Blockchain Papers

United Nations

No abstract is available for this record.

Antoine Douteau, Adeline Roux-Langlois

No abstract is available for this record.

Habib, Kyle, Vladislav Kapitsyn, Giovanni Mazzeo, Faisal Mehrban

Current blockchain consensus protocols -- notably, Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) -- deliver global agreement but exhibit structural constraints. PoW anchors security in heavy computation, inflating energy use and imposing high confirmation latency. PoS improves efficiency but introduces stake concentration, long-range and "nothing-at-stake" vulnerabilities, and a hard performance ceiling shaped by slot times and multi-round committee voting. In this paper, we propose Proof of Trusted Execution (PoTE), a consensus paradigm where agreement emerges from verifiable execution rather than replicated re-execution. Validators operate inside heterogeneous VM-based TEEs, each running the same canonical program whose measurement is publicly recorded, and each producing vendor-backed attestations that bind the enclave code hash to the block contents. Because the execution is deterministic and the proposer is uniquely derived from public randomness, PoTE avoids forks, eliminates slot.time bottlenecks, and commits blocks in a single round of verification. We present the design of a PoTE consensus client, describe our reference implementation, and evaluate its performance against the stringent throughput requirements of the Trillion decentralized exchange.

Alfred Daniel J, Kodeeswaran M

This project aims to create, utilize, and evaluate a blockchain-based solution for event ticketing, addressing issues such as fraud, duplicate tickets, excessive fees from intermediaries, and unfair resale practices prevalent in traditional ticketing systems. The project develops a powerful stack of Solidity smart contracts on Ethereum/Polygon blockchains to standardise creation, ownership transfer, and resale policies for tickets. At the same time, a React.js frontend is being developed to create a fast and agile ticket purchase, reservation, and store transfer interface. This interface utilizes Metamask wallet authentication in a Node.js and Express backend, which connects to the blockchain using Web3.js. For decentralization and immutability, ticket metadata is recorded on the IPFS system, and its performance is verified by means of QR code scanning modules integrated into the IoT-based entry gates for real-time validation. The project was deployed on Ganache, and it has been tested on the Polygon Mumbai testnet for performance analysis under real-world conditions. According to the report, there is error-free validation for over 500 concurrent transactions, an 8–12 second average time to confirm a transaction, and an average 70% reduction in counterpart gas fees on Polygon compared to Ethereum. The system addresses user access, transparency, duplicate elimination, and secure resale tracking. This work fills the void between theoretical models and practical solutions, with a demonstration of such a scheme and quantifiable results, proving the applicability of blockchain ticketing systems for transparent and scalable event management that prevents fraud.

Ragavarthini. V, Maddukuri Naga Tanuja, Maddukuri Lakshmi Vanaja, Kucharlapati Gowtham Varma · 5 authors

Traditional financial lending systems face ongoing issues. These include too much involvement from middlemen, limited financial inclusion, a lack of transparency, and centralized decision-making. Such problems push unbanked and underbanked populations to the margins. This paper presents a blockchain-based decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) credit system built on the Ethereum network. It uses smart contracts and Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) frameworks that are transparent, secure, and accessible worldwide. Traditional financial institutions still rely heavily on centralized models. These models involve many intermediaries, slow processes, and high operational costs. As a result, many people have restricted access to financial services. According to the World Bank's Global Findex Database, around 1.7 billion adults are unbanked and shut out from essential financial systems. This exclusion often stems from strict eligibility requirements, lack of credit history, and absence of collateral. It not only hampers individual financial growth but also limits broader economic inclusion in developing nations. The proposed model eliminates the need for centralized institutions. It speeds up transactions, increases transparency, and allows for borderless digital lending. The system architecture uses Solidity for smart contract development, Web3.js for blockchain interaction, and a React-based user interface to create a robust full-stack decentralized application (DApp). The framework features automated asset collateralization, AI-driven interest rate modeling, trust-score-based borrower assessment, and community governance mechanisms. Performance comparisons show marked improvements in transaction speed, efficiency, and financial access compared to traditional lending models. The prototype achieves a 65% reduction in infrastructure costs and an 80% faster loan settlement time across different regions.

Karolina Gorna

Issue de la promesse d’un échange de valeur décentralisé, la technologie blockchain a engendré un écosystème de cryptoactifs dont l’adoption croissante s’accompagne de risques cyber d’une nature et d’une complexité nouvelles. Le présent exposé se propose de cartographier ces risques, depuis le paradigme de l’autodétention qui charge l’individu d’une responsabilité sécuritaire, jusqu’aux vulnérabilités critiques de la pile applicative (contrats intelligents, langages, oracles). L’analyse s’étend aux dépendances des infrastructures Web3, aux paradoxes de la finance décentralisée, et aux enjeux de souveraineté soulevés par la confrontation entre monnaies numériques étatiques (MNBC) et stablecoins privés.

G.B. Bhavana, R. S. Anand, J. Ramprabhakar, Josep M. Guerrero · 6 authors

Integration of renewable-energy (RE) sources of energy into local microgrids, decentralised energy markets using blockchain based peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is gaining more traction due to its ability to enable transparent, autonomous, and secure transactions among distributed energy resources (DERs). Due to the large variety in microgrid topologies and their respective operational constraints, a key challenge to obtaining the most effective trading framework is the choice of blockchain consensus protocol that suits a given microgrid type. Choice of consensus mechanism solely affects the reliability and security of a network. This paper presents a quantitative comprehensive evaluation of various blockchain consensus mechanisms such as Proof-of-Work (PoW), Proof-of-Stake (PoS), Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS), Proof-of-Elapsed-Time (PoET), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Raft, and Tendermint to determine their suitability for P2P energy trading in microgrids. Various metrics such as fault tolerance, energy efficiency, latency, throughput and consensus time were evaluated for multiple consensus mechanisms through simulations. This paper also studies node-scaling impact on the protocols and presents a final decision framework to match the suitable protocol with various microgrid topologies.

Deepika Dash, Bipin Raj C., B Jnyanadeep, Anala M R

The proliferation of decentralized finance (DeFi) has highlighted critical challenges in cross- chain oracle reliability and performance assessment. Traditional blockchain networks remain isolated from external data sources, creating the fundamental Oracle Problem that hinders institutional adoption of DeFi protocols. This paper presents DeFiLens, a comprehensive benchmarking framework that provides standard- ized performance metrics and real-time analytics across multiple blockchain ecosystems including Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Polygon, and Avalanche. Our framework addresses the gap between traditional finance’s seamless market data access and blockchain’s data isolation through systematic oracle assessment. DeFiLens implements a six-layer security scoring system encompassing cryptographic verification, attack detection, and network health monitoring. Through extensive evaluation of major oracle providers including Chainlink, Band Protocol, and Tellor, we demonstrate significant performance variations across chains, with response times ranging from 2.1 seconds to 8.7 seconds and reliability scores varying between 72% and 95%. Our statistical analysis reveals critical arbitrage opportunities with price discrepancies up to 2.3% across chains. The framework serves as a ‘‘Bloomberg Terminal’’ for oracle data, enabling financial institutions, DeFi protocols, and researchers to make data-driven decisions for oracle integration and risk management.

Janice Jianing, Rainie Siyu Wang, Silvan Bruggmann, Tanusree Sharma · 7 authors

Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) have emerged as significant governance models, prioritizing transparency and community participation. However, there remains a knowledge gap regarding the impact of online discussions on the decision-making processes within these organizations. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the relationships between engagement metrics and proposal approval rates. We find a strong coherence between the most discussed topics in each DAO’s forums and their stated missions. Our analysis also reveals a nuanced but noticeable correlation between community engagement and voting outcomes. Furthermore, our paper explores the complexities of community coordination and collective governance within DAOs, highlighting existing challenges and providing design recommendations.

Quang Huy Duong, Carlos F.A. Arranz, Mao Xu, Li Zhou · 5 authors

The rapid transition to electric vehicles has intensified challenges in electric vehicle battery (EVB) closed-loop supply chains (CLSC), particularly regarding material traceability, supply chain transparency, and recycling efficiency. While decentralised technologies, particularly Web3 and Metaverse, offer promising solutions, their integration into EVB CLSC remains fragmented and insufficiently examined. We introduce an Operational Decentralisation Framework enabling a systematic analysis of centralised operations and a critical evaluation of decentralised alternatives as transformational forces. By adopting a holistic perspective, the framework equips firms with strategic guidance for transitioning from centralised structures to decentralised ecosystems. We analyse 588 academic articles and 1,168 industry documents through two advanced text mining techniques – Dynamic Latent Dirichlet Allocation and Burst Detection. Web3 and metaverse can potentially reconfigure the design, manufacturing, end-of-life diagnostics, procurement, waste management, load balancing, capacity planning, inventory management and service operations of two key areas: (1) EVB CLSC operations and (2) EVB circular energy/grid operations. We also found that while blockchain and digital twins show established applications, Web3 and Metaverse applications face significant barriers, including scalability, technology complexity, and expertise gaps, despite their great potentials. Therefore, we propose four visionary models integrating Web3, Metaverse, and AI technologies that have the potential to overcome existing barriers and enable transformative decentralisation. Extending the TOE framework, the study contributes to the theory by developing an integrated framework for evaluating decentralised technology adoption in EVB CLSCs. For practitioners, we provide actionable insights and pathways for technology implementation across different CLSC stages and guidance for addressing key adoption barriers.

Dinh C. Nguyen, Md Bokhtiar Al Zami, Ratun Rahman, Shaba Shaon · 6 authors

Quantum federated learning (QFL) is emerging as a key enabler for intelligent, secure, and privacy-preserving model training in next-generation 6G networks. By leveraging the computational advantages of quantum devices, QFL offers significant improvements in learning efficiency and resilience against quantum-era threats. However, future 6G environments are expected to be highly dynamic, decentralized, and data-intensive, which necessitates moving beyond traditional centralized federated learning frameworks. To meet this demand, blockchain technology provides a decentralized, tamper-resistant infrastructure capable of enabling trustless collaboration among distributed quantum edge devices. This paper presents QFLchain, a novel framework that integrates QFL with blockchain to support scalable and secure 6G intelligence. In this work, we investigate four key pillars of \textit{QFLchain} in the 6G context: (i) communication and consensus overhead, (ii) scalability and storage overhead, (iii) energy inefficiency, and (iv) security vulnerability. A case study is also presented, demonstrating potential advantages of QFLchain, based on simulation, over state-of-the-art approaches in terms of training performance.

Mohamed Elmahallawy, Asma Jodeiri Akbarfam

The rise of space AI is reshaping government and industry through applications such as disaster detection, border surveillance, and climate monitoring, powered by massive data from commercial and governmental low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Federated satellite learning (FSL) enables joint model training without sharing raw data, but suffers from slow convergence due to intermittent connectivity and introduces critical trust challenges--where biased or falsified updates can arise across satellite constellations, including those injected through cyberattacks on inter-satellite or satellite-ground communication links. We propose OrbitChain, a blockchain-backed framework that empowers trustworthy multi-vendor collaboration in LEO networks. OrbitChain (i) offloads consensus to high-altitude platforms (HAPs) with greater computational capacity, (ii) ensures transparent, auditable provenance of model updates from different orbits owned by different vendors, and (iii) prevents manipulated or incomplete contributions from affecting global FSL model aggregation. Extensive simulations show that OrbitChain reduces computational and communication overhead while improving privacy, security, and global model accuracy. Its permissioned proof-of-authority ledger finalizes over 1000 blocks with sub-second latency (0.16,s, 0.26,s, 0.35,s for 1-of-5, 3-of-5, and 5-of-5 quorums). Moreover, OrbitChain reduces convergence time by up to 30 hours on real satellite datasets compared to single-vendor, demonstrating its effectiveness for real-time, multi-vendor learning. Our code is available at https://github.com/wsu-cyber-security-lab-ai/OrbitChain.git

Zijiang Yang

This paper will propose a novel machine learning based portfolio management method in the context of the cryptocurrency market. Previous researchers mainly focus on the prediction of the movement for specific cryptocurrency such as the bitcoin(BTC) and then trade according to the prediction. In contrast to the previous work that treats the cryptocurrencies independently, this paper manages a group of cryptocurrencies by analyzing the relative relationship. Specifically, in each time step, we utilize the neural network to predict the rank of the future return of the managed cryptocurrencies and place weights accordingly. By incorporating such cross-sectional information, the proposed methods is shown to profitable based on the backtesting experiments on the real daily cryptocurrency market data from May, 2020 to Nov, 2023. During this 3.5 years, the market experiences the full cycle of bullish, bearish and stagnant market conditions. Despite under such complex market conditions, the proposed method outperforms the existing methods and achieves a Sharpe ratio of 1.01 and annualized return of 64.26%. Additionally, the proposed method is shown to be robust to the increase of transaction fee.

Alexandre Mota, Manoel Villarim, Juliano Iyoda, Márcio Cornélio

Formal verification of smart contracts is widely regarded as an effective method for ensuring correctness and security properties across all possible executions. Its practical relevance has been driven by the availability of automatic verification tools that discharge intricate proofs. Another area of growing interest is the integration of specification paradigms - for example, combining Hoare-logic–style specifications (pre/postconditions and invariants) with SMT and symbolic reasoning - so that each technique can precisely capture complementary aspects of contract behavior. In this article we present a comparative analysis of four leading Solidity verification tools - solc-verify, SMTChecker, VeriSmart and the Certora Prover - and define what is meant here by a formal verification tool: a system that provides mathematically rigorous proofs that stated properties hold for every possible execution of a contract. We also describe a consistent evaluation framework that considers the Solidity version support, the preservation of the original contract structure, the local execution capability, the verification time, and the modeling-language requirements, among other criteria. We used the ERC-20 token standard as a benchmark and applied this framework to obtain empirical evidence of each tool’s capabilities and limitations. Our results expose substantial variability in the tools performances that undermines their trustworthiness in practice and highlights a gap between an academic tool capabilities and the industrial requirements. Finally, we discuss how these findings can inform developers and researchers in selecting appropriate verification tools, thereby contributing to improved smart contract security and reliability.

Aparna Kumari, Prem Joshi, Lakshya Mehta, Maahi Goratela

Farmers often struggle to access timely and fair credit due to inefficiencies, limited transparency, and inadequate risk assessment in traditional loan systems. This paper presents AgriCredit-360, a blockchain-enabled intelligent loan management scheme designed to improve financial inclusion and promote sustainable agriculture. Leveraging Ethereum's decentralized architecture alongside the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), the proposed framework ensures secure, transparent, and tamperproof loan records while enabling cost-efficient off-chain storage of large agricultural datasets such as satellite imagery, IoT sensor readings, climate trends, and yield forecasts. AI-driven analytics assess farmers' creditworthiness using multi-source data, integrating sustainability metrics to incentivize eco-friendly farming practices. Ethereum-based smart contracts automate loan approval, disbursement, repayment tracking, subsidy allocation, and insurance claim settlement, significantly reducing operational delays, administrative costs, and fraud risks. The hybrid blockchain-IPFS design enhances scalability, supports multi-stakeholder interoperability, and preserves data integrity through cryptographic hashing. By combining blockchain security, decentralized storage, AI-powered decision-making, and sustainability-oriented credit policies, AgriCredit-360 delivers an efficient, transparent, and farmer-centric solution.

Imen Ben Achour1, Jihed Majdoub2

Industry 4.0 and digital transformation have accelerated the emergence of virtual assets such as cryptocurrencies. Among them, Bitcoin, a virtual currency, has captured significant attention from both finance theorists and practitioners, achieving the highest market capitalization to date. The objective of this study is to examine the behavior and interrelationships between Bitcoin and several traditional financial assets within the framework of an international diversification strategy that combines conventional and crypto assets. In this context, Bitcoin is considered as a potential new asset class for portfolio diversification. To explore this relationship, we analyze the links between Bitcoin and a selection of major currencies—EUR, GBP, and JPY—as well as certain commodities. The study employs the Value at Risk (VaR) approach using three empirical methods, complemented by Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) as a robustness measure, given its ability to capture tail risk more effectively than VaR. Using daily data from October 29, 2016, to October 23, 2020, the findings reveal that including Bitcoin in a diversified portfolio can significantly enhance risk–return characteristics. These results provide new insights for portfolio managers and investors seeking optimal diversification strategies in the context of digital finance.

Abdulla Aljuffairi, Mustafa Mohammed Shaker, Shrikant Panigrahi, Sasikanta Tripathy

This paper investigates how price dynamics of Bitcoin are affected not simply by endogenous factors of the cryptocurrency market, but also by exogenous ones related to the worlds of gold and oil. Empirical results based on statistical analysis (regression modeling, correlation matrix) show a significant positive, along with interesting, link between oil prices and Bitcoin, that reflects the influence of world energy markets, inflation, and liquidity on the value of Bitcoin. In the meantime, gold has a steady but minor effect, which indicates that Bitcoin is slowly integrating into normal stores of value, if it doesn't behave entirely like the shiny metal during times of economic stress. The results underscore the need to stop treating Bitcoin as a separate universe that is detached from the macro models. Predictive modelling calls for a bullish uptrend over 5 years for Bitcoin, with the usual caveat for future estimates. In general, this research adds to our new understanding of Bitcoin as an intermediate asset, both irrational (speculation) and rational (hedge), and motivates further attention on how this digital currency continues to interact with major commodities as it becomes more integrated in the world of global finance.

Y. V. Reddy

Financial innovations have emerged as one of the most influential forces shaping contemporary commerce, redefining the mechanisms through which businesses operate, transact, and compete. As global markets become increasingly interconnected and digitalized, the demand for more efficient, secure, inclusive, and scalable financial systems continues to grow. This research article investigates the multi-dimensional role of financial innovations—spanning digital payments, block chain technologies, neobanking, artificial intelligence in finance, and alternative lending models—and examines how these advancements are reshaping commercial practices, market structures, and customer experiences. The study draws from established literature, recent empirical findings, and theoretical frameworks to provide a comprehensive understanding of how financial innovations contribute to transactional efficiency, risk management, cost reduction, and value creation within commerce. The article further explores how financial innovations facilitate business expansion, enhance consumer accessibility, and support regulatory compliance through technologies such as RegTech and Insur Tech. Special emphasis is placed on the convergence of financial services with digital commerce platforms, leading to embedded finance models and the democratization of financial access for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Additionally, the study highlights emerging trends including decentralized finance (DeFi), tokenization of assets, real-time data analytics, and the growth of digital currencies—each of which represents a new frontier in commercial transformation. The findings suggest that while financial innovations bring unprecedented opportunities for growth, they also introduce challenges related to cyber security, regulatory uncertainty, data privacy, and operational risks. The paper concludes by identifying key future prospects and research directions, emphasizing the need for stronger governance models, global regulatory harmonization, and interdisciplinary research to unlock the full potential of financial innovations in commerce. The study contributes to ongoing scholarly discourse by offering a holistic and forward-looking perspective that can guide policymakers, businesses, researchers, and financial institutions.

MacDonald, Michael Tass

TetraKlein is a unified computational, cryptographic, and extended-reality (XR) architecture developed by Baramay Station Research Inc., a Canadian non-profit research organization.This repository publishes the mathematical framework, AIR constraint system, XR physics formulations, digital-twin convergence rules, and verification pipeline defining the TetraKlein system. TetraKlein integrates: Post-quantum cryptography (Kyber, Dilithium, Module-LWE/SIS) Zero-knowledge proof systems (AIR, STARKs, IVC, folding, FRI) Verifiable compute engines (SP1, RISC Zero, Brevis, zkSync-derived provers) XR physics and rendering pipelines (TK-U, XR-TSU kernels, foveation models) Digital-Twin Convergence (DTC lineage, projection operators) Hypercube ledger topology (HBB, Recursive Tesseract Hashing) IPv6-native mesh identity and routing (Yggdrasil, PQC-authenticated overlays) Cross-layer AIR constraints enabling recursive multi-domain verification This repository is intended for researchers, engineers, cryptographers, XR developers, and academic institutions looking to analyze, extend, or experimentally validate a unified verifiable-compute architecture. Research-Stage Disclaimer The current version of the TetraKlein architecture is an early-stage, research-oriented framework. It is not a production system and makes no claims of operational readiness, security guarantees, clinical or industrial safety, or real-world deployment feasibility. All mathematical models, AIR constraints, XR physics bindings, digital-twin operators, and ledger constructs are subject to heavy scrutiny, independent validation, and long-term peer review. The material in this repository should be treated strictly as a research roadmap—a foundation for future work that will require extensive testing, reproducibility studies, formal verification, adversarial analysis, and multi-year refinement by the broader scientific and engineering community before any practical use is considered. Key Capabilities 1. Deterministic TK-VM Execution Layer The TetraKlein Virtual Machine provides a deterministic, low-degree constrained execution environment: XR frame physics evolution pose + camera kinematics TSU-compatible energy constraints DTC projection hypercube-ledger synchronization ZK-friendly opcode semantics verifiable state transitions All TK-VM semantics map directly into algebraic AIR constraints. 2. End-to-End Zero-Knowledge Verification TetraKlein supports: AIR-constrained STARK proving recursive IVC frame folding multi-epoch ledger commitment verifiable rendering pipeline deterministic cross-domain proofs (XR → DTC → Ledger) Every XR frame, physics update, and identity transition is provable. 3. Post-Quantum Identity & Routing Identity and routing combine: Kyber-1024 key-encapsulation Dilithium-V signatures MLWE/SIS identity kernels Yggdrasil IPv6 self-authenticating mesh PQC-bound routing and handshake protocol hypercube-coordinate ledger addressing 4. Hypercube Blockchain Base (HBB) The ledger uses a hypercube topology: adjacency enforced by AIR constraints spectral operators (E1–E4) Recursive Tesseract Hashing multi-epoch finality and spectral stability provable routing correctness deterministic fragment propagation 5. Digital Twin Convergence (DTC) The digital-twin framework provides: XR → DTC projection operator inverse-projection (Ledger → DTC → XR) multi-agent DTC coupling Lyapunov-style stability envelopes convergence-time bounding real-world sensor model coupling (non-invasive) Licensing TetraKlein adopts a dual-license structure: Scientific Content Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY-4.0)All mathematical material, papers, equations, AIR tables, and technical documentation. Software MIT License (simple, permissive)Apache License 2.0 (patent-safe, industry standard) This ensures maximum compatibility with: Ethereum / zkSync RISC Zero / SP1 StarkWare-style STARK ecosystems academic reproduction open-source research About the Original 2025 Manuscript This repository includes the full, unmodified original paper: “TetraKlein: A Post-Quantum, Zero-Knowledge, Multidimensional Cryptographic Network for Mid–21st Century Civilization Infrastructure”Michael Tass MacDonald — November 22, 2025 This archival version is included as-is for historical reference.It may contain: speculative or unverified early-stage ideas preliminary constructions non-peer-reviewed material conceptual frameworks later replaced or refined The unified monograph supersedes this original document. Roadmap Phase 1 — Public Monograph Release (Completed) Unified 1,600+ page architecture TK-VM execution model AIR tables (TK-U … TK-Z) PQC identity system XR physics + DTC Hypercube ledger + RTH Recursive folding pipeline (TK-Y / TK-Z) Phase 2 — Reference Implementation (In Progress) minimal TK-VM interpreter TK-W ledger sponge (Poseidon-style) hypercube router (TK-V) proving-fragment diffusion (TK-X) SP1 / RISC-Zero test harness Phase 3 — XR/DTC Prototype (2026) OpenXR prototyping XR-physics frame pipeline real-time DTC–ledger synchronization Phase 4 — Formal Verification (2026–2027) Coq/Isabelle/HOL formalization independent reproducibility testing security analysis academic peer review and conference submissions Citing This Work A full permanent Zenodo DOI will be provided Citation MacDonald, M. T. (2025). TetraKlein: A Unified Architecture. Baramay Station Research Inc. Public Edition. CC-BY-4.0 / MIT / Apache-2.0. Contact Baramay Station Research Inc.Canadian Non-Profit R&D (Saskatchewan)Director & Principal Investigator: Michael Tass MacDonald Contact michael@baramaystationresearchinc.ca Mission TetraKlein aims to advance: open, verifiable computation transparent scientific methodology reproducible XR and digital-twin research post-quantum cryptography zero-knowledge trust frameworks decentralized, identity-bound networks This project is released to help researchers, developers, and institutions build provable, reliable, and safe computational systems for the coming decades.

Megele, Florian Mathias

Die Arbeit untersucht den Einsatz von Smart Contracts in Infrastrukturprojekten zur Reduzierung von Kollaborationsproblemen. Auf Basis einer Netzwerkanalyse von VOB-Urteilen werden Problemcluster identifiziert, mittels Prinzipal-Agent-Theorie formalisiert und mit Smart-Contract-Funktionalitäten verknüpft. Ein prototypischer Prozess wird als Smart Contract umgesetzt und evaluiert. Ergebnisse zeigen Verbesserungen in Transparenz, Dokumentation und Vertrauen, trotz technischer Herausforderungen.

Basil Hanafi, Mohammad Ubaidullah Bokhari, Mudasir Ahmad Wani, Kashish Ara Shakil · 5 authors

Various types of research are being carried out to advance in the field of cryptography and develop a more robust technique for security. Adversarial neural cryptography (ANC) is a recent development in this extension, which possesses huge potential to be implemented in various domains. There is a continuous need for the development of more adaptive techniques to secure data while in communication using deep learning and other applied artificial intelligence techniques, which serves as the motivation for this work stems from the increasing need for adaptive, robust encryption mechanisms to address the limitations of traditional cryptographic techniques in securing sensitive blockchain transactions. This article proposes a new approach for the protection of private smart contracts on blockchain systems via ANC. The proposed method in the research is dynamic adversarial training using three neural networks to secure smart contract transactions. It optimizes the encryption and decryption processes against evolving cyber threats. The algorithm strives to attain a high key agreement rate (KAR) and a lower Eve’s decryption failure rate (EDFR) eventually proving its efficacy in attaining privacy and security in blockchain applications and adaptability. This research will incite more studies on ANC and its practical implementations in ensuring private smart contracts and overcoming the present cryptographical approaches with significant development because of their potential.

Matan Shapiro

No abstract is available for this record.

Quazi Mamun, Megumi Saito, Jiang Liu, Zhenni Pan · 5 authors

In 5G/6G networks, Device-to-Device (D2D) Salvage Transmission (ST) ensures communication continuity when Unreachable User Equipment (X) loses access to the base station. However, securing authentication between X and Salvage User Equipment (S) while maintaining privacy presents a challenge. Traditional authentication methods depend on key exchanges or centralised servers, heightening vulnerability to impersonation and replay attacks. This paper proposes a Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP)-based authentication protocol that enables lightweight, privacy-preserving authentication without disclosing private credentials. The approach utilises modular exponentiation and cryptographic hashing, allowing X to demonstrate its legitimacy without revealing its private key. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method achieves low authentication latency ( 1–10 ms), minimal communication overhead ( 80 bytes per session), and high scalability under heavy authentication loads. The scheme provides resistance against man-in-the-middle (MITM), impersonation, and replay attacks, making it highly secure for real-time applications.

Sony Hartono, Roby Syaiful Ubed, Riko Riandoko, Irfan Nabhani

The fair value assessment of Bitcoin has become a pivotal concern in contemporary finance because to its significant volatility, constrained supply, and increasing institutional acceptance. In contrast to conventional assets influenced by cash flows, Bitcoin's value is determined by scarcity, community trust, network utility, and regulatory considerations. This research utilizes a qualitative grounded theory methodology by examining interviews and podcasts featuring prominent Indonesian cryptocurrency specialists. Coding analysis identifies four fundamental paradigms: legitimacy and decentralization as value sources, regulation and market infrastructure as value determinants, speculative risk and centralization as value detractors, and investment strategies and price cycles as moderating influences. Research indicates that Bitcoin's fair value depends on value base, value transfer, risk discount, and investor strategy. The research underscores the imperative for unconventional valuation models that incorporate on-chain data, regulatory frameworks, and market dynamics to improve transparency, accountability, and confidence in the digital financial ecosystem.