For the new socialist countryside constuction and creation of a harmonious society,it has become imminent stage through financial innovations to enable vulnerable groups in rural areas enjoy the equal credit opportunity as far as possible.However,there has been a blood loss mechanism in present rural financial system due to China's economic and financial development strategy in the long run.Meanwhile,the microloan,which truly serves the rural vulnerable groups,has not been developed and generalized due to various practical condition constraints.The three cases of peer-peer loans to rural abroad show that microloan to rural poor can be propelled and developed by decentralized social forces in the appropriate institutional arrangements,achieving win-win balance among lenders,rural poor borrowers,microloan institutions and P2P platform to find a new ways of supporting rural vulnerable groups by microloan.In the present with increasingly sophisticated network technologies the experience of peer-peer loans to rural can be copied and spread,so it may be an important way for rural vulnerable groups access to sustainable finance sevices.
In this paper, based on the verifiable pair and identity-based threshold cryptography, a novel identity-based (ID-based) threshold decryption scheme (IDTDS) is proposed, which is provably secure against adaptive chosen ciphertext attack under the computational bilinear Diffie-Hellman (CBDH) problem assumption in the random oracle. The pubic checkability of ciphertext in the IDTDS is given by simply creating a signed ElGamal encryption instead of a noninteractive zero-knowledge proof. Furthermore, we introduce a modified verifiable pairing to ensure all decryption shares are consistent. Our scheme is more efficient in verification than the schemes considered previously.
BACKGROUND: Software to help control diabetes is currently an embryonic market with the main activity to date focused mainly on the development of noncomputerized solutions, such as cardboard calculators or computerized solutions that use "flat" computer models, which are applied to each person without taking into account their individual lifestyles. The development of true, mobile device-driven health applications has been hindered by the lack of tools available in the past and the sheer lack of mobile devices on the market. This has now changed, however, with the availability of pocket personal computer handsets. METHOD: This article describes a solution in the form of an intelligent neural network running on mobile devices, allowing people with diabetes access to it regardless of their location. Utilizing an easy to learn and use multipanel user interface, people with diabetes can run the software in real time via an easy to use graphical user interface. The neural network consists of four neurons. The first is glucose. If the user's current glucose level is within the target range, the glucose weight is then multiplied by zero. If the glucose level is high, then there will be a positive value multiplied to the weight, resulting in a positive amount of insulin to be injected. If the user's glucose level is low, then the weights will be multiplied by a negative value, resulting in a decrease in the overall insulin dose. RESULTS: A minifeasibility trial was carried out at a local hospital under a consultant endocrinologist in Belfast. The short study ran for 2 weeks with six patients. The main objectives were to investigate the user interface, test the remote sending of data over a 3G network to a centralized server at the university, and record patient data for further proofing of the neural network. We also received useful feedback regarding the user interface and the feasibility of handing real-world patients a new mobile phone. Results of this short trial confirmed to a large degree that our approach (which also can be known as intensive insulinotherapy) has value and perhaps that our neural network approach has implications for future intelligent insulin pumps. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, there is no software available to tell people with diabetes how much insulin to inject in accordance with their lifestyle and individual inputs, which leads to adjustments in software predictions on the amount of insulin to inject. We have taken initial steps to supplement the knowledge and skills of health care professionals in controlling insulin levels on a daily basis using a mobile device for people who are less able to manage their disease, especially children and young adults.
INTRODUCTION In October 2008, after a two-year joint investigation by U.S. and Colombian authorities, the Colombian government arrested thirty-six individuals on money laundering and drug charges. According to authorities, this network-comprised of Lebanese expatriates-was more than a traditional criminal syndicate, and was shipping a portion of its profits back to Hizbollah in Lebanon. These types of cases-where terrorist groups and organized crime networks are closely intertwined-are growing far more common. These hybrid organizations-part terrorist group, part organized crime network-are meaner and uglier than anything law enforcement or militaries have ever faced in the view of senior U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) officials. While this growing linkage is certainly a dangerous trend from the U.S. perspective, it also presents opportunities for policymakers. As the nexus of terrorism and criminal activity intensifies, targeting terrorist groups' criminal activities becomes an increasingly effective strategy. Terrorist networks are becoming increasingly transnational and a key challenge in confronting them is achieving international cooperation in counterterrorism initiatives. By capitalizing on terrorists' increasing criminal activity, the Obama administration could leverage its strategy of international cooperation and diplomatic engagement to gain broader support against illicit financing of transnational threats. INCREASING INVOLVEMENT IN CRIMINAL ACTIVITY The terrorist threat is not static. Terrorists adapt and evolve, partly in response to the very countermeasures we enact. As the terrorist threat has evolved, the means by which terrorist groups raise, store, and move funds have also changed and have often hindered government efforts to thwart terrorist activities. Studies show that terrorist groups learn from one another, exchange information on new technologies, and share innovations. This is particularly evident in the financing and resourcing of terrorist activities. Before September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda funded and controlled operations from its base in Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda provided funding for the East Africa embassy bombings in 1998, the 2000 attack on the USS Cole in Yemen, and the 2001 World Trade Center attacks. Today, the terrorist threat is more decentralized, with the al-Qaeda core no longer funding other terrorist groups, cells, or operations as they did in the past. Local cells are being increasingly left to fund their own activities. While many fundraising techniques remain popular, including abuse of charities and otherwise legitimate businesses, terrorist cells increasingly engage in criminal activity to fund their actions. For example, Al-Jemaah al-Islamiyah, an al-Qaeda affiliate in Southeast Asia, helped to finance the 2002 Bali bombings by robbing jewelry stores. Another example is the 2005 attacks in London, which were partially financed by credit card fraud. Terrorist groups are involved in a wide variety of criminal activities, from cigarette smuggling to selling counterfeit products, but the nexus of drugs and terror is particularly glaring. According to the DEA, nineteen of the forty-three designated foreign terrorist organizations are linked definitively to the global drug trade, and up to 60 percent of terrorist organizations are connected to the illegal narcotics industry. For example, the 2004 Madrid train bombings, which killed 191 people, were partially bankrolled by hashish sales. Indeed, the drug trade's financial benefits are acutely alluring. The United Nations estimates that the international drug trade generates $322 billion per year, making drugs by far the most lucrative illicit activity. Beyond mere sales, drugs provide diverse revenue sources, including taxes on farmers and local cartels, and necessitate security detail for all aspects of production, trade, and distribution. Groups like the Afghan Taliban, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, the Kurdistan Workers' Party, and Lebanon's Hizbollah generate significant revenue from extortion fees collected from drug cartels and poppy or coca farmers operating in their territory. …
Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance
Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
In Italy, the transformation of government procurement began in 2000 with the model developed by Consip SpA (a public company owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance) for all public agencies across the nation. The paper is aimed to reconstruct the path taken by the public procurement reform in Italy gradually evolving from a supply-driven to a demand-driven approach. The Italian procurement transformation has co-existed with two different approaches to reform, which are working in parallel and sometimes at cross-purposes. A supply-driven approach focuses on tightening the controls on spending to tap economies of scale. A demand-driven approach focuses on decentralization and development of Electronic Public Administration MarketPlace (MEPA). The paper discusses the role Consip has played and is still playing to centrally guide the decentralization of public e-procurement, and shows the results of a sample investigation aimed at analysing the level of satisfaction of small/medium firms participating in the MEPA.
"For 25 years, Colombia implemented a rural development policy according to models adopted in Latin America since the 1960s. That policy advanced progressively toward decentralized andparticipatory development and it also moved forward to new concept of rural territorial development. Nevertheless, the Integrated Rural Development Program - IRD, turned into a Co-financing Fund, due to several reasons, ended during the second half of the 1990s. The change of protectionist policies towards deregulation, political cooptation of the program and the weak State capacities to replacing the IRD with other alternatives to stabilize rural societies contributed to the disappearance of the policy."
Aiming at the problem that current schemes can not protect the benefits of proxy signer and message owner at the same time,this paper presents a blind proxy blind signature scheme on elliptic curve. By using Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC) and zero-knowledge proof,it has small amount of computing,high security and high implementation efficiency. Security analysis proves that the scheme satisfies the security properties of blind proxy signature scheme and proxy blind signature scheme,and it has strong enforceability.
Juan de Dios Jiménez Aguilera, Roberto Montero Granados, Pedro Enrique Barrilao González, Elena Villar Rubio
La reforma del acuerdo de financiacion de las CCAA espanolas de 2009, en vigor desde enero de 2010, profundiza en la corresponsabilidad fiscal, ampliando la capacidad normativa de algunos impuestos y la participacion en las cuotas territorializadas del Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Fisicas (IRPF), el Impuesto sobre el Valor anadido (IVA) y algunos Impuestos Especiales (IIEE). Segun el mencionado acuerdo, el porcentaje descentralizado de la recaudacion por IVA y por impuestos especiales se distribuye entre las Comunidades Autonomas (CCAA) en funcion de indices de consumo territorializado mientras que la recaudacion por IRPF se distribuye en funcion de la cuota integra declarada por los sujetos pasivos residentes en cada Comunidad Autonoma (CA). Este articulo pretende mostrar evidencia sobre la traslacion del ingreso tributario entre regiones en los tres tributos debida, en parte, a que el ingreso se realiza en la CA del domicilio fiscal del sujeto pasivo independientemente de donde se produzca el hecho imponible. Las conclusiones justifican la distribucion del acuerdo por IVA e IIEE en funcion de criterios basados en el consumo territorializado, pero no asi la distribucion del tramo autonomico por IRPF que se distribuye en funcion del ingreso de los residentes. Since January, 2010, there's a new public financing agreement for the Spanish regions. This is based on the fiscal responsibility, expanding the regulatory capacity of some taxes and increasing the territorialized participation in the Income Tax (PIT), values added tax (VAT) and some special taxes (IISS). According to that agreement, the revenues decentralized of VAT and excise duties are distributed among the Autonomous Communities (CCAA) in terms of consumption rates, while the personal income tax revenue is distributed according to the amount declared by the persons living in each Autonomous Community (CA). This article treat on transfer of tax revenue between regions in the three taxes, due primarily that the tax pay is made in the CA of taxpayer's residence regardless of where the taxable event occurs. The findings justify the income distribution for IISS and VAT based on territorialized consumption, but not the regional distribution of personal income tax which is distributed according to revenue of residents.
Fiscal decentralization policy started in 2001 was a “big bang” from a centralistic into decentralistic government. The decentralistic government focuses on triple track strategy which are pro growth, pro job and pro poor as its macroeconomic and sectoral development objectives. Based on the concepts and the implementations of the policy in Indonesia, the amount of transfers fund to region and the possibilities of increasing potential local revenue should have positive related to the effort to increase society wealth through economic growth by creating job creation and decrease poverty. This research using panel data regression analysis to describe the relation between fiscal decentralization with economic growth, poverty and unemployement rate. The research results show that the local finance performance (measured by fiscal decentralization degree and local finance independency ratio) is low. Just then, in the decentralization era the local-central government dependency is increase. The research also encounter that fiscal decentralization policy affects to the increasing of economic growth rate (in small amount), unemployment rate and poverty. The part of local government budget that have positive affect to the economic growth are revenue sharing, specific allocation funds, local tax revenue and local government corporation, while local retribution revenue has negative affect. Meanwhile, total government expenditure affects negatively to the poverty and open unemployment rate.
In Niger the decentralization of the education system and the implication of local communities in the management and financing of education services is the dominant logic of national education policy promoted by international donors. In the article I examine the mobilization of local actors in public education provision. I do this using an ethnographic study of the daily management of a newly established public primary school in peri-urban Niamey. The case study illustrates the diversity of actors, from traditional chiefs to district advisors and international development projects that are implicated in the provision of public education as well as the different logics and stakes at play. It is also revelatory of the limited room for manoeuvre of the ‘local community’ organized in school committees in ensuring the day-to-day functioning of the school. Finally it is argued that at the same time as education provision is in part taken over by local actors the idea of the state as the ideal provider of public education remains strong.
We study overborrowing and financial crises in an equilibrium model of business cycles and asset prices with collateral constraints. Private agents in a decentralized competitive equilibrium do not internalize the effects of their individual borrowing plans on the market price of assets at which collateral is valued and on the wage costs relevant for working capital financing. Compared with a constrained social planner who internalizes these effects, they undervalue the benefits of an increase in net worth when the constraint binds and hence they borrow "too much" ex ante. Quantitatively, average debt and leverage ratios are only slightly larger in the competitive equilibrium, but the incidence and magnitude of financial crises is much larger. Excess asset returns, Sharpe ratios and the market price of risk are also much larger. A state-contingent tax on debt of about 1 percent on average supports the planner's allocations as a competitive equilibrium and increases social welfare.
In order to solve the security problem that the E-cash users get from bank have no blindness in the new E-cash system based on partial blind signature,this paper brings forward a new E-cash payment model which combines zero-knowledge identity proof based on improved ELGamal signature and partial blind signature. It can track user with the help of the third trusted party to avoid using E-cash illegally. Security analysis indicate that the model has strong security and practicability.
Markus Rückert, Michael Schneider, Dominique Schröder
Verifiably encrypted signature schemes (VES) allow a signer to encrypt his or her signature under the public key of a trusted third party, while maintaining public signature verifiability. With our work, we propose two generic constructions based on Merkle authentication trees that do not require non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs (NIZKs) for maintaining verifiability. Both are stateful and secure in the standard model. Furthermore, we extend the specification for VES, bringing it closer to real-world needs. We also argue that statefulness can be a feature in common business scenarios.
Our constructions rely on the assumption that CPA (even slightly weaker) secure encryption, maskable CMA secure signatures, and collision resistant hash functions exist. Maskable means that a signature can be hidden in a verifiable way using a secret masking value. Unmasking the signature is hard without knowing the secret masking value. We show that our constructions can be instantiated with a broad range of efficient signature and encryption schemes, including two lattice-based primitives. Thus, VES schemes can be based on the hardness of worstcase lattice problems, making them secure against subexponential and quantum-computer attacks. Among others, we provide the first efficient pairing-free instantiation in the standard model.
Numerous changes that have happened and are still happening in Serbia are the reason why her social and political structure is decentralizing and has to have fiscal and financial relations between the political territorial units decentralize. The new system of financing local government, which began to be applied from 1st January 2007, balanced the position of towns and municipalities.
Open access
Hungarian Social, Economic and Educational Studies