Blockchain-enabled e-voting (BEV) could reduce voter fraud and increase voter access. Eligible voters cast a ballot anonymously using a computer or smartphone. BEV uses an encrypted key and tamper-proof personal IDs. This article highlights some BEV implementations and the approach’s potential benefits and challenges.
Bhabendu Kumar Mohanta, Soumyashree S. Panda, Debasish Jena
In the last decade blockchain technology become mainstream research topic because of its decentralized, peer to peer transaction, distributed consensus, and anonymity properties. The blockchain technology overshadows regulatory problem and technical challenges. A smart contract is a set of programs which are self-verifying, self-executing and tamper resistant. Smart contract with the integration of blockchain technology capable of doing a task in real time with low cost and provide a greater degree of security. This paper firstly, explains the various components and working principle of smart contract. Secondly, identify and analyse the various use cases of smart contract along with the advantage of using smart contract in blockchain application. Lastly, the paper concludes with challenges lie in implementing smart contract the future real-life scenario.
At the end of the second decade of the 21 st century, the blockchain technology and the Internet of Things entered the focus of interest of all Internet users and numerous companies. Since blockchain technology has been proven in the production and trade of crypto-currencies, many potential users have noted that this technology has a potential to be applicable in many areas, practically as an operating system where the Bitcoin was only one application. This paper analyzes a possibility of using blockchain technology and the Industrial Internet of Things to improve supply chains. Particularly they are discussed the impacts of these two technologies on changes in supply chains and the effects that can be achieved by their application, as well as some examples of their use and potential use. It is also analyzed the investment situation concerning applications of the blockchain and the Industrial Internet of Thing in the supply chains. In conclusions, the authors point to the rapid development of blockchain technology and the Internet of Things, but also that their massive application can only be expected in a few years.
Cryptocurrency, a new technology depended electronic currency, is seemed as business commodity for investment and medium of exchange to few number of people of the world. It has different forms in different countries even more different forms in the same country. Bit coin, the first and most popular cryptocurrency, is paving the way as a disruptive technology to long standing and unchanged financial payment systems that have been in place for many decades. In some countries, cryptocurrency has been recognized by the respective governments. While cryptocurrencies are not likely to replace traditional fiat currency, they could change the way internet connected global markets interact with each other, clearing away barriers surrounding normative nationa currencies and exchange rates. Cryptocurrencies bear both some advantages and disadvantages in uses. Over the last few years, it has been gaining rapid popularity in the public eye. In India, recognition process has been started to come into mainstream o the public domain. In this article, a short analysis of cryptocurrency is presented, which illuminates some of the recent events and movements that could influence whether cryptocurrency contributes to a shift in economic paradigms. The article covers th original idea and motivation, the mode of operation and possible applications of Cryptocurrencies block chain technology. We conclude the article mentioning the prospect of cryptocurrency well as in the world.
The Crypto currency is a digital currency, it is created managed through the use of advanced encryption techniques known as cryptography. In 2009 the Bit coin software made available to the public for the first time. In April 2013 it captured significant investor and media attention. Their flow is determined entirely by market demand and not controlled or regulated by some singular authority. Crypto currencies were designed as decentralized systems because it lack a central authority to mediate transactions. In Bit had invested just $1,000 in first year, now you would be richer to the tune of $16,000. Now you don't want to wake up one day and find that someone hacked your machine and took off with $10,000 of your hard-earned money. Cryptocurrencies are decentralized. Making everyone's life nightmare because there is no middle men, no centralized "trusted" entity.
암호화폐는 국가중심의 법정화폐 남용에 대한 반발로 탄생되었다. 탈권위를 특징으로 하는 암호화폐의 미래에 대해서는 그 존재 여부에 대해 부정적 견해와 긍정적 견해가 대립하고 있다. 암호화폐는 국가의 규제를 받지 않는 점에서 국경을 초월한 세계화폐로 발전할 여지가 있는 반면 법정화폐로부터 끈임 없는 견제를 받고 있다. 또한 규제부족으로 마약대금의 지급 등과 같은 불법행위의 수단으로 악용되기도 한다. 그러므로 그에 대한 적절한 규제수단이 마련되어야 할 것인데, 법적 관점에서는 암호화폐를 화폐로 볼 것인가 증권이나 자산으로 볼 것인가에 따라 규제방법이 달라 질 수 있다. 방법에 있어서는 은행규제와 유사한 방법으로 규제를 하고, 대상에 있어서는 거래소를 중심으로 규제를 함으로써 소극적으로 소비자를 보호하고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 암호화폐는 블록체인기술과 결합하여 거래의 보안성을 제고하고, 기존의 사업을 안정적으로 효율화할 수 있는 솔루션을 제공하는 점에서 긍정적 측면도 상당하다. 특히 보험분야에서 이드리움의 스마트계약방식을 통해 보험자의 사업조직과 진행을 외주화하여 비용을 절감할 수 있고, 이러한 스마트 계약방식은 생명보험, 레저보험, 책임보험, 자동차보험 등의 분야에서 유용할 것이다.Cryptocurrency such as bitcoin is an person-to-person network based electronic transaction system. This is a new concept of monetary system in that transactions are made without the control of the issuing countries. Cryptocurrencies, therefore, has a favorable technical characteristic for realizing decentralization. Cryptocurrencies can function as an alternative currency when the value of existing legal currency being fluctuated or excessive taxation on them being a problem. In other words, the dominance of the state currency held by the state power does not apply to the cryptocurrencies, so the cryptocurrencies can develop independently. This serves to weaken the monetary system of an unit country. In this regard, the state can take various positions. Whether to oppose it, to accept it in a limited way, or to absolutely agree with it. I think it is unreasonable to take the extremes. From a legal point of view, in other to regulate the illegal activities of exchanges, it may be necessary to enact business regulate act, later to make an indefendant coin act. If we set up a new business area and an efficiency improvement plan using blockchain technology, we can aly the groundwork for global business without border restrictions. Currently, domestic insurance stat-up, Zikto establish an Ethreum blockchain network, Insureum. it can realize innovations in the insurance industry by outsourcing the insurer’s business organization through smart contracts.
Abstract Blockchains were developed as a technology used for transactions of Bitcoins (cryptocurrency). Blockchains have several features such as decentralized transaction without third parties, tolerance network, prevention of data manipulation, and operational cost reduction. This technology is gaining attention in the world, and by adding extensions, improvements, or new technologies, it is expected to be used not only in cryptocurrency and fintech but also in the power and energy system field. This technical note explains the outline of the blockchain technology and its application to the field of power and energy system.
The rise of fraudulent cases seems to be a nuisance to an organization as they're an investment of money. Various resources also gives the impression to be on someone else, who has false claims. The verification process of these organizations are long and tedious process where the organization would have lost its time and resource on. Blockchain technology was introduced fairly recently in literature, which is the underlying technology behind the very popular cryptocurrency Bitcoin. The blockchain is a decentralized approach, it is secured by design network which was to overcome double spending problem by a central server. The concept of servers is eradicated in this architecture, where the data is distributed across geographically on separate ledgers. Blockchain applications have diversified as MIT Media Labs introduced Blockcerts for certification of academic records. Ethereum is platform for developing these decentralized applications using Blockchain ledgers. Ethereum uses a concept called Merkle trees which is the concept used for verification through hashing. As per the working in the literature; this application would make verification of academic documents simple and quick with the usage of Blockchain clients such as Ethereum and an IPFS hash. In this paper we propose a system that provides a solution that addresses the above mentioned issues.
Sandi Rahmadika, Diena Rauda Ramdania, Maisevli Harika
Blockchain turns both currencies and commodities into a digital form without relying on middleman which allows one person to trade with another include trading the renewable energy. Blockchain technology as a secure and low-cost platform to track the billions of eventual transactions in a distributed energy economy has attracted the attention of experts in various fields of science. The current form of centralized energy trading system is still suffering from security concerns, quality of service, and to name a few. A decentralized energy system using blockchain technology allows the parties to create a trading energy transaction via microgrid. The blockchain technology offers the promise of an immutable, single source of truth from multiple sources without a third-party involvement. In this paper, we describe, explore and analyze the prominent implementation of blockchain technology in the energy sector. Furthermore, we analyze the security issues and highlight the performance of several attacks that might be occurred in the proposed system.
S. W. Kim, Eun-Jung Shin, Sung-Young Bae, Hyoung‐Goo Kang
The purpose of this study is to investigate factors affecting the acceptance, use of technology and concept of encrypted money such as bitcoin, In order to achieve the purpose of the study, we analyzed using statistical package based on 498 valid survey results.BR As a result, transaction cost, expansion of investment opportunity, compatibility, and anonymity have a significant effect on performance expectation. Expansion of investment opportunities, compatibility, and innovation tend to have a significant effect on spending expectations. Transaction costs, expansion of investment opportunities, compatibility, security, and government policies have a significant impact on social impact. Compatibility, innovation orientation, security, and government policy have a significant effect on promoting conditions. Performance expectation, effort expectation, social influence, facilitation condition have a significant effect on the intention to use bitcoin.BR Through analysis of mediating effect, it was confirmed that the innovative tendency has mediating effect on the intention to use bitcoin mediated through effort expectation and facilitation condition. The expansion of investment opportunity also confirmed the mediating effect on the intention to use bitcoin through the effort expectation and social influence.BR Through the analysis of the heuristic control effect, we confirmed that there is the control effect of the usability heuristic on the causal path that affects the intention to use bitcoin from security. We have found that repeated exposure of past information leakage and security incidents affects the intention to use bitcoin. we confirmed that there is the control effect of the representative heuristic on the causal path that affects the intention to use bitcoin from the social influence. We have found that attributes with a representation of the encrypted monetary bitcoin defined by the public affects the intention to use bitcoin.BR This study suggests that government policy influences social influences and that security has an effect on usability control of bitcoin use intention. The activation of Korea
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to subdivide trade transaction-centered structure in a logistics/distribution industry system to apply blockchain, to establish and resolve with which types of technology, and to provide policy direction of government institution and technology to apply blockchain in this kind of industry. Research design, data, and methodology - This study was conducted with previous researches centered on cases applied in various industry sectors on the basis of blockchain technology. Results - General fields of blockchain application include digital contents distribution, IoT platform, e-Commerce, real-estate transaction, decentralized app. development(storage), certification service, smart contract, P2P network infrastructure, publication/storage of public documents, smart voting, money exchange, payment/settlement, banking security platform, actual asset storage, stock transaction and crowd funding. Blockchain is being applied in various fields home and abroad and its application cases can be explained in the banking industry, public sector, e-Commerce, medical industry, distribution and supply chain management, copyright protection. As examined in the blockchain application cases, it is expected to establish blockchain that can secure safety through distributed ledger in trade transaction because blockchain is established and applied in various sectors of industries home and abroad. Parties concerned of trade transaction can secure visibility even in interrupted specific section when they provide it as a base for distributed ledger application in trade and establish trade transaction model by applying blockchain. In case of interrupted specific section by using distributed ledger, blockchain model of trade transaction needs to be formed to make it possible for parties concerned involved in trade transaction to secure visibility and real-time tracking. Additionally, management should be possible from the time of contract until payment, freight transfer to buyers through land, air and maritime transportation. Conclusions - In order to boost blockchain-based logistics/distribution industry, the government, institutionally, needs to back up adding legal plan of shipping, logistics and distribution, reviewing standardization of electronic switching system and coming up with blockchain-based industrial road maps. In addition, the government, technologically, has to support R&D for integration with other high technology, standardization of distribution industry's blockchain technology and manpower training to expand technology development.
Over the past decade, there has been rapid evolution and expansion in scientific and community interest in HIV curative strategies. The initial report of the cure of Timothy Brown (The Berlin Patient) following CCR5 Δ32/Δ32 stem-cell transplantation in 2009 [1] was a major catalyst in bringing together various stake-holders, including government funding agencies, private foundations, community and advocacy groups, ethicists, regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical companies, scientists and clinicians, to work towards the goal of achieving a sterilizing cure or durable control of HIV after stopping antiretroviral therapy (ART). Dedicated funding opportunities provided support for those working towards these challenging goals, leading to an exponential increase in the number of scientific articles, public articles and media coverage. The status of these efforts was extensively summarized by the International AIDS Society global strategy towards an HIV cure in 2016 [2]. Although additional cases such as Timothy Brown have yet to materialize, the HIV cure field has rapidly expanded to include work on discovering biomarkers of persistent HIV infection, development and implementation of immunological approaches to controlling HIV following ART cessation, cell and gene therapy approaches, early initiation of ART, latency promoting or reversing strategies and development of novel assays to locate, quantify and characterize persistent HIV reservoirs. Although working towards an HIV cure has been met with many scientific and practical challenges, there has been recent, palpable progress. For example, durable control of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has recently been reported in nonhuman primate studies including the use of therapeutic HIV vaccine combined with Toll-like receptor agonists and mAbs directed towards viral envelope proteins or α4β7 integrin, to name just a few [3–5]. Additional cases of prolonged HIV remission prior to viral recrudescence, sometimes lasting many months, have been reported in small, proof-of-concept human studies, although none have lead to unequivocal, sustained HIV cure [6,7]. Work on other strategies has also accelerated, including the search for biomarkers of residual HIV-infected cells or the development of clinical trials incorporating combination therapies to target or modulate various aspects of HIV persistence. Of course, there have been, and always will be, growing pains and false starts while embarking upon novel and innovative cure science, but there is no disputing that the past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the understanding of HIV persistence. However, there are several fundamental questions within HIV curative persistence research that remain unclear. Defining what is meant by an HIV ‘cure’ has undergone several iterations with an emerging consensus that achieving control of HIV following cessation of ART will require immune control in addition to reservoir reduction. This is different from a ‘sterilizing’ cure achieved with Timothy Brown, but nonetheless offers the hope of reducing or eliminating the need for life-long ART. Other questions remain. For example, how do we define HIV latency, and what specifically defines and makes up the viral reservoir? Are all infected cells that remain in the setting of ‘suppressive’ ART important to identify and target, regardless of the degree of transcriptional or translational activity? What level of reservoir reduction will be required to allow immune or other control of HIV replication following treatment interruption? What is the total body distribution and activity of persistently infected cells? Regardless of these ongoing questions, a more robust framework now exists on which HIV eradication and control studies can be designed and evaluated. In several other infectious disease contexts, alternative therapeutic approaches are also urgently needed to circumvent failures or insufficiencies associated with existing antimicrobial agents [6,7]. Lessons for achieving an HIV cure must be drawn from the evolution of these therapeutic strategies and those developed in the fields of oncology and solid organ and stem cell transplantation. For example, immunosuppressive agents such as rapamycin may have unexpected positive impacts on tuberculosis (TB) or HIV infection, and other drugs that are already clinically approved and ready to enter clinical trials, such as metformin, may also have potential impact on TB infection. Immune checkpoint blockade is another example of an immune modifying therapy primarily developed for various cancers that may have some beneficial impact on HIV infection in certain individuals, but also carries significant potential risks. In this issue of Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, experts in HIV persistence and eradication efforts cover recent findings in topics such as biomarkers of HIV reservoirs, genital reservoirs, posttreatment control of HIV infection, therapeutic vaccination, mathematical approaches to understanding persistence and viral eradication, immunomodulatory therapies for HIV, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell approaches and analytical treatment interruptions. Ethical and clinical issues of trials to achieve functional cure are also addressed which are critical to achieving a well tolerated and scalable HIV cure. In contrast to standard antiretrovirals, which are well tolerated, many HIV curative strategies are not devoid of potential deleterious effects. Moreover, treatment interruptions alone as a means of assessing the effectiveness of these strategies may also carry risks, including viral recrudescence and exposure to secondary transmission risks. The establishment of clinical cure trials leads to a paradigm shift in the management of HIV of which participants, clinicians and researchers must be aware. Clearly, the HIV curative field is much larger and more involved than what can be summarized in just a few articles, but the breadth and depth of the research presented attests to the importance and durability of searching for a cure. Although progress towards HIV cure has yet to achieve the number or breath of these successes, it is much easier to be an optimist in this exciting era of scientific and community research. However, momentum will only continue if there are continued interest and support from all parties involved. Acknowledgements None. Financial support and sponsorship T.J.H. is supported by NIH/NIAID R01AI122862 and R33AI116205. Conflicts of interest T.J.H. provides consulting services to Merck and receives grant support from Gilead Biosciences.
When dot.com has become a quaint idea, when electronic shops have lost the mass attention, while classical and margin trading has become obsolete, something new is coming: cryptocurrencies. Hundreds of virtual coins have been invented for a single reason: the profit. The high price volatility of these new markets and the fact that the virtual coins price is not regulated by a central bank or a single exchange, gives us opportunities for arbitrage trading. The existence of important price differences makes possible the profit when an automated system buy cheaper and sell more expensive in the same time. This paper will present the general principles underpinning the implementation of arbitrage trading software for virtual coins market. The very large number of cryptocurrencies and exchanges fundamentally change the server architecture of the trading software. The distributed price data in hundreds of sources and the technical differences of each of these data providers make all the things difficult to be implemented in a single application. The low-latency order calculation needed for the fast delivery before a significant price change, in the presence of thousands of price quotes coming from hundreds of distributed servers makes everything special.
Kripto parateknolojisi, insanların herhangi bir aracıya ihtiyaç duymadan dünyanın dört biryanında ödeme yapmalarını sağlar ve internet üzerinden çalışır. Bu teknolojininortaya çıkışı ile dikkatler bu paralara çevrilmiş, fiyatları hızla artmayabaşlamış ve aynı zamanda oynak hale gelmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada GARCH (1,1)modeli kullanılarak Bitcoin ve Litecoin piyasalarında haftanın günü ve yılınayı etkilerinin varlığı incelenmiştir. Çalışma dönemi 1 Mayıs 2013-21 Aralık2016 arasını kapsamaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar Bitcoin ve Litecoingetirilerinde haftanın günü ve yılın ayı etkilerinin var olduğunugöstermektedir. Pazartesi, Salı ve Cuma günlerinin Bitcoin getirileri üzerindepozitif ve anlamlı, Cumartesi’nin ise Litecoin getirileri üzerinde negatif veanlamlı etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, yılın ayı etkisi açısındanŞubat, Ekim ve Kasım aylarının Bitcoin üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı, Litecoingetirilerinde ise Ağustos ayının negatif ve anlamlı etkisiolduğubelirlenmiştir.
The "buzz" surrounding cryptocurrencies in online media last year has led to an increased interest in the topic as a possible source for investments. This paper aims to identify the key success factors for an m-learning cryptocurrency application that explains blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies for non-tech savvy people. The research methodology used for this paper applies the experimental method and probative logic. A survey was conducted among 128 participants, the target population being composed of people who have an interest in cryptocurrencies and who are involved in online crypto communities. The results of the study show that the people who invest in cryptocurrencies are usually those who have a high income and who possess other investment methods as well. When it comes to analyzing the mobile applications success factors, the study revealed that there are no significant differences between people who have cryptocurrency investments and those who do not in ranking mobile apps success factors. Also, besides cryptocurrency training the news and prices are among the most important features of an m-learning cryptocurrency application and on that account such an app must include them. The originality of this study comes from addressing an innovative topic as the research in this field is scarce. Furthermore, this paper raises awareness towards the necessity of educating people on this topic, on the need to research before investing in a specific project.
We propose a decentralized routing algorithm that can be implemented in Bitcoin Lightning Network. All nodes in the network contribute equally to path searching. The algorithm is inspired from ant path searching algorithms.
TrueBit is a protocol that uses interactive verification to allow a resource-constrained computation environment like a blockchain to perform much larger computations than usual in a trusted way. As long as a single honest participant is present to verify the computation, an invalid computation cannot get accepted. In TrueBit, the presence of such a verifier is incentivised by randomly injected forced errors. Additionally, in order to counter sybil attacks, the reward for finding an error drops off exponentially with the number of challengers. The main drawback of this mechanism is that it makes it very hard to predict whether participation will be profitable or not. To even out the rewards, we propose to randomly select multiple solvers from a pool and evenly share the fees among them, while still allowing outside challengers. Furthermore, a proof of independent execution will make it harder to establish computation pools which share computation results.