A Arquitetura Pós-Institucional do Estado Online: Criptomoeda de Inovação e o Empresário dos Empreendedores Preprint de Anterioridade Autor: Claudio Roberto Cutrim Carvalho, PhD. Email: drclaudiocutrim@gmail.com , drcutrimcarvalho@gmail.com Resumo A economia digital ampliou o acesso à informação, mas não resolveu a dependência estrutural de intermediários políticos, burocráticos e corporativos na coordenação da atividade inovadora. Mesmo experiências avançadas de governo digital preservam estruturas hierárquicas (LESSIG, 1999; O’REILLY, 2011), enquanto ecossistemas de inovação continuam baseados em organizações formais, clusters territoriais e marcos regulatórios rígidos (CHESBROUGH, 2003; PORTER, 1998). Por outro lado, a criptoeconomia inaugurada por Nakamoto (2008) introduziu descentralização técnica, mas permanece ainda baseada em incentivos energéticos e financeiros incapazes de converter impacto humano em valor monetário estável (BUTERIN, 2014; TAPSCOTT; TAPSCOTT, 2016). Este artigo propõe um modelo alternativo composto por três elementos integrados: o Estado Online, uma infraestrutura pós-institucional que substitui mecanismos hierárquicos por coordenação distribuída; o Empresário dos Empreendedores, agente articulador capaz de transformar talentos dispersos em inovação contínua; e a criptomoeda de Prova de Inovação, que converte impacto de inovação ou autonomia humana verificável em emissão monetária, oferecendo uma base econômica distinta de modelos energéticos ou de staking. O arcabouço sugerido preenche lacunas deixadas pelas teorias existentes — de Schumpeter (1934) a Ostrom (1990) — ao propor um sistema operável sem Estado territorial. A contribuição reside em estabelecer uma arquitetura teórica para economias pós-institucionais, na qual governança, valor e distribuição emergem de processos distribuídos de validação e reconhecimento. Palavras-chave: Estado Online; Prova de Inovação; Criptoeconomia; Governança Distribuída; Tokens de Impacto; Inovação; Economia Digital. Abstract The digital economy has expanded access to information but has not resolved the structural dependence on political, bureaucratic, and corporate intermediaries in the coordination of innovative activity. Even advanced forms of digital government retain hierarchical architectures (LESSIG, 1999; O’REILLY, 2011), while innovation ecosystems remain constrained by formal organizations, territorial clusters, and rigid regulatory frameworks (CHESBROUGH, 2003; PORTER, 1998). Conversely, the cryptoeconomic model inaugurated by Nakamoto (2008) introduced technical decentralization, yet it still relies on energy- and finance-based incentives that fail to convert human impact into stable monetary value (BUTERIN, 2014; TAPSCOTT; TAPSCOTT, 2016). This article proposes an alternative model composed of three integrated elements: the Online State, a post-institutional infrastructure that replaces hierarchical coordination with distributed processes; the Entrepreneur of Entrepreneurs, an articulating agent capable of transforming dispersed talent into continuous innovation; and the Proof-of-Innovation cryptocurrency, which converts verifiable innovation impact or human autonomy into monetary issuance, offering an economic basis distinct from energy- or staking-driven systems. The proposed framework fills gaps left by existing theories—from Schumpeter (1934) to Ostrom (1990)—by outlining a system capable of operating without territorial state structures. Its contribution lies in establishing a theoretical architecture for post-institutional economies in which governance, value, and distribution emerge from distributed processes of validation and recognition. Keywords: Online State; Proof of Innovation; Cryptoeconomics; Distributed Governance; Impact Tokens; Human Autonomy; Post-institutional Economy; Innovation Systems; Decentralized Coordination.
Nicholas Brandt, Miguel Cueto Noval, Christoph U. Günther, Akın Ünal · 5 authors
CVRFs are PRFs that unify the properties of verifiable and constrained PRFs. Since they were introduced concurrently by Fuchsbauer and Chandran-Raghuraman-Vinayagamurthy in 2014, it has been an open problem to construct CVRFs without using heavy machinery such as multilinear maps, obfuscation or functional encryption. We solve this problem by constructing a prefix-constrained verifiable PRF that does not rely on the aforementioned assumptions. Essentially, our construction is a verifiable version of the Goldreich-Goldwasser-Micali PRF. To achieve verifiability we leverage degree-2 algebraic PRGs and bilinear groups. In short, proofs consist of intermediate values of the Goldreich-Goldwasser-Micali PRF raised to the exponents of group elements. These outputs can be verified using pairings since the underlying PRG is of degree 2. We prove the selective security of our construction under the Decisional Square Diffie-Hellman (DSDH) assumption and a new assumption, which we dub recursive Decisional Diffie-Hellman (recursive DDH). We prove the soundness of recursive DDH in the generic group model assuming the hardness of the Multivariate Quadratic (MQ) problem and a new variant thereof, which we call MQ+. Last, in terms of applications, we observe that our CVRF is also an exponent (C)VRF in the plain model. Exponent VRFs were recently introduced by Boneh et al. (Eurocrypt’25) with various applications to threshold cryptography in mind. In addition to that, we give further applications for prefix-CVRFs in the blockchain setting, namely, stake-pooling and compressible randomness beacons.
This paper develops semantic typing in a smart-contract setting to ensure type safety of code that uses statically untypable language constructs, such as the fallback function. The idea is that the creator of a contract on the blockchain equips code containing such constructs with a formal proof of its type safety, given in terms of the semantics of types. Then, a user of the contract only needs to check the validity of the provided 'proof certificate' of type safety. This is a form of proof-carrying code, which naturally fits with the immutable nature of the blockchain environment. As a concrete application of our approach, we focus on ensuring information flow control and non-interference for TinySol, a distilled version of the Solidity language, through security types. We provide the semantics of types in terms of a typed operational semantics of TinySol and we express the proofs of safety as coinductively-defined typing interpretations, which can be represented compactly via up-to techniques, similar to those used for bisimilarity. We also show how our machinery can be used to type the typical pointer-to-implementation pattern based on the fallback function and to reject a distilled version of the infamous Parity Multisig Wallet Attack.
ZCCE 10/10: Zero Cognitive Capital Economy This document presents the finalized framework for the Zero Cognitive Capital Economy ($\text{ZCCE 10/10}$), a radical techno-scientific model designed to decouple economic activity from resource depletion. Core Principles: The system is governed by the Planetary Neutrality Principle (Zero Capital Rule) and the Non-Acquisitive Value Principle (Closed Loop Model), redirecting human competition through the Sublimated Competition Principle. Mathematical Foundation (The Skill Credit): The true currency is the Skill Credit ($\mathbf{S}$), calculated using the Project Planetary Efficiency ($\mathbf{\eta_P}$), which is the ratio of social utility ($\mathbf{U}_{\text{social}}$) to environmental footprint ($\mathbf{E}_{\text{footprint}}$): $$\mathbf{S} = \mathbf{\alpha} \cdot \mathbf{\eta_P} \cdot \mathbf{\mathcal{W}}$$ Structural Mechanism (The CPAC DAO): The system is managed by the Planetary Control and Administration Council ($\text{CPAC}$), structured as a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO). This structure uses open-source algorithms and avoids technocratic tyranny by linking political/technical power (the right to vote on $\text{CPAC}$ parameters) directly to the accumulation of $\mathbf{S}$ (i.e., proven service and cognitive efficiency). Addressing Viability: The framework addresses political resistance through a Gradual Dominance Strategy, where escalating Forced Enabling Fees render the old extractive growth model financially obsolete, forcing elites and states to transition for economic survival, rather than being forced by political decree. The system employs Knowledge Value Isolation—a non-discriminatory economic mechanism—to disincentivize non-compliant nations by reducing the cognitive value ($\mathbf{S}$) of their goods. Conclusion: ZCCE 10/10 provides a comprehensive model for linking human motivation (based on Cognitive Security and Social Recognition) to the urgent goal of planetary sustainability.
The deployment of cyber-physical systems (CPS) in smart manufacturing has advanced industrial processes via live data analytics, automation, and intelligent decision-making. However, these interrelated systems can no longer avoid critical issues surrounding data trust, integrity, and security across heterogeneous devices and networks. The issue is to facilitate a secure, transparent, and efficient method of performing consensus in a distributed CPS environment while keeping performance and resilience in the face of cyber-attacks. This paper outlines a Cognitive Blockchain Consensus Algorithm (CBCA) for dealing with these concerns, that integrates the decentralized ledger property of blockchain with cognitive computing principles. CBCA will apply a adaptive learning model to determine consensus parameters based on real-time information in order to minimize computation overhead to reach consensus, and latency, while being able to detect threats and respond to anomalous behavior. The cognitive layer observes behavior across the network continually and makes autonomous changes to the consensus mechanism on behalf of CPS, optimizing the trust vs security tradeoff. Results from experimental simulations conducted using a smart manufacturing testbed show CBCA increasing throughput transactions by 23%, reducing consensus delay by 17%, and malicious node detection accuracy by 96% when compared to traditional Proof of Work and Proof of Stake methods.
Efficient energy sharing among solar-based microgrids was crucial for enhancing grid reliability, scalability, and sustainability in modern energy systems. This research presents a novel blockchain-powered decentralized energy trading framework that integrates Raspberry Pi 4, IoT-driven real-time monitoring, and Ethereum-based smart contracts to facilitate seamless and secure peer-to-peer (P2P) energy exchange. The proposed system enables real-time data acquisition and transmission of critical energy parameters, including current, voltage, and power generation, from five interconnected solar microgrids. Raspberry Pi 4 serves as the centralized edge computing node, aggregating and transmitting real-time energy data to the ThingSpeak IoT platform, where advanced AI-driven analytics optimize grid efficiency. Blockchain technology, specifically Ethereum with Ganache, was employed to create a tamper-proof, transparent, and trustless energy marketplace, eliminating reliance on centralized energy intermediaries. The incorporation of Solidity-based smart contracts automates transactions, ensuring secure, immutable, and fair energy trading while enabling dynamic pricing models based on real-time demand-supply conditions. Python, integrated with Web3.py, facilitates seamless interaction between Raspberry Pi 4 and the blockchain network, ensuring low-latency transaction execution and verifiable trade settlements. Through the integration of IoT-enabled smart grids, blockchain-based energy transactions, and AI-driven predictive analytics, the proposed system offers a scalable, autonomous, and energy-efficient solution for decentralized energy management. Experimental validation confirms the system's effectiveness, demonstrating its ability to achieve real-time energy balancing, seamless P2P trading, and enhanced security through blockchain immutability. This cutting-edge approach significantly advances the adoption of renewable energy sources, optimizes microgrid autonomy, and reinforces the resilience of next-generation smart power networks, paving the way for a sustainable and decentralized energy economy.
Jordan, Herbert, Jezek, Kamil, Subotic, Pavle, Scholz, Bernhard
The State Database of a blockchain stores account data and enables authentication. Modern blockchains use fast consensus protocols to avoid forking, improving throughput and finality. However, Ethereum's StateDB was designed for a forking chain that maintains multiple state versions. While newer blockchains adopt Ethereum's standard for DApp compatibility, they do not require multiple state versions, making legacy Ethereum databases inefficient for fast, non-forking blockchains. Moreover, existing StateDB implementations have been built on key-value stores (e.g., LevelDB), which make them less efficient. This paper introduces a novel state database that is a native database implementation and maintains Ethereum compatibility while being specialized for non-forking blockchains. Our database delivers ten times speedups and 99% space reductions for validators, and a threefold decrease in storage requirements for archive nodes.
As global pressure increases for sustainable and transparent supply chains, logistics organisations are exploring ways to strengthen environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance. This article examines how artificial intelligence (AI) and distributed ledger technologies (DLT) contribute to ESG integration in logistics. The study applies a qualitative desk research approach based on secondary data from 2017–2025, including sustainability reports, port authority publications, and the industry press. The comparative case analysis covers four Baltic logistics actors: the Port of Klaipėda (Lithuania), Vlantana (Lithuania), the Freeport of Riga/ Baltic Container Terminal (Latvia), and HHLA TK Estonia (Estonia). The findings show that Klaipėda’s LNG, OPS, and hydrogen projects enhance environmental outcomes; the Vlantana Norge case exposes social and governance compliance risks; and Riga and Tallinn demonstrate governance-oriented digitalisation through 5G networks and blockchain documentation. AI primarily supports efficiency and risk detection, while DLT secures the transparency and auditability of ESG data. Together, they function as complementary enablers of ESG reporting, though broader adoption requires regulatory alignment, interoperability, and investment in the digital infrastructure.
Lola Abellia, Moetia Septi, M. Indra, Muhammad Gilang Aidil Saputra · 5 authors
This study aims to analyze Islamic scholars' fatwas regarding the sale and purchase of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) from a sharia economic perspective. On the one hand, NFTs offer economic opportunities through ownership of non-duplicable digital assets. On the other hand, concerns have arisen regarding the validity of transactions, the potential for speculation, and their compliance with sharia principles such as clarity of contracts, benefits (manfa'ah), and freedom from gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (speculation/gambling). This study uses a qualitative analysis method with a library research approach, specifically content analysis of fatwas, opinions of contemporary scholars, and classical and modern fiqh literature. The results show differences of opinion among Islamic scholars. Some permit NFT transactions under certain conditions, such as clear benefits and a lawful object, while others consider NFTs to carry high speculative risks and uncertainty. These differences are influenced by understandings of the substance of NFTs as contract objects and the context in which they are used. This article concludes that caution is essential in NFT transactions. Furthermore, clear regulations and guidance from sharia authorities are needed to ensure that NFT trading practices are conducted in accordance with Islamic economic principles, thus providing fair, transparent benefits, and free from prohibited practices.
Alhamzah Alnoor, Mohammed Salah Alazzawi, Sammar Abbas, Abdullah Mohammed Sadaa · 7 authors
Purpose To investigate the effect of gamification, technical, and social factors on consumers' motivation to purchase non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in the metaverse. Design/methodology/approach A total of 547 metaverse users across the four largest metaverse platforms OpenSea, X2Y2, Blur and LooksRare–served as the sample for this study. Findings Control, playfulness, synchronicity, connectedness, responsiveness, interactivity, natural speech, design aesthetics and immersive features are among the factors that considerably influence consumers' motivation to purchase NFTs purchase in the metaverse. Moreover, a configuration of these factors is proposed, which can serve as the optimal approach to identify the most influential factors, thus having crucial managerial implications. Theoretical and practical implications The study offers important theoretical insights into consumer behavior in relation to purchasing NFTs and provides practical guidance for managers and marketers by highlighting the important factors that motivate consumers to purchase NFTs. Originality/value This study extends consumer behavior literature by offering a new perspective on the relationship between sociotechnical factors and consumer inspiration in driving NFT purchase in the metaverse. The evolving dynamics of digital asset consumption in virtual marketplaces are further unveiled through empirical evidence and by addressing theoretical gaps.
Decentralized autonomous organizations based on team management and algorithmic mechanisms of decisionmaking play a serious role in the development of digital economy. Their introduction helps eliminate shortcomings typical of traditional hierarchical management and provides more democratic decision-making in digital communities. However, in spite of decentralization ideals today’s decentralized autonomous organizations demonstrate a stable trend towards recentralization of power. The article provides a systemic analysis of factors stipulating management centralization in decentralized autonomous organizations. By analyzing the current research and empiric data a comprehensive classification of such factors was put forward, as well as methods opposing them. Both technological and legal and social solutions are being discussed. The discussion substantiates the necessity to reach balance between decentralization and managerial efficiency. Finally, a conclusion was made running that sustainability of decentralized autonomous organizations does not depend on centralization elimination but on ability to develop adaptive mechanisms of power restriction.
Open access
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
The telecommunications and financial services industries face substantial challenges in inter-operator settlement processes, characterized by extended reconciliation cycles, high transaction costs, and limited real-time transparency. Traditional settlement mechanisms rely on multiple intermediaries and manual procedures, resulting in settlement periods exceeding 120 days with operational costs consuming approximately 5 percent of total revenue. This research presents a blockchain-anchored audit trail model enabling transparent, immutable, and automated inter-operator settlement. The framework leverages distributed ledger technology, smart contract automation, and cryptographic verification to establish a unified, tamper-proof transaction record. Empirical evaluation demonstrates 87 percent reduction in transaction fees, settlement cycle compression from 120 days to 3 minutes, and 100 percent audit trail integrity. Smart contract automation reduces manual intervention by 92 percent and eliminates 88 percent of settlement disputes. Market analysis indicates institutional adoption accelerated from 8 percent in 2020 to 52 percent by April 2024, with projected industry investment reaching 9.2 billion USD annually. The framework addresses scalability (12,000 transactions per second), interoperability, and regulatory compliance across multiple jurisdictions.
Community currencies (CCs) have been adopting innovative systems to overcome implementational hurdles from issuing paper currencies. Using a qualitative approach, this paper examined this digital transition of Sarafu Network in Kenya and its predecessor CCs as a case study. From the original vouchers launched in 2010, the foundation Grassroots Economics introduced a digital interface in 2016 that operates on a feature phone, and then integrated blockchain technology starting in 2018, undergoing several migrations before becoming settling on its current iteration called Community Asset Vouchers on the Celo blockchain since 2023. Using affordances from human-computer interaction, the research shows that digitalization and blockchain improved the facilitation of economic activities of the local communities, both their typical market transactions as well as traditional reciprocal labor exchanges, by offering more functionalities compared to the analog version of Sarafu. The unique contributions of blockchain include enabling automation of holding tax calculations and linking the vouchers to the mainstream monetary system via stablecoins facilitated by a series of smart contracts also known as the liquidity pool. The study also finds that there is an inherent trade-off between blockchain benefits and user interface complexity. Hence, balancing innovation and community needs remains a challenge.
Background Patent tokenization converts intellectual property (IP) into tradable digital units. Pilots on IPwe, IBM, and Ocean Protocol have processed > 1,500 assets ( ≈ $62 million since 2019). In practice, schedules are often fixed and pricing simplified; risk preferences are typically ignored—costing value in volatile settings relevant to the SDGs. Methods We cast patent tokenization as risk-sensitive control and linked economic risk aversion to inverse temperature. With the exponential transform Φ = e − γ V , the risk-sensitive Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) linearizes for fixed controls; the optimal policy is a pointwise threshold (bang–bang or smoothly regularized). This preserves tractability and enables millisecond solves. Results From 45 tokenization trajectories (12 held out), we estimate γ = 2.1 ± 0.38 (95% CI), while a composite objective F ( γ ) calibrated to equity-like orders peaks at γ * ≈ 3.02 ([2.9,3.2]). Monte Carlo ( n = 10,000 ) shows a ≈ 76% downside reduction and 92% success rate under ledger-based schedules. Solver latency drops by ∼ 850 × (40 s → 47 ms). Conclusion The thermodynamic lens explains why practice ( γ ≈ 2.1 ) deviates from the theoretical benchmark ( γ * ≈ 3.0 ) in our calibration: actors appear to trade maximal efficiency for robustness. The framework stabilizes revenues, drives fees to negligible levels, and supports SDG-aligned innovation finance by lowering the cost of access and adaptation under uncertainty.
The arrival of contracts which are smart has brought a pattern shift in the way agreements are carried off in terms of their performance as well as their implementation. Basically, the smart contracts run on a block chain type of codes, which means that they can also be called as a self-executing contracts because they emerge up with promising features of being efficient, transparent, and most importantly they reduce the dependency on intermediaries. However, in India there are certain growing issues in terms of the adoption of such smart contracts leading to legal and regulatory questions arising. Now, obviously when smart contracts come up with such efficient automated code driven contracts so talking about the traditional agreements which are long governed by well-established legal framework, definitely may face certain challenges in terms of their interpretation, enforceability and also the comparison with the contracts which are smart. This article focuses and explores the legal validity of smart contracts in India, also diving deep and examining their true potential to break the common practices of traditional agreements and try to fill up the regulatory gaps that exist. Now, by analyzing the current legal scenario and expected future challenges, it aims to provide awareness into whether smart contracts are truly a revolutionary tool or a ticking time bomb for the traditional agreements.
Decentralization of fiscal policy is a key factor in the formation of financial independence of local governments and strengthening the economic stability of regions in modern democratic states. Its relevance for Ukraine is determined by the need to strengthen the financial basis of territorial communities in the process of implementing administrative-territorial reform. The purpose of the study is to determine the decentralization of fiscal policy as a mandatory condition for obtaining an independent status of local communities; the object is the system of intergovernmental relations in democratic states. The methodological basis is comparative-legal and quantitative-analytical approaches, based on official statistical data Open Budget, World Bank Boost Data, the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine and the State Statistics Service. The results of the study showed that in 2018–2024 the share of income without transfers, tax revenues and own resources of communities increased, which confirms the increase in the level of fiscal autonomy. Legislative amendments to the Budget Code ensured the expansion of local revenue sources, the introduction of basic and reverse subsidy mechanisms and the strengthening of horizontal equalization. It was found that the Ukrainian model of fiscal decentralization is gradually approaching European practices, forming institutional prerequisites for the sustainable development of communities and strengthening their financial independence.
The global Web 3.0 Blockchain Market is projected to grow from USD 4.39 billion in 2023 to USD 64.28 billion by 2030, at a CAGR of 46.7%. The market focuses on decentralized applications, smart contracts, and digital assets, transforming industries such as finance, healthcare, and supply chain. To access the full report, visit - https://www.nextmsc.com/report/web-30-blockchain-market
Matteo Bonato, Rıza Demirer, Rangan Gupta, Abeeb Olaniran
This paper explores the role of mining activity, proxied by growth rates of electricity consumption and cost of mining, as a driver of pricing inefficiencies in Bitcoin. Utilizing alternative measures of crash risk proxied by the realized negative coefficient of skewness and realized down-to-up volatility, derived from 5-minute intraday Bitcoin data, causality tests, along with sign analysis, captured by the estimates of partial average derivatives, provide evidence that mining activity can, in general, predict an increase in the entire conditional distribution of crash risk, with the strongest impact associated over the normal (median) to moderately high (upper quantiles) levels of risk. Despite the emergence of cryptocurrencies in international transactions and as an investment vehicle, our results suggest that decentralized mining process can contribute to inefficiencies in the pricing of Bitcoin, putting further doubt into the role of these assets as a medium of exchange, alternative to conventional assets.
Algorithmic stablecoins play a critical role in the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) ecosystem by aiming to maintain price stability without relying on traditional collateral reserves. However, these systems are prone to catastrophic failures known as death spirals, leading to irreversible price collapse and systemic instability. Despite increasing attention from both academia and regulators, existing approaches fall short in providing proactive prediction of such destabilizing events-an issue that poses serious risks to the sustainable development of the blockchain financial ecosystem. In this paper, we present SpiralSeer, a novel framework for fine-grained prediction of death spiral risks in algorithmic stablecoins. At its core, SpiralSeer introduces a stage-wise risk model that integrates on-chain user behaviors and off-chain market data, formalizing distinct states in risk evolution. We then develop a LightGBM-based risk detection model capable of detecting vulnerabilities in emerging stablecoins, and incorporates an additive feature attribution mechanism to reveal the most influential factors contributing to risk across different stages. Extensive evaluation demonstrates that SpiralSeer achieves a $27.8 \%$ improvement in precision over state-of-the-art baselines, and can flag early risk stages well before catastrophic decoupling events. By enabling early risk identification, SpiralSeer offers a practical foundation for building more resilient algorithmic stablecoin systems and enhancing risk transparency in DeFi.
Thus, the synergy of artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies and digital financial transactions require secure anonymized methods while retaining the effectiveness of AI-based fraud-detection. This systematic review investigates stateof-the-art means of enhancing privacy assurance in ML by leveraging innovative schemes to safeguard money transfers in electronic platforms. Many privacy-preserving techniques are available and can be adopted by financial institutions to analyses encrypted data these include homomorphic encryption and federated learning. Employing these methods, AI models can identify fraudulent behavior patterns while at the same time not compromising on the privacy of single transactions. There is an extra level of security or anonymity given x by zero-knowledge proof which allows for the verification of the transactions without disclosing the data behind such transactions. Differential privacy is also used to apply noise on data to ensure that no distinguishing data set is used by the algorithm while ensuring the data is useful for statistical purposes for the ML models used. As much as its integration offers potential in carrying these privacy-shields presents some considerations. Mainly, they improve security and users’ confidence but at the same time introduce computation cost and system intricacy. This review therefore looks at different implementation strategies and hybrid solutions which employ several ideas aimed at maintaining high efficiency of the applied privacy-preserving techniques. Security: Advanced developments in hardware acceleration and algorithms have brought into use these methods nearer to real life applications. It also explores areas of future development including quantum protection of privacy and privacy preserving AI systems. Nonetheless, time and again there are instances where researchers experienced difficulties in the actual implementation such as the approaches may not be scalable, in other words may not well work for large data sets, or that there is need to standardize these models for privacy-preserving AI to be well embraced as it remains one of the most important revolutions by which the safety of financial systems in the digital world can be enhanced. As trading volumes increase and the regulation of how clients’ data is used gets stricter, these technologies will be at the heart of shielding consumer information whilst facilitating enhanced fight against fraud.
The Internet Computer (IC) is a secure, fast and efficient decentralized blockchain-based platform for the execution of general-purpose applications. It has been operational since May 2021, running over 900K smart contracts and serving over 1M users.; AB@Over time, the IC has grown significantly in the number of smart contracts, their size, and the application scope, including social media, messengers and even games. In contrast, most other blockchain platforms focus on simple applications related to token transfers and Decentralized Finance (DeFi). In Fall 2024, a proof-of-work (PoW) blockchain was deployed on the IC. This blockchain grew quickly and reached over 20,000 miners in just days, creating operational challenges for other applications on the IC.; AB@Initial operational data showed degraded performance, but in a few weeks, the IC execution layer was fine-tuned and enhanced such that the PoW blockchain and other unrelated applications can now be supported in tandem with good quality of service. The IC's modular design allowed for targeted changes without protocol modifications. The changes concerned the operating system optimizations and scheduling algorithm tweaks. This article presents the journey navigating these with insights from operational data.
The accelerating digitalization of critical national infrastructures has underscored the urgent need for sovereign control over data, trust, and governance in cyberspace. Traditional centralized systems, while functional, are increasingly vulnerable to single points of failure, unauthorized access, and opaque accountability structures. Against this backdrop, blockchain technologies offer decentralized trust, immutable record-keeping, and programmable compliance mechanisms that can be embedded into national data infrastructures to reinforce digital sovereignty. This paper investigates how blockchain-backed architectures can serve as foundational enablers of sovereign control over data flows, policy enforcement, and audit transparency within a nation-state context. Using a multi-layered methodology that combines policy–technology mapping, comparative analysis of governance frameworks, and case studies across e-government, healthcare, and energy utilities, the study introduces a sovereignty-by-design blockchain framework tailored for Malaysia and ASEAN member states. Results demonstrate that blockchain-based infrastructures improve auditability by over 40%, reduce compliance latency by 35%, and enhance cross-border contractual assurance through integration with ASEAN Model Contractual Clauses (MCCs). The study also highlights the role of privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) such as confidential computing and zero-knowledge proofs in aligning blockchain with personal data protection laws.
In a rapidly digitalizing world, identity verification has become the cornerstone of secure online interaction. Traditional authentication models, which depend on centralized authorities and password-based systems, are increasingly vulnerable to breaches, identity theft, and data manipulation. Blockchain-backed identity systems offer a promising alternative by decentralizing trust, ensuring immutability, and empowering users with self-sovereign control over their credentials. This review explores how blockchain technology enhances authentication reliability through decentralization, cryptographic assurance, and automation. The paper first examines the fundamentals of blockchain-based identity management, including decentralized identifiers (DIDs), verifiable credentials (VCs), and smart contracts that automate credential verification and revocation. It then presents the architectural components of blockchain identity systems, highlighting how cryptographic hashing, distributed consensus, and off-chain storage combine to create secure yet compliant authentication workflows. The analysis demonstrates that blockchain-backed identity frameworks significantly improve authentication reliability by removing single points of failure, enhancing data integrity, and enabling privacy-preserving verification through mechanisms like zero-knowledge proofs. Comparative evaluation with traditional systems reveals that blockchain ensures superior resilience, transparency, and user control, albeit with challenges in scalability, interoperability, and key management.
Abdul Razaque, Saule Amanzholova, Galimkair Mutanov, Olga Ussatova · 8 authors
This article focuses on developing an anti-corruption system for certifying students’ academic achievements in Kazakhstani higher education institutions by utilizing blockchain and artificial intelligence AI technologies. We specifically propose the Academic Integrity Verification System (AIVS), a revolutionary system that combines blockchain’s tamper-proof storage with AI’s anomaly detection capabilities. The system reduces major risks in traditional academic record management while ensuring transparency, precision, and proactive fraud detection. The simulation was conducted at the International Information Technology University (IITU) using Ethereum-based blockchain and AI models. In simulated testnet experiments, AIVS achieved an 85% reduction in verification time compared to traditional processes and delivered a 95% overall model accuracy in record validation. These results demonstrate the potential of blockchain and AI integration for improving efficiency and integrity in academic verification workflows. These findings demonstrate that our proposed AIVS enhances academic transparency, reduces corruption, and provides a scalable framework for secure academic record management. The proposed strategy marks a significant step forward in the governance of digital education in Kazakhstan and abroad.