espanolEn este articulo de pretende desarrollar una afirmacion de M. Heidegger, segun cual Schelling habria entablado la primera conversacion metafisica con Leibniz, siendo el asunto principal de esta el principio de razon suficiente. En primer lugar se expone como el principio generalisimo de razon suficiente de Leibniz es un principio polimorfo o metaprincipio que propicia y permite tantas sustituciones de el como principios admite Leibniz, de modo que ningun principio es por si solo suficiente para dar razon de todo (incluido el universo existente). En segundo lugar, centrandonos principalmente en el Freiheitsschrift (1809) de Schelling, se intenta mostrar como lo que se ventila en polemica de Leibniz y Schelling contra el spinozismo y contra los sistemas necesitaristas en general, no es otra cosa que el sentido del principio de razon suficiente y, en definitiva, del racionalismo. La conclusion a que se llega despues de exponer los hitos mas relevantes de conversacion en torno al principio de razon suficiente (una conversacion que no excluye confrontacion) de Schelling con Leibniz es siguiente: el fundamento o razon (Grund) se revela en ultima instancia, tanto en Schelling como en Leibniz, como no-fundamento (Ungrund), libertad de indiferencia..., aunque via que conduce a ese parentesco desde filosofia de Leibniz y desde de Schelling es harto diferente; via de Leibniz se apoya en tesis y demostraciones logico-matematicas, de Schelling en especulaciones no pocas veces teologicas. EnglishThis article is intended to develop M. Heidegger's assertion that Schelling would have indulged with Leibniz in first metaphysical conversation dealing foremost with the principle of sufficient reason. First, it is shown how this paramount principle is a polymorph principle or metaprinciple, which propitiates and allows so many substitutions and expressions as principles Leibniz himself admits, so that no principle by itself suffices to render reason of everything (the existing universe included). Second, mainly in view of Schelling's Freiheitsschrift (1809), it is argued that what is at stake in the Leibniz-Schelling debate against Spinozism, and in general against all necessitarian systems, is nothing but the sense of the principle of sufficient reason: ultimately, the sense of rationalism. After a review of the most salient landmarks of the said conversation(confrontation included) between Leibniz and Schelling, the conclusion is drawn that the foundation or reason (Grund) finally discloses itself, in both of them, as an un-foundation (Ungrund), as freedom of indifference..., notwithstanding that the ways leading thereto are wholly different. Leibniz's way is built on logic-mathematical theses and proofs, Schelling's on often theological speculations.
Maria da Conceição Sampaio de Sousa, Francisco de Sousa Ramos
The importance of public expenditure in such social services as education and public health represent a decisive contribution to a nation’s progress. A major problem is how to allocate government spending in such a way as to provide public services efficiently. In a political federation as the Brazil, the critical issue becomes the choice of the degree of decentralization in the provision of public services. Decentralization is advantageous in the production and distribution of public services due to: i) the proximity of users facilitates the ranking of the priorities; ii) it is easier to control the use of resources; Hi) the requirements of managerial capacity are lower. In this paper we assess the performance of Brazilian municipalities regarding the utilization of public revenue. The paper inquires whether, for a given availability of services, local governments minimize the expenditure needed to finance those services. To answer these questions, a cost-efficiency frontier will be determined by using various techniques of efficiency analysis: two DEA variants — DEA-F and DEA-V — and the FDH approach. Our results suggest that the Brazilian recent municipal decentralization policy does not lead to an efficient use of public resources. The outcome of this policy was a proliferation of small municipalities that, due to their size, do not benefit from the economies of scale inherent to the production of certain public services. They tend to operate with higher average costs thus bringing about a considerable waste of resources, which can be inferred by estimating the excessive public spending that characterizes those cities.
This paper explains the evolution of the metropolitan organizations that have been established to oversee the development of Metro Manila, provides a survey of their responsibilities, authorities, organizational structure, financing, institutional relationships as well as briefly assess their strengths and weaknesses. It then discusses the major management challenges in Metro Manila at present and how they are being addressed under the current set-up. Under the present decentralized framework, governance of Metro Manila becomes more challenging as cities and municipalities that compose it have political legitimacy and significant powers and authorities relative to the Metropolitan organization. However, the paper has emphasized that with proper allocation of powers, authorities and financing, the metropolitan body can take on a more important role in terms of actual delivery of metro-wide services. While the present metropolitan body appears to have taken on more responsibilities in the delivery of services transcending local boundaries, still a large part of these metro-wide services still remain with the national government agencies. This is primarily explained by the fact that while the national government has continuously provided subsidies to the metropolitan body, it still allocates a sizeable portion of the budget for metro-wide services to the national government agencies. These agencies, being line departments, are inherently concerned with their own sectoral priorites rather than serving the needs of the metropolis per se. Consequently, the metropolitan body is left with very difficult task of having to orchestrate the sectoral programs of various national government agencies, including metro-wide services. This situation not only makes government effort almost intractable but also increases costs in terms of both manpower and financial costs. The advantage of metropolitan governance under a decentralized framework is that it allows the local government units within the metropolis to respond directly to the priority needs of their respective constituents by seeking creative means to deliver urban services. This is attested to by the innovative programs and projects some cities in Metro Manila have implemented which have been included in this paper under the discussion of models of good city governance.
No AccessPolicy Research Working Papers21 Jun 2013Privatization and Regulation of the Seaport IndustryAuthors/Editors: Lourdes Trujillo, Gustavo NombelaLourdes Trujillo, Gustavo Nombelahttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2181SectionsAboutPDF (0.3 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:September 1999 Containerized shipping has brought profound changes to maritime transport, including a shift from labor-intensive to more capital-intensive activities. Revising the traditional organization of seaports everywhere will prepare ports for a more competitive market and less financial dependence on governments. With containerized shipping, maritime transport has changed profoundly. Among other things, it has shifted from labor-intensive to more capital-intensive activities, including larger specialized ships that require substantial investments in port infrastructure and equipment. Integrated transport chains have reduced transport costs so much that a shipper may find a distant port cheaper than a closer one. Modern ports must be competitive on times and prices for their services. Seaports must be integrated within logistical chains to serve their many functions. An efficient seaport requires infrastructure, superstructure, equipment, adequate connections to other modes of transport, a well-motivated management, and qualified employees. The public sector has been an important port organizer in the past, but private participation in port operations and infrastructure could make ports significantly more competitive. Trujillo and Nombela provide an overview of changes in maritime activity, discuss concession contracts (a key instrument of privatization), and analyze how regulatory mechanisms affect such factors as seaport tariffs, port congestion, port safety, the quality of cargo handling, and relevant indicators of performance, finances, and factor productivity. They describe how an optimal seaport system should allocate tasks between the various institutions involved, including the port authority. The degree of a seaport's decentralization, they conclude, depends on a country's size, the number of ports it has, and its legal tradition. Among several national governments in Latin America - Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela - there is an evident trend toward decentralization and greater autonomy for port authorities. This paper - a product of Governance, Regulation, and Finance, World Bank Institute - is part of a larger effort in the institute to increase understanding of infrastructure regulation. Gustavo Nombela may be contacted at [email protected] Previous bookNext book FiguresReferencesRecommendedDetailsCited ByPort Efficiency and the Financial Performance of Greek Public Ports Before and During the Economic CrisisMaritime Policy & Management, Vol.48, No.523 February 2021Port Performance Indicators: An Exploratory Study in the Moroccan ContextStakeholder collaboration as a pathway to climate adaptation at coastal portsMaritime Policy & Management, Vol.47, No.72 March 2020Ports's Performance: The Case of East African Ports15 July 2020Port labour, competitiveness and drivers of change in the Mediterranean Sea: a conceptual frameworkProduction Planning & Control, Vol.30, No.1311 June 2019Port competition in Latin America and the Caribbean: the role of concessions and competition policyMaritime Policy & Management, Vol.45, No.527 December 2017Tariff protection and port privatization: An import-competing approachMaritime Economics & Logistics, Vol.20, No.215 July 2016Incorporating AHP and Evidential Reasoning for Quantitative Evaluation of Inland Port Performance25 October 2017An empirical test of the balanced theory of port competitivenessThe International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol.28, No.2The drivers of port competitiveness: a critical reviewTransport Reviews, Vol.37, No.120 September 2016Maritime Policy & Management, Vol.44, No.6Port reform in Nigeria: efficiency gains and challengesGeoJournal, Vol.81, No.517 June 2015Quasi-landlord port financing in China: Features, practice and a contract theory analysisTransportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol.89The Balanced Theory of Port CompetitivenessTransportation Journal, Vol.55, No.2Enabling Better Port Governance in Developing Countries: The Role of Information TechnologyPort privatization in an international oligopolyTransportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol.67Supply chain interfaces between a port utilizing organisation and port operatorSupply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol.19, No.1Port of Havana: The Gateway of Cuba, 1850–1920A study on the efficiency of financial support for Marine economy based on DEA modelDeterminants of Port Infrastructure PricingThe Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, Vol.29, No.2A Study of Import/Export Trade Originating from Nanjangud and Kannur to New Mangalore Port TrustSSRN Electronic JournalPort Privatization in an International OligopolySSRN Electronic JournalRegulation and price setting of pilotage services in BrazilMaritime Economics & Logistics, Vol.12, No.419 November 2010Private–Public Partnerships as Strategic AlliancesTransportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol.2062, No.122 May 2018Defending Dock Workers?Globalization and Labor Relations in the World's PortsIndustrial Relations, Vol.46, No.3Determinants of Competitiveness in Logistics: Implications for the ASEAN RegionMaritime Economics & Logistics, Vol.9, No.130 April 2007The Missing Point in CAFTASSRN Electronic JournalPort privatization, efficiency and competitiveness: Some empirical evidence from container ports (terminals)Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol.39, No.5Privatisation in Developing Countries: A Review of the Evidence and the Policy LessonsJournal of Development Studies, Vol.41, No.4Determinants of Maritime Transport CostsSSRN Electronic JournalInstitutional reform in ports of developing countries: the case of Lebanon−part I: the planMaritime Policy & Management, Vol.28, No.43 December 2010 View Published: November 1999 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsLatin America & CaribbeanRelated CountriesHondurasCzech RepublicPuerto RicoPeruArgentinaRelated TopicsTransportInfrastructure Economics and Finance KeywordsAIRAIR TRANSPORTALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT MODESCOSTSECONOMIES OF SCALEINFRASTRUCTUREMARITIME TRANSPORTMODES OF TRANSPORTPASSENGERSPORT AUTHORITIESPORT INFRASTRUCTUREPORT SERVICESRAILWAYSROADROUTESSAFETYTRAFFICTRANS TRANSPORT SYSTEM PDF DownloadLoading ...
This research attempted to gain an insight into the experiences and perspectives of staff in the Vocational Training Council (VTC) on the devolution initiative being implemented in its technical institutes. The research was developed from the conceptual framework of centralization and decentralization. It adopted a qualitative case-study approach to inductively understand human experience in context-specific settings. The data collection techniques consisted of documentary analysis, observations and in-depth semi-structured interviews to achieve the objectives of methodological triangulation. Before the introduction of the devolution initiative, the Technical Institutes Division Headquarters was the supervisor of the technical institutes. It was considered to stifle the initiatives of the technical institutes because of its strong controlling emphasis. The strategic and organizational review of the VTC conducted in 1996 acted as a catalyst to set off the changes. It appears that the main thrust of the devolution initiative is to achieve effectiveness and efficiency. Staff in general welcomed release from the management and control by the headquarters, but considered the pace of change to be too fast. There was a remarkable degree of concurrence among staff in focusing student learning outcomes as the key to change. Although the devolution initiative is a major cultural change in the VTC, the senior management have paid little attention to the organizational culture of the technical institutes. Since staff have not been consulted and empowered, most of them are indifferent, or even resistant, to this far-reaching change. The scope of decentralization with respect to the use of resources, participative decision-making and curriculum development is limited. Changing the organizational culture, flattening out the hierarchy, opening up opportunities for teachers to contribute meaningfully to the decision-making process, and fostering greater professional development, together with good management and adequate autonomous funding, are promising strategies to change the VTC towards a more entrepreneurial one.
The Curry–Howard correspondence states the equivalence between the constructions implicit in intuitionistic logic and those described in the simplytyped lambda-calculus. It is an insight of great importance in theoretical computer science, and is fundamental in modern approaches to constructive type theory. The possibility of a similar formulae-as-types correspondence for classical logic looks to be a seminal development in this area, but whilst promising results have been achieved, there does not appear to be much agreement of what is at stake in claiming that such a correspondence exists. Consequently much work in this area suffers from several weaknesses; in particular the status of the new rules needed to describe the distinctively classical inferences is unclear. We show how to situate the formulae-as-types correspondence within the proof-theoretic account of logical semantics arising from the work of Michael Dummett andDag Prawitz, and demonstrate that the admissibility of Prawitz’s inversion principle, which we argue should be strengthened, is essential to the good behaviour of intuitionistic logic. By regarding the rules which determine the deductive strength of classical logic as structural rules, as opposed to the logical rules associated with specific logical connectives, we extend Prawitz’s inversion principle to classical propositional logic, formulated in a theory of Parigot’s lambda-mu calculus with eta expansions. We then provide a classical analogue of a subsystem of Martin-Lof’s type theory corresponding to Peano Arithmetic and show its soundness, appealing to an extension of Tait’s reducibility method. Our treatment is the first treatment of induction in classical arithmetic that truly falls under the aegis of the formulae-as-types correspondence, as it is the first that is consistent with the intensional reading of propositional equality.
This paper presents a technique to speed up practical zero-knowledge cryptographic protocols. We introduce a new technique of batching proofs of knowledge. Its security is analysed and its applicability to some cryptographic protocols is described. The use of the batching technique can significantly reduce the number of online computations required in the proofs and consequently helps to lower the costs associated with the corresponding transactions. This technique is particularly useful for e-commerce related cryptographic protocols.