Following Haitian President Jean-Claude Duvalier's flight into exile in February 1986, the President of Haiti's provisional Conseil National de Gouvernement (CNG), Lieutenant General Henri Namphy, and his Minister of Finance, Leslie Delatour, enacted liberal reforms. This study examined their initial doctrine, decrees, and institutions for democratization and free markets, within a historical context of over-centralization and exclusion. Its purpose was to explore the contradiction and consequences of pursuing liberalization by decree, without significant decentralization. The author extracted CNG doctrine from speeches, legislation, and economic records. He then juxtaposed it with the adverse results of market reforms and popular reactions gathered from nine Haitian newspapers and two archival collections. He found that CNG doctrine and institutions were inadequate for resolving exclusion and popular discontent. Rather the deficiency of market reforms and the insufficiency of representative institutions exacerbated exclusion, which the author identified as the source of confrontation and violence in 1987.
We describe matrix-free pivotal algorithms in the XTR+ system.The computation efficiency of the pivotal algorithms is obviously improved.Consequently,the computation efficiency of the provable IND-CCA2 secure cryptosystem,the provable secure digital signature,the provable secure blind signature protocol and zero-knowledge proof protocol by means of XTR+ system is also improved greatly.
∑-protocol is an important tool in cryptology field.In this paper,we will prove that any ∑-protocol has the following characters: ①it is a witness hiding protocol if there exist at least two witnesses on R;②there exists a ∑-protocol on any NP statement under the assumption of the existence of one-way permutation;③there exist ∑-protocols with computational zero-knowledge;④∑-protocol can be changed into a zero-knowledge proof.
A new protocol is introduced to show knowledge of a Goppa polynomial and of a codeword, as well as that error is of a bounded weight. The protocol is a special honest verifier zero knowledge proof under assumption of the discrete logarithm problem hardness.
During the decentralization of recent years,Japan has begun to reform the national treasury support system for the compulsory education finance.Through the financial system centralization and financial adjustment,Japan's financial guarantee system of compulsory education is adjusted with transferring the treasury full support to reducing the support proportion,and with the compulsory education quota,payment delivery and the general financial resources.Japan began to rebuild the educational finance relations of the central and the local governments.
Local finance system is the core of local systems and the democratization of local systems is the condition and guarantee of the democratization of local finance system.Therefore,the paper introduces concretely democratic issues of local finance both under decentralization system and centralization system in foreign countries.It places emphasis on the problems of local finance under centralization system and puts forward concrete measures about the democratization reform of local finance in China.
The World Bank’s assistance strategies showed strong client orientation and were aligned with Uganda’s poverty reduction strategy. The programs were substantially effective in decentralization, public sector reform, growth and economic transformation, education, and water and sanitation. However, more could have been done to help counter the perception of increasing corruption, improve power supply, reduce transport costs, enhance agricultural productivity, and help with family planning and reproductive health. The AfDB’s assistance was also relevant and aligned with the government’s development goals. Its support substantially achieved its objectives for decentralization, public sector finance, growth and economic transformation, improved competitiveness, agriculture, and water and sanitation, as well as education and health. However, there were some shortcomings in the assistance provided for power and roads and in reducing corruption. This report evaluates World Bank and African Development Bank assistance to Uganda during 2001-07. The motivation to undertake a joint evaluation was the shift to a common strategic framework, the Uganda Joint Assistance Strategy (UJAS), to guide the formulation and delivery of their programs. Under a common strategic framework joint evaluation is, in principal, more cost effective than the equivalent separate evaluations, since at least some aspects of the evaluation can be done together. This also helps to reduce government transaction costs. The evaluation discusses the outcome of the support of each bank, rates each independently, noting that the two banks are of different size, capacity, and institutional setting. In addition, the two banks have programs that were not implemented jointly but in parallel, although they regularly engaged with one another as development partners. The outcome ratings for the two institutions are therefore not comparable and should not be used to imply that one institution did ‘better’ than the other.
The paper deals with decentralization of the roads sector in the Republic of Croatia which is one of the priority issues for representatives of Croatian local public sector. The reason for considering changes in the system of administering and financing public roads is not only in the efforts to expand the role of local government in delivering public goods and services. There are also numerous problems that characterize present road system in Croatia such as inappropriate financing mechanism, unbalanced maintenance and construction of roads within particular counties, imbalance in financing certain types of public roads, inappropriate financing of unclassified roads, lack of an appropriate information management system and other. An important feature of the present management of the road sector in Croatia is the centralized structure of management. Local governments are responsible only for maintenance and construction of unclassified roads. There is also a problem of coordination between agencies that manage classified and unclassified roads within the teritory of cities. This leads to serious problems in spatial planning and traffic management, resulting in unbalanced maintenance. Therefore, representatives of large and middle-sized cities argue that classified roads on their territories should be transferred under ownership and management of local authorities. Financial sources for these functional tasks could come from share in motor vehicles registration fees and fuel tax. First part of the paper shows theoretical justifications for more decentralized management in the roads sector. Effects of increased decentralization are in greater satisfaction of local road users both through better quality of road maintenance and cost reduction. Second part of the paper describes features of the road sector management in Croatia. On the bases of empirical evidence numerous sources of inefficiencies are determined. Analysis of fiscal and administrative aspects of roads sector management decentralization is important for answering the question on necessity of more decentralized provision. Paper shows that there are significant inefficiencies in the roads sector that have to be resolved regardless of the decentralization process. In terms of decentralization, there are possible efficiency gains. However, decentralization should not go beyond the extent of the large cities. High fragmentation in the roads sector management would jeopardize economies of scale and would lead to increase of provision costs. Additional financial resources for the new functions of large cities can be obtained through the redistribution within the roads sector. Administrative constraints do not impose significant obstacle for further decentralization.
In today’s economic crisis in which banks do not have or do not want to give money to loan, the traders do not have resources to develop or even to continue their business; therefore, there remain only a few reliable sources of financing for Romania, international financial institutions (such as the International Monetary Fund, World Bank) and the European funds. For Romania, a possible chance to overcome the crisis is the absorption in a larger proportion of European funds. So far, the absorption of European funds was low. The work highlights the current use of these funds. In the last two years, were allocated structural funds worth EUR 3.1 billion of which were absorbed only EUR 203 million. Although we have a small budget in agriculture, compared to the financial needs of this area within a year of anticrises measures, the European Commission has penalized us with nearly EUR 8.4 million, the money will be borne by the state budget for APIA delays in surface payments. Also, the Sapard payments are suspended because of the shortcomings of management and control. The article analyses the existing obstacles in accessing European funds; bureaucracy, lack of decentralization, cumbersome regulations and long procedures causes a very low capacity to absorb money from the EU. An efficient use of European funds might be to Romania in general and for the Romanian agriculture in particular, a solution to exit the crisis. The work highlights the main ways to increase access to European funds.
In this paper the author investigates the effect of regional finance on economic disparity and the effect of fiscal decentralization though using panel data analysis to analyze 28 provinces' statistics from 1990 to 2004. The results show: in the east region and west region the financial development has a positive effect on the regional economic growth. But in the middle region and northeast region the financial development has a negative effect on the regional economic growth. The effects of fiscal decentralization on the financial development and economic growth are different in different regions. Its positive effects are only found in West and Northeast. At the same time the author also thinks over how the factors such financial policies and the degree of denationalization affect the relation of financial development and regional economic growth. At the last there are the conclusions and policy proposes to coordinate regional economic from the aspect of regional finance.
This paper analyzes the development and properties of zero knowledge argument systems in Bare Public Key(BPK) model set, according to the researches and applications of recent years. The generic 4-round mode and 3-round mode are proposed for the constructions of zero knowledge protocols with optimal round complexity, following explorations on the proof techniques of (concurrent) soundness and (resettable) zero knowledge of the protocols. Possible focuses of the near future are discussed.
This paper proposes a new zero-knowledge proof protocol of identification which combines the characteristics of the ECC and zero-knowledge proof.The proposed protocol has more advantages in the aspect of the quantity of computing and traffic.
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
Message authentication is a critical task in wireless sensor applications not only because it is a basic building block to ensure the authenticity of information but also a prerequisite for bootstrapping cryptographic secrets. Authentication has been explored extensively in the literature, however, the insecure environment within a fabric where multiple users and applications coexist, and limitations in the hardware pose new challenge for this problem. In this paper, we define a new zero knowledge proof problem in which (1) no memory of neighboring certificates is required; and (2) there is no central verification. We then discuss the properties of any potential solution, and propose a practical scheme that allows zero knowledge proof of the identity of each individual node. A notable merit of this scheme is that even if some nodes are compromised, the rest of the system remains secure. We believe this scheme can satisfy the security requirements in many emerging sensor network applications with proper parameter selection.
From the three city groups of Peal Triangle,Yangze Triangle and Pan-Bosea to the organic diffusion of Pan-Pearl Triangle,Pan-Yangze Triangle and Large Bo-sea Encirlement,the thesis holds that it is on the basis oftwo overall situationstrategy and polarization and diffusion law and it is the way to realize the rising of China.The thesis also holds that the rising of the three city groups depends on the finance decentralization reform,so from therising triangleto theharmonious trianglestill breaks through from the finance reform which means to establish regional horizontal financial equilibrium system to achieve equal public service predicated on the improvement of efficiency.The thesis tries to settle the problem of measurement standard of financial capacity distribution among governments through the hypothesis and demonstration on standard person after getting rid of the unreal reason of the statistics of permanent residents.