Blockchain Papers

Yiyang Hong, Li Fei, Xianhao Chen, Xingwen Zhao · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Rod Franklin

No abstract is available for this record.

Carvalho Tiago, Rijo Gon鏰lo, Gon鏰lves Lio, Amorim Vasco · 5 authors

Traditional electronic Kanban (eKanban) systems depend on manual scans and offer only discrete material visibility, limiting responsiveness and automation in lean manufacturing environments. These operational bottlenecks are magnified in high-mix contexts, where delayed replenishment signals degrade flow stability, increase work-in-progress, and hinder sustainable material handling. Furthermore, vendor-specific systems lack interoperability for scalable automation, constraining the development of intelligent manufacturing solutions. This work investigates whether zone-based replenishment automation can be enabled through real-time locating systems (RTLS) using open interoperability standards, addressing a gap in empirical validation of such approaches. A middleware architecture was developed that integrates ultra-wideband (UWB) positioning, an Omlox-compliant location middleware (DeepHub), and a cloud-based eKanban system to replace manual triggers with geofence-driven order creation. The novelty of this study lies in demonstrating a fully automated Kanban signaling loop built on the open Omlox standard, providing vendor-independent RTLS interoperability and eliminating human intervention in replenishment signaling. This contributes new knowledge on how continuous location data can be converted into actionable replenishment events in a standards-based, modular manner, enabling more intelligent and autonomous material-flow control. A controlled proof-of-concept experiment simulating shop-floor conditions showed that the system achieved a 100% detection success rate, zero duplicate orders, and an average trigger-to-action latency of 2.7 s, while automatically recovering from authentication and WebSocket failures. These results provide the first empirical evidence that Omlox-compliant RTLS middleware can reliably support zone-based eKanban automation. The findings have direct implications for intelligent and sustainable manufacturing by demonstrating a scalable pathway toward interoperable, real-time material-flow systems that reduce manual intervention, avoid unnecessary handling, and lower work-in-progress. More broadly, the work addresses the current lack of empirical validation of open-standard RTLS integration within lean and sustainable production environments.

Rongjun Chen, Yun Sun, Feng Xue, Yongzhi Ma · 8 authors

Addressing the challenges of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) traceability systems, including heavy data storage burdens, poor privacy protection, and susceptibility to tampering, this study establishes a highly secure and trustworthy traceability supervision system for the entire Chinese medicine supply chain, which enhances product quality and safety assurance. Centred on the Hyperledger Fabric consortium blockchain as its core architecture, a multi-chain integration framework comprising one regulatory main chain plus five organisational sub-chains is proposed to achieve permission control, data isolation, and privacy. A multi-mode encrypted data storage mechanism is designed, integrating China’s national cryptographic algorithms SM4 and SM3 with CP-ABE attribute-based encryption to enable tiered management of private and non-private data. Zero-knowledge proof technology safeguards identity privacy during cross-chain data transmission, while QR codes and environmental data collection mechanisms enhance data entry efficiency and authenticity. The system achieves end-to-end traceability from cultivation and processing through transportation, warehousing, and sales. Comparative performance analysis shows that the proposed framework effectively alleviates data storage pressure, ensures data validity, enhances data security, and improves collaborative efficiency among organizations across the TCM supply chain. The proposed multi-chain integrated Chinese medicine traceability and supervision system enables efficient collaboration and trustworthy traceability across the entire Chinese medicine industry chain, while safeguarding data security and privacy, and has significant application and promotion value. Future integration with artificial intelligence and big data technologies could further enhance the system’s intelligent analysis and decision-support capabilities.

W. Ricky Singha, Sumit Hazowary, Sahil Silhotra, Moirangthem Tiken Singh

No abstract is available for this record.

Bharathi Panduri, Lohith Matcha, Sai Darshan Lingamanthula, Vineet Katta

Pharmaceutical providers are now facing problems such as counterfeit drugs, lack of openness, different data systems, and weaker regulation. As a result of these shortcomings, medicinal products may be unsafe for patients and this can damage the public's trust in these products. Traditional centralized structures do not have the necessary traceability, security, and resilience for effective management of supply chains. In the context of Industry 4.0, there is an increasing shift toward digital transformation and decentralized industrial systems to improve transparency and automation. This paper describes PharmaChain, a DApp created using blockchain, which is intended to add transparency and trust to the way drugs are managed in the supply chain. With the help of Ethereum and Solidity-based smart contracts, PharmaChain develops a permanent record of every step in the supply chain, starting with buying raw goods and finishing with delivering them to end-users. The platform uses role-based access control, such as manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and regulatory bodies. With a modern MERN stack, PharmaChain ensures the UI is flexible and works well on any device, and Web3.js and MetaMask handle the connection to blockchain on the frontend. The proposed system aligns with Industry 4.0 principles by enabling secure, automated, and decentralized traceability across the pharmaceutical supply chain. Smart contracts significantly reduce the involvement of intermediaries and manual work in the process.

Arnaldo Tomasino, Corrado Fasciano, Michele Ruta

No abstract is available for this record.

N. Sindhu, K. Krishna Veni

Abstract Counterfeit and stolen goods seriously threaten the reliability of modern supply chains. They affect consumer trust, brand reputation, and economic stability. To tackle this issue, this paper presents a blockchain-based smart supply chain framework. It combines Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) with dual-layer Anti-counterfeiting mechanisms such as RFID tags and holographic labels [2], [6]. Each physical product connects to a unique NFT, creating a secure digital twin on a private blockchain network [3], [8]. This setup ensures traceability, verifies authenticity, and keeps transaction records safe from tampering [1], [5].. The proposed system includes a new Supply Chain Consensus (SCC) algorithm, designed specifically for supply chains. It classifies nodes by trust and stake to allow for efficient and scalable transaction validation. Also, a collateral-based incentive mechanism encourages honest participation among all involved, including manufacturers, transporters, buyers, and arbitrators [7]. Furthermore, a decentralized dispute resolution model features a transparent voting process that ensures fairness and accountability during conflicts [8]. A conceptual framework and simulation-based analysis were carried out to assess the system's performance in terms of transaction efficiency, security, and counterfeit reduction [1], [5]. The findings show that this approach significantly boosts supply chain transparency, lowers verification costs, and improves product authentication compared to traditional centralized systems [4]. This framework provides a scalable and secure solution for the next generation of supply chains, particularly in sectors like pharmaceuticals, luxury goods, and electronics. Keywords: Blockchain, Smart Supply Chain, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), Anti-Counterfeiting, Digital Twin, RFID, Smart Contracts, Supply Chain Security.

Kai Zhang, YangSong, Ming Yang, Yue Wang

Traditional traceability systems in aquatic product supply chains suffer from centralization, data tampering risks, and single points of failure, which directly threaten food safety and consumer trust. To address these vulnerabilities, this paper proposes a secure and trustworthy traceability model leveraging blockchain technology. We integrate the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to alleviate on-chain storage pressure while ensuring data immutability through cryptographic linking. To counter the risk of plaintext exposure in IPFS, we introduce a symmetric encryption mechanism prior to off-chain storage. The proposed architecture ensures end-to-end data integrity, confidentiality, and access control. Security analysis and experimental validation confirm the robustness and feasibility of our approach against common threats such as unauthorized access and data leakage.

Cándido Caballero-Gil, Jezabel Molina-Gil, Candelaria Hernández-Goya, Sonia Diaz-Santos · 5 authors

This paper presents a ubiquitous, blockchain-based system designed to improve transparency, traceability and trust in supply chains involving autonomous vehicles (AVs). The framework integrates Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, radio-frequency identification (RFID) and QR identifiers, global positioning system (GPS) tracking, and mobile communications with smart contracts implemented on the Ethereum 2.0 blockchain. The main contributions are as follows: (1) an architecture enabling real-time monitoring and automated verification of logistics transactions; (2) a proof of concept integrating blockchain, the IoT and Android-based OBUs; and (3) a quantitative analysis of gas and smart contract execution costs. Experimental tests show gas consumption ranging from 21,000 to 5,000,000 units and transaction costs ranging from 0.0001 to 0.0033 ETH, confirming the system’s technical feasibility and cost-efficiency. As well as cost and efficiency, the process improved transparency, real-time traceability and decentralized verification, confirming the system’s efficacy for supply chains involving autonomous vehicles.

Nour el Houda Lakhdari, Amira Lina Ounnas, Sarra Cherbal, Chahrazed Benrebbouh · 5 authors

The agricultural food supply chain (FSC) is a critical infrastructure that demands robust traceability, transparency, and security to ensure food safety and consumer trust. However, current FSC systems suffer from third-party dependencies, data integrity concerns, limited traceability, and fragmented communication among stakeholders. To address these issues, we propose a novel blockchain-based solution featuring a hybrid architecture that efficiently balances on-chain security with off-chain scalability. Unlike conventional approaches, our design introduces specialized smart contracts tailored to agricultural workflows. The system is implemented using Ethereum smart contracts and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to ensure end-toend traceability. Experimental evaluation demonstrates 50.41% lower CPU usage, 65.37% reduced latency, and 48.73% higher throughput compared to existing methods. Additionally, security analysis with Slither confirms the system's robustness. This work sets a new benchmark for building efficient, transparent, and secure food supply chains.

Mohit Malik, Rahul S Mor, Vijay Kumar Gahlawat, Vikas Kumar

• Presents a novel hybrid blockchain and AI-enabled end-to-end SC traceability model. • Validates a multilayer Web3-based architecture integrating smart contracts, ML algorithms & IoT-enabled data capture. • Offers a proof-of-concept and feasibility analysis, highlighting scalability, transaction speed & system responsiveness. Conventional traceability systems without real-time information transmission are susceptible to tampering. In contrast, blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled traceability models offer transparency and accountability, given their decentralized nature and immutability. This research conceptualizes and develops a hybrid blockchain and AI-enabled traceability (prototype) model and implements it in the dairy industry. The study includes a collaborative research methodology, including a literature review to analyze the existing traceability solutions, identify data entry points, select model requirements, and deploy smart contracts, decentralized applications (Dapps) and Web3 technologies to develop and validate the proposed model via Testnet . The findings present the user interface developed as a prototype traceability model and its characteristics, such as transparency, decentralized nature, and immutability, followed by practical validation. The post-implementation data analysis highlighted the security, privacy, smart contract validation rules, and comparative insights, as well as the alignment of the theoretical model with practical applications using Web3 technologies. This research contributes to the literature on hybrid blockchain and AI-enabled traceability, highlighting the potential for exploring opportunities in the food industry.

Mallikarjuna Chevula

This article examines the evolutionary trajectory of contactless payment systems across closed-loop and open-loop architectures, tracing their development from magnetic stripe foundations through EMV chip technology to contemporary NFC implementations with cryptogram-based security. The comparative analysis highlights how closed-loop systems deliver enhanced customer loyalty and data ownership, while open-loop networks provide global accessibility and financial inclusion. The security architecture of contactless payments is explored through a detailed examination of cryptogram-based authentication, tokenization mechanisms, vulnerability mitigation strategies, and biometric integration. Future directions reveal emerging trends, including digital-only credential issuance, integration with adjacent technologies such as IoT and distributed ledgers, evolving consumer trust dynamics, and the developing regulatory landscape. The article illuminates how contactless innovation continues to reshape retail finance while balancing convenience, security, and commercial objectives across payment environments by analyzing these technological and ecosystem factors.

Archana Kurde, Sushil Kumar Singh, Manish Kumar, Krunal Vaghela · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

B A Mala, Clifford Thiyam, Deolin Avrel Saldanha, C. V. Dhatri · 5 authors

Food supply chains today face significant challenges, including inefficiencies, counterfeiting, and safety risks, largely due to inadequate traceability and transparency. This paper addresses these issues by leveraging a blockchain-based solution that utilizes Ethereum and smart contracts written in Solidity to document supply chain events-harvest, processing, shipping, and delivery-as an unalterable transaction. The proposed system was developed using a functional proof-of-concept web application in React.js and Web3.js to enable users to log in, authenticate, and access critical information such as product origin, transport conditions, and quality checks. This application fosters accountability and trust among all concerned. By conducting experimentation with the food based blockchain, this paper assesses the feasibility and explores challenges such as transaction fees, scalability, and system integration. The platform facilitates real-time information sharing, reduces reliance on intermediaries, and strengthens food safety practices. It provides all stakeholders with access to a single source of truth. In summary, this paper illustrates the pragmatic applicability of decentralized technologies in transforming supply chains.

Rômulo Oliveira de Vasconcellos

A mobilidade urbana representa um dos maiores desafios das cidades contemporâneas, sendo a imprevisibilidade do transporte público um fator crítico que impacta milhões de cidadãos e turistas. Atrasos decorrentes de congestionamentos, acidentes e outros eventos inesperados, somados à complexidade das rotas, comprometem significativamente a experiência do usuário. Este artigo apresenta o SIGRÔ (Sistema Inteligente de Gerenciamento de Rotas de Ônibus), uma solução inovadora para o rastreamento e previsão em tempo real da localização de ônibus coletivos. A arquitetura do sistema baseia-se em uma rede descentralizada Web3, na qual cada veículo atua como um nó comunicante em uma malha peer-to-peer (p2p), utilizando GSM LTE-M e, de forma redundante, LoRa, para mitigar falhas de cobertura. Cada ônibus é equipado com sistemas embarcados dotados de Unidades de Processamento Neural (NPUs), que aplicam Inteligência Artificial para corrigir perdas de sinal de GPS e aprimorar estimativas de chegada, integrando dados históricos e em tempo real. O ecossistema é complementado por um aplicativo multiplataforma (iOS, Android, WebApp e sistema embarcado), que oferece planejamento de rotas, visualização em tempo real, informações sobre paradas e uma interface de gestão para operadores, permitindo o reporte de incidentes. O projeto tem como objetivo aprimorar a pontualidade percebida, otimizar a experiência do usuário e fornecer dados estratégicos para a gestão inteligente do transporte público urbano.

Uršič, Jure

Tradicionalne metode preverjanja prisotnosti, kot so ročno beleženje ali QR kode, so podvržene manipulaciji in ne zagotavljajo zadostne varnosti ter zasebnosti uporabnikov. Magistrsko delo naslavlja te izzive z razvojem decentraliziranega sistema za preverjanje fizične prisotnosti, ki temelji na tehnologiji verige blokov in ničelno spoznavnih dokazih (zk-SNARK). Sistem integrira ZoKrates ogrodje za generiranje zasebnih dokazov, geolokacijsko verifikacijo z GPS koordinatami, Ethereum pametne pogodbe ter hibridni pristop k shranjevanju podatkov. Implementirani so bili večplatformski uporabniški vmesniki (spletna in mobilna aplikacija) z različnimi načini potrjevanja prisotnosti. Razvita rešitev predstavlja funkcionalen in robusten sistem, ki omogoča varno ter transparentno preverjanje prisotnosti brez razkrivanja osebnih podatkov uporabnikov.

Kumaraswamy. S, Manjiri Ulhas Karande, Ramesh Balasubramani, Umang Soni · 6 authors

The medical supply chain is highly complex and vulnerable to inefficiencies, lack of transparency, and counterfeit drug infiltration, which threaten patient safety and healthcare reliability. Addressing these issues requires a secure, traceable, and automated framework to ensure product authenticity and regulatory compliance. This paper proposes a Blockchain-Based Medical Supply Chain Framework enhanced with smart contract enforcement and IoT integration. Built on Hyperledger Fabric, the system provides immutable records, auditable transactions, and fine-grained access control among stakeholders such as manufacturers, distributors, logistics providers, and hospitals. Smart contracts automate critical processes, including shipment validation, quality inspections, and payment authorization, while IoT sensors continuously monitor temperature and humidity to safeguard sensitive medical products. A prototype implementation was tested under simulated conditions, yielding a 34% reduction in transaction delays, 62% improvement in traceability, and 90% reduction in counterfeit infiltration. The results confirm the framework's effectiveness in enhancing efficiency, trust, and resilience in healthcare logistics.

M. Kavitha Margret, G Vijayaprabha, Swetha Namburu, Nithya Lakshmi M

Ensuring the authenticity, security, and traceability of drug distribution in healthcare is a critical challenge. This project presents a decentralized drug allocation system leveraging blockchain technology to securely allocate and track medications. The system employs smart contracts on a permissioned Ethereum-based blockchain, ensuring tamper-proof records while maintaining strict role-based access control for doctors and patients. Patients and doctors authenticate using decentralized identity (DID), and sensitive data is stored securely using IPFS and Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZK-SNARKs). The frontend is developed using React with TypeScript, integrating Wagmi and ethers.js to interact seamlessly with the blockchain. By eliminating centralized points of failure, this system enhances drug traceability, prevents fraud, and ensures secure and transparent transactions in the healthcare sector.

Divyanshu Pabia, Manasvi Rao Kanukolan, A. Anbarasi

Conventional FASTag and similar tolling networks rely on centralized clearinghouses that invite insider fraud, introduce single points of failure, and expose motorists’ movement data. This paper presents a fully decentralized architecture that migrates the entire transaction path-RFID tag detection, tariff computation, signature-verified debit, and final settlement-onto Ethereum via the ERC-4337 account-abstraction standard. Per-vehicle smart-contract wallets are deterministically generated from each vehicle identifier and execute an atomic UserOperation, producing an immutable audit trail while eliminating custodial databases. Anonymous authentication is achieved through a Groth16 zero-knowledge circuit derived from Anon-Aadhaar, which discloses only a one-time nullifier, thereby preventing replay attacks and preserving user privacy. A protocol-compliant Paymaster contract sponsors gas, enabling “tap-and-go” usability without requiring drivers to hold cryptocurrency. Existing UHF RFID hardware and EPC Gen-2 slotted-ALOHA anti-collision logic is preserved; scan events are simply notarized on-chain, rendering tampering computationally infeasible. By fusing account abstraction, zk-SNARK-based anonymous verification, and gas-sponsored execution, the proposed framework delivers a tamper-proof, privacy-preserving, and outage-resilient tolling solutionmodernizing infrastructure without imposing additional financial or technical burdens on motorists or operators.

Vikash Kumar, Santosh Kumar Das

• Security challenges in RFID, edge computing and blockchain enabled supply chains are analysed, focusing on authentication. • A lightweight mutual authentication protocol is proposed for RFID-based supply chains in edge computing and blockchain systems. • The protocol uses XOR, bitwise rotation, and hash functions to ensure security with minimal computational overhead. • Formal security analysis is performed using the Real-Or-Random (ROR) model and validation with the AVISPA tool. • The protocol is adaptable for various supply chains and customizable to meet different IIoT security needs. This paper addresses security challenges, especially in the authentication mechanism of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)-enabled supply chain systems by proposing an enhanced Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) authentication protocol. The current system faces significant security risks due to increased connectivity and data exchange within supply chain networks. The proposed protocol integrates edge computing and blockchain to ensure secure, efficient mutual authentication between RFID tags and supply chain nodes. By utilizing the real-time processing capabilities of edge computing and the decentralization and immutability of blockchain, the protocol enhances the security of data transmitted in the system. The proposed protocol utilizes lightweight cryptographic functions optimized for resource-constrained edge devices, ensuring secure authentication and data transmission without compromising scalability or efficiency. Permissioned blockchain technology further strengthens trust and transparency in the supply chain by providing a decentralized, tamper-resistant ledger. The protocol employs cryptographic techniques such as a cryptographically secure one-way hash function, random number generation function, and circular shift operations to ensure data integrity and confidentiality, achieving mutual authentication, forward secrecy, and resistance to cryptographic attacks. Formal security analysis of the proposed authentication protocol is performed using the Real-Or-Random (ROR) model. The results demonstrate that the protocol offers superior trade-offs in term of security, computational cost, and communication efficiency compared to existing authentication protocols in this field. Simulation of the protocol is performed using Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tools. Its lightweight design makes it suitable for real-world application in resource-constrained IIoT environments.

Nadine Ostern, Joëlle Simonet, Nikolaus Obwegeser

No abstract is available for this record.

Carbonell Rigores, Ernesto R., Morales Duran, Aramays Aimet, Sepúlveda Lima, Roberto, Hojas Mazo, Wenny

The adoption of the Internet of Things in critical applications highlights the need to strengthen security in its perception layer, one of the most vulnerable. This article presents a threat model for this layer, identifying replay, denial-of-service, and network traffic capture attacks as the most critical. In order to counteract them, an optimized variant of an authentication protocol based on zero-knowledge proofs is proposed, improving the efficiency and scalability of the original Hecht protocol. The solution introduces elementary matrices to reduce protocol computational complexity and an explicit mechanism for secure secret management. It is experimentally validated in a QR code-based access control system, simulating a real Internet of Things environment. The results show that the proposed variant is lightweight, efficient, and suitable for resource-constrained devices, especially in web environments, offering a high level of security by not revealing information about the secret key during authentication. Furthermore, a design of experiments optimizes the protocol parameters, minimizing execution time without compromising security. The proposed protocol represents a significant improvement in security and efficiency for authentication in the Internet of Things perception layer.

Addou Kamal, Mohammed Yassine El Ghoumari

Traceability in food supply chains is crucial for ensuring safety, enabling effective quality control, and maintaining consumer trust. However, traditional paper-based or digital tracking systems often prove too slow and opaque during food safety incidents or investigations into fraud. To address these limitations, this paper presents a modular Web3 architecture that integrates Ethereum blockchain smart contracts, Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, and machine learning (ML) to achieve end-to-end traceability and sustainability in agrifood supply chains, and to support auditable, partially automated decision-making. The system design separates concerns into layers: an on-chain layer of Ethereum smart contracts for tamper-proof event logging and automated business logic, and an off-chain layer for secure storage of detailed sensor data and documents, linked by crypto-graphic hashes to ensure data provenance. Low-cost IoT sensors are deployed from farm to distributor, continuously monitoring environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, geolocation) and uploading signed, time-stamped summaries to the blockchain. In addition, ML models perform predictive quality control by estimating expected conditions, detecting anomalies, and scoring the conformity of product batches, which enables smart contracts to automatically trigger state transitions (acceptance or dispute escrow of shipments) based on real-time data. Using Ethereum smart contracts, a prototype that manages the life cycle of a specific food product was implemented, and two cases (conformant vs non-conformant shipments) were studied to demonstrate how cryptographically verifiable data and events make decisions transparent and trustworthy.