurrency pada saat ini sering dijadikan sebagai penyamaran dari sebuah tindak pidana. Pada dasarnya Penggunaan cryptocurrency memiliki dua sisi yaitu keuntungan dan kelebihan. Sehingga Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa apakah cryptocerrency termasuk Tindak Pidana Kejahatan Pencucian Uang dan bagaimana legalitas penggunaan cryptocerrency di Indonesia yang didasarkan Peraturan perundang-undangan. Pada penelitian jurnal ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif, dan menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang serta pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitiannya adalah mata uang virtual (cryptocurrency) telah menjadi perdebatan karena memiliki dua sisi pisau yang bermata dua dan sama-sama tajamnya. Secara langsung cryptocurrency memberikan banyak manfaat bagi proses transaksi bagi para pihak yang melakukan transaksi dan lebih aman bagi penggunanya. Namun, disisi yang lainnya dapat membantu untuk memfasilitasi dan menyediakan kejahatan dunia maya (dunia digital) serta membantu anggota pelaku kejahatan lebih aman dalam mencuci hasil kejahatannya. Legalitas penggunaan cryptocurrency di Indonesia, apabila menggunakan sebagai alat pembayaran maka bukanlah alat yang sah karena tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, Namun, sebaliknya cryptocurrency atau asset crypto dapat diperdagangkan melalui pedagang fisik yang berupa aset kripto di bursa berjangka dan dapat dimiliki. Kata kunci: cryptocurrency; tindak pidana; uang virtual
Smart contract lahir dari pemanfaatan tekonologi blockchain yang terdiri dari susuan algoritma komputer. Smart contract diciptakan oleh Nick Szabo pada tahun 1994 sebagai kegiatan transaksi menggunakan komputerisasi untuk menjalankan ketentuan-ketentuan yang telah diatur di dalam kontrak. Salah satu sifat dari smart contract adalah adanya self executing yang mampu memberikan keamanan para pihak. Dirancang dengan menggunakan kriptografi yang memberikan efisiensi dalam pelaksanaan kontraknya. Dengan menggunaan tekonologi blockchain di dalam smart contract dapat memberikan manfaat bagi perkembangan bisnis. KarakteristIk dalam teknologi blockchain adalah desentralisasi yang tidak begantung dengan pihak ketiga, transparan dalam perekaman transaksi yang ada, terbuka untuk umum dan dapat dimanfaatkan oleh semua orang, mandiri, tetap dan kerahasiaan. Smart contract mampu membawa perubahaan dalam pelaksanaan kontrak yang diikuti dengan perkembangan teknologi saat ini. Dalam pelaksanaanya di Indonesia smart contract harus dapat memenuhi syarat sahnya suatu perjanjian agar dapat diakui sebagai suatu kontrak yang sah serta dapat memberikan perlindungan bagi para pihak. Selain itu dalam UU ITE smart contract yang dikategorikan sebagai salah satu kontrak elektronik. Pemanfaatan smart contract telah diaplikasikan kedalam beberapa sektor, salah satunya sektor pertanian. Dengan pemanfaatannya disektor pertanian akan mampu memberikan manfaat kepada berbagai pihak seperti petani, lembaga perbankan/ finansial, perusahaan asuransi pertanian, industri pangan, dan industri teknologi dan manufaktur melalui pertukaran data yang dilakuakaan.
Inaz Indra Nugroho, Reza Pratiwi, Salsabila Rahma Az Zahro
Pada era disrupsi saat ini, inovasi teknologi dan informasi terus mengalami perkembangan, salah satu contohnya adalah e-commerce. Namun pada pelaksanaannya, masih dijumpai beberapa kelemahan, salah satunya dalam sistem keamanan siber yang mengatur perlindungan data pribadi milik pengguna ecommerce yang mengakibatkan kebocoran data pribadi. Selain itu, belum adanya peraturan khusus terkait perlindungan data pribadi menyebabkan banyaknya permasalahan terkait kebocoran data pribadi. Hal ini bertentangan dengan Pasal 28G ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (UUD NRI Tahun 1945) yang menyatakan bahwa setiap orang berhak atas perlindungan diri pribadi. Penulisan ini memiliki tujuan untuk membantu mewujudkan penegakan keamanan siber di Indonesia. Karya tulis ilmiah ini menggunakan metode penulisan yuridis empiris. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu studi lapangan dengan melakukan wawancara dan studi kepustakaan, seperti peraturan perundang-undangan, buku dan jurnal. Ketika data sudah terkumpul, kemudian dianalisis mengunakan metode kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil analisa yang telah dikumpulkan, bahwa sistem keamanan siber di Indonesia masih membutuhkan inovasi terhadap perlindungan data pribadi, yaitu berupa sistem keamanan blockchain. Penggunaan sistem blockchain memerlukan sebuah payung hukum agar keberadannya dapat mengurangi permasalahan kebocoran data pribadi. Berkaitan dengan hal itu, diperlukan kebijakan terkait sistem keamanan siber yang memiliki orientasi pada era disrupsi terhadap perlindungan data pribadi, yaitu Regulatory Blockchain. Dalam pelaksanaannya membutuhkan peran stakeholder, seperti Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika, serta Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara untuk merealisasikan Pasal 28G ayat (1) UUD NRI Tahun 1945.
Ardhi Barkah Apandi, Muhammad Iqbal Fasa, A.Kumedi Ja’far
ABSTRAK
 Bitcoin adalah sistem pembayaran online dari uang elektronik peer-to-peer (P2P) yang dikirim langsung dari satu pihak ke pihak lain tanpa melalui lembaga keuangan. Di Indonesia Bitcoin tidak memiliki legalitas untuk dijadikan sebagai alat transaksi yang sah karena bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang nomor 7 tahun 2011 dan Peraturan Bank Indonesia nomor 17 tahun 2015 serta kepemilikan Bitcoin hanya dianggap sah apabila Bitcoin dijadikan sebagai asset kripto dalam bursa berjangka komoditi. Konsep Bitcoin menurut ulama Indonesia haram karena mengandung gharar dan dharar serta bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang. Gharar disebabkan karena penemu atau penciptanya tidak diketahui secara pasti, tidak adanya otoritas yang memastikan keabsahan transaksi, tidak memiliki nilai intrinsik, tidak memiliki validitas dalam sistem ekonomi, nilainya yang tidak stabil karena volatilitas yang tinggi, sulit untuk diawasi akibat ketidakjelasan pemiliki. Dharar disebabkan karena factor kemanan yang rentan akan peretasan, nilai yang fluktuatif sehingga harga bisa turun drastis dan merugikan pemilik, tidak adanya regulasi yang memberikan jaminan terlindung dari kerugian.
 ABSTRACT
 Bitcoin is an online payment system of peer-to-peer (P2P) electronic money sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Bitcoin does not have the legality to be used as a legal transaction tool because it is contrary to Undang-Undang nomor 7 of 2011 and Bank Indonesia Regulation number 17 of 2015 and Bitcoin ownership is only considered legal if Bitcoin is used as a crypto asset in the commodity futures exchange. The concept of Bitcoin according to Indonesian scholars is haram because it contains gharar and dharar and is against the law. Gharar is caused by the inventor or creator is not known with certainty, there is no authority to ensure the validity of transactions, has no intrinsic value, has no validity in the economic system, the value is unstable due to high volatility, difficult to announce due to the uncertainty of the owner. Dharar is caused by security factors that are vulnerable to hacking, fluctuating values so that prices can drop drastically and harm the owner, there is no regulation that guarantees protection from losses.
The use of virtual money in society became phenomenal when cryptocurrency emerged as a form of technological development in electronic transactions. Bitcoin as a form of cryptocurrency is now in great demand because it is often considered as a potential new investment instrument in maximizing profits. As a result of these developments, bitcoin abuse is a means of money laundering, such as in the corruption case of PT Asabri (Persero) where the perpetrators launder money by means of bitcoin. Given that the legal arrangements regarding Bitcoin in Indonesia are still very limited and have not yet set up prevention efforts, it is necessary to take efforts to prevent money laundering crimes by means of bitcoin. The purpose of this paper is to see how Bitcoin is set up in Indonesia and discover how to prevent money laundering crimes by means of bitcoin. The method of writing juridical normative with conceptual approach. From this research it was found that the regulation on bitcoin in Indonesia has existed so that the legality of bitcoin in Indonesia has been legal, but the use of bitcoin in Indonesia is only limited to trading commodities in futures exchanges in accordance with Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. 99 of 2018 concerning the Implementation of Crypto Asset Trading. Then efforts to prevent criminal laundering by means of crypto money or bitcoin can be done by crypto asset merchant institutions that register their institutions into futures exchanges must use the principle of banking prudence, namely the application of the principle of knowing nasbah, customer due diligence and enhanced due diligence which is then carried out monitoring of service users. The application of the principle is as a commitment in the anti-money laundering program that can be applied in crypto asset trading institusion.
One of the potentials that can be done by smart contracts is the application of buying and selling business in e- commerce. In a study conducted by the British research institute Merchant Machine as reported in databoks.katadata.co.id states that, out of the 10 list of countries that have the fastest e-commerce growth, Indonesia leads the ranks of these countries with growth reaching 78% in the year 2018. As you know, blockchain not only develops cryptocurrency but also in financial services and smart contract payments. Legal arrangements that apply to smart contracts governed by contract and sale and purchase laws in Indonesia have not yet been found, and need to be explored in order to provide certainty regarding legal protection that can guarantee parties who use smart contracts to guarantee legal certainty and fairness in their application. The research that will be conducted in answering these questions uses a systematic review method, the researcher traces the legislation regarding consumer protection, as well as the principles of electronic contract law that can be applied. The results of the study concluded that with the regulations regarding electronic contracts, smart contracts are legal contracts that can be applied in Indonesia.
Disruption is a double-edged sword since, in addition to facilitating digitization, it also serves as a target for cybercriminals to conduct their schemes. Cryptocurrency is a type of virtual currency that uses cryptography technology to enable digital transactions in cyberspace. Ransomware is one type of crypto crime that has increased in 2020 occurrences. More over, ransomware is a way for cybercriminals to make money by threatening victims with access limitations, data deletion, and data dissemination in exchange for a ransom payment. Furthermore, the government hasn't provided recognition and protection for its inhabitants, the creation of a legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) in Indonesia surrounding cryptocurrency regulation is seen to be damaging to digital users. In light of these issues, the goal of this research is to assist the Indonesian authorities in comprehending the fundamental issues surrounding crypto crimes such as ransomware. Then, to assess the prospects of cryptocurrency as a virtual currency in Indonesia, the research technique employed is a normative juridical research method with a conceptual approach and law. This paper demonstrates that the crime of ransomware will hinder cyber law enforcement in Indonesia, resulting in a detrimental impact on economic development and vulnerability to cyberattacks that harm national security. As a result, if cryptocurrency stays in a legal void or ‘gray area’, governments must be aware and prioritize preventive actions against ransomware attacks and their consequences. This preventative step could take the form of regulating cryptocurrency in Indonesia as virtual money and block ransomware activity.
Data, reports, and information show that cryptocurrency has supported certain parties as a convenience, whereas the purpose of cryptocurrency is to minimize the weaknesses of conventional money systems in international relations in the current era of globalization. Countries that cannot represent or apply autonomous law in facing cryptocurrency challenges, because it is feared it is increasingly difficult to overcome global cryptocurrency crime. It is precisely in eradicating cryptocurrency crime, law enforcement authorities, priorities of prosecutors who have the highest supremacy in the field of prosecution and other discretion in law enforcement must be dynamic in law enforcement against facilitators from responses to social needs and aspirations, in accordance with legal considerations must acknowledge the wishes of the community and agree in achieving substantive justice. Considering that virtual currency has been banned in Indonesia but crypto-asset trading on the futures exchange has been in force, responsive discretionary prosecutions are needed in combating cryptocurrency crime in Indonesia. Liability that exceeds liability based on faults, namely strict liability, vicarious liability, and secondary liability to any parties that cause cryptocurrency crime can be applied to the mechanism of "follow the money" and "trace the information and communication technologies (ICTs) footprint". It is hoped that prosecution discretion by the prosecutor can reach to the monitoring of suspicious "nodes" and monitoring the registration of ICTs that are vulnerable to cryptocurrency crimes, such as laptops, cellphones, computers, and SIM cards, in providing a deterrent effect to the perpetrators of cryptocurrency crime.
The Payment methods and electronic transaction in commercial activities in Indonesia are experiencing rapid development, Financial Technology (fintech) which carries the payment platform has begun to shift towards Virtual Currency as a virtual currency. E-Commerce is the reason why people's needs for changing payment methods into virtual currencies take a big role, one of which is through Bitcoin as a cryptographic-based virtual currency which has experienced significant development since it was marketed in 2009. The writing of this article uses legal research normative, namely by describing, analyzing some of the existing problems, then re-elaborating using a study based on legal concept and theories based on Law. This article will review the clarity of Bitcoin as a virtual currency as well as a legal payment medium and describe its legality with related legal norms and the presence of the Commodity Futures Trading Law as the most important regulation new existence of Bitcoin in Indonesia.Keywords: Cryptocurrency, Legal Consument Protection, Bitcoin
The technology of smart contract is a new technology applied in online trading. This technology has the possibility of errors and its arrangement that results in losses to buyers. This study was aimed to examine the legal certainty for the users smart contract in e-commerce transactions in Indonesia. The method used was the normative juridical method. The results of the study indicate that the privacy policy on smart contracts in e-commerce transactions based on national and international laws still has a legal vacuum in which the aspect of national law is guided by the ITE Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 and the Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Information Number 20 of 2016 concerning Personal Data Protection in Electronic Systems. Then, in the aspect of international law referring to the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (MLEC), it also establishes the rules for the formation and validity of contracts made electronically and for attribution.
Desia Rakhma Banjarani, Shandi Patria Airlangga, Sri Sulastuti
This paper discusses legal protection in criminal law for bitcoin users in Indonesia. Bitcoin has not been specifically regulated in Indonesian laws and regulations; even the Indonesian government has made a clear statement regarding the illegitimacy of bitcoin. Bitcoin fraud raises new issues relat