Blockchain Papers

Serafina Piantedosi

Il contributo analizza il processo di piattaformizzazione della pubblica amministrazione, evidenziando come l’adozione di infrastrutture digitali avanzate rappresenti non soltanto una sfida tecnologica, ma anche un’occasione per ridefinire il rapporto tra Stato, cittadini e imprese. L’Autrice esamina il ruolo delle piattaforme pubbliche nella semplificazione dell’azione amministrativa, nella digitalizzazione dei servizi e nella costruzione di un’amministrazione più efficiente, accessibile e trasparente. Particolare attenzione è dedicata al concetto di fiducia digitale, intesa come dimensione ulteriore rispetto alla mera sicurezza informatica, fondata su trasparenza, protezione dei dati, responsabilità istituzionale e tutela dei diritti fondamentali. Il saggio approfondisce poi l’impatto delle piattaforme digitali nel settore degli appalti pubblici, con riferimento all’e-procurement, alla Banca Dati Nazionale dei Contratti Pubblici, alle Piattaforme di Approvvigionamento Digitale, al Fascicolo Virtuale dell’Operatore Economico e alla Piattaforma Unica della Trasparenza. Vengono inoltre esaminate le potenzialità del Web3, della blockchain e degli smart contracts nelle procedure di gara, con particolare riguardo alla tracciabilità, alla prevenzione della corruzione e alla verificabilità delle garanzie. Il contributo conclude evidenziando che la trasformazione digitale della pubblica amministrazione richiede ecosistemi resilienti, interoperabili e sicuri, capaci di rafforzare la fiducia dei cittadini nell’amministrazione digitale. The contribution analyses the platformisation of public administration, highlighting how the adoption of advanced digital infrastructures is not only a technological challenge, but also an opportunity to redefine the relationship between the State, citizens and businesses. The Author examines the role of public platforms in simplifying administrative action, digitising services and building a more efficient, accessible and transparent administration. Particular attention is devoted to the concept of digital trust, understood as a dimension that goes beyond cybersecurity, based on transparency, data protection, institutional responsibility and the safeguarding of fundamental rights. The essay then explores the impact of digital platforms in the field of public procurement, with reference to e-procurement, the National Public Contracts Database, Digital Procurement Platforms, the Virtual Company Dossier and the Single Transparency Platform. It also examines the potential of Web3, blockchain and smart contracts in tender procedures, particularly with regard to traceability, corruption prevention and the verification of guarantees. The contribution concludes by emphasizing that the digital transformation of public administration requires resilient, interoperable and secure ecosystems, capable of strengthening citizens’ trust in digital administration.

Fabio Bassan

Il contributo analizza il ruolo delle piattaforme digitali nell’evoluzione dei mercati contemporanei e le trasformazioni prodotte dall’integrazione tra Web2, Web3 e intelligenza artificiale. L’Autore esamina l’emersione di nuovi modelli economici fondati sulla gestione dei dati, sulla profilazione degli utenti e sulla crescente capacità delle piattaforme di incidere sulle scelte dei consumatori e sugli equilibri istituzionali. Emergono cosi le differenze tra i modelli regolatori adottati nell’Unione europea, negli Stati Uniti e in Cina, evidenziando il ruolo centrale delle autorità indipendenti e delle reti europee di coordinamento nella costruzione di strumenti di vigilanza, enforcement e cross-regulation. Particolare attenzione è dedicata ai settori strategici interessati dalla trasformazione digitale — trasporti, mercati finanziari, energia, cybersicurezza e contratti pubblici — nei quali l’interazione tra piattaforme, dati e intelligenza artificiale impone nuove forme di tutela dei consumatori e nuovi modelli di regolazione partecipata. The contribution analyses the role of digital platforms in the evolution of contemporary markets and the transformations generated by the interaction between Web2, Web3 and artificial intelligence. The Author examines the emergence of new economic models based on data management, user profiling and the increasing ability of platforms to influence consumer choices and institutional balances. The work explores the different regulatory approaches adopted by the European Union, the United States and China, highlighting the central role of independent authorities and European coordination networks in developing mechanisms of supervision, enforcement and cross-regulation. Particular attention is devoted to strategic sectors affected by digital transformation — including transport, financial markets, energy, cybersecurity and public procurement — where the interaction between platforms, data and artificial intelligence requires new forms of consumer protection and innovative models of participatory regulation.

Armando Di Cello

Il contributo analizza l’evoluzione delle piattaforme digitali di pagamento nel passaggio dai modelli del Web2 alle prospettive del Web3, con particolare attenzione alle ricadute per i consumatori, gli operatori e le autorità di vigilanza. L’Autore ricostruisce le principali trasformazioni del settore dei pagamenti, segnato dalla convergenza tra innovazione tecnologica, nuove discipline europee, esigenze di sicurezza, contenimento delle frodi e tutela della fiducia degli utenti. Il saggio approfondisce il ruolo del nuovo pacchetto normativo europeo sui servizi di pagamento, con riferimento alla PSD3 e al Payment Services Regulation, evidenziando le criticità connesse alla responsabilità dei prestatori di servizi di pagamento, alla colpa grave dell’utente, all’educazione finanziaria e alla crescente rilevanza dei servizi tecnici abilitanti, dei digital wallet e delle BigTech. Particolare attenzione è dedicata all’euro digitale, considerato come possibile ponte tra Web2 e Web3 e come strumento per preservare il ruolo della moneta pubblica nell’ecosistema digitale. Il contributo esamina infine le stablecoins, mettendo a confronto l’approccio prudenziale europeo, fondato su MiCA, stabilità finanziaria e sovranità monetaria, con l’impostazione statunitense più orientata al mercato. In conclusione, viene sottolineata la centralità di un enforcement coerente, coordinato e multilivello, capace di bilanciare innovazione, certezza del diritto, tutela dei consumatori e stabilità del sistema dei pagamenti. The contribution analyses the evolution of digital payment platforms in the transition from Web2 models to Web3 perspectives, with particular attention to the implications for consumers, operators and supervisory authorities. The Author reconstructs the main transformations affecting the payment sector, shaped by the convergence of technological innovation, new European rules, security needs, fraud prevention and the protection of users’ trust. The essay examines the role of the new European regulatory package on payment services, with reference to PSD3 and the Payment Services Regulation, highlighting the issues related to the liability of payment service providers, the concept of gross negligence of users, financial education and the growing importance of enabling technical services, digital wallets and BigTech companies. Particular attention is devoted to the digital euro, considered as a possible bridge between Web2 and Web3 and as a tool to preserve the role of public money in the digital ecosystem. The contribution also explores stablecoins, comparing the European prudential approach, based on MiCA, financial stability and monetary sovereignty, with the more market-driven approach adopted in the United States. In conclusion, the essay emphasizes the central role of coherent, coordinated and multi-level enforcement, capable of balancing innovation, legal certainty, consumer protection and the stability of the payment system.

Allegra Canepa

Il lavoro ricostruisce i profili tecnici della blockchain, degli Smart Contracts e degli NFTs quali mattoncini di base per lo sviluppo di nuove forme di commercio e le crittomonete, visto che rappresentano lo strumento di supporto di questi nuovi modelli di business.La natura decentralizzata delle Blockchain permetter di produrre e negoziare nuovi contenuti digitali attraverso transazioni trasparenti e tracciabili senza la necessit di coinvolgere intermediari.Per questo si sottolinea come gli utenti che sapranno cogliere le nuove opportunit legate alla finanza decentralizzata (DeFi), al metaverso e alle nuove tecnologie avranno un vantaggio competitivo nell'evoluzione del World Wide.The work reconstructs the technical profiles of Blockchain, Smart Contracts and NFTs as essential building blocks for developing new forms of commerce and cryptocurrencies, representing the fundamental tool to support these new business models.The decentralized nature of Blockchains will allow new digital content to be produced and traded through transparent and traceable transactions without the need to involve intermediaries.For this reason, it is underlined that users who can seize the new opportunities linked to decentralized finance (DeFi), the Metaverse and new technologies will have an essential competitive advantage in the evolution of the World Wide Web.Sommario: 1. Introduzione alla blockchain -1.1 Struttura della blockchain -1.2 Protocolli di consenso -1.3.Sicurezza della blockchain -2.Web 3.0, Wallets e Smart Contracts -3.Assets digitali e NFTs -4.

Jianzheng Shi, Yue Wang, Terence Ow

No abstract is available for this record.

Simone Siciliano

No abstract is available for this record.

Feroz Ahmad Ahmad, Prashant Kumar, Gulshan Shrivastava, Med Salim Bouhlel

ON 12 JANUARY 2009 a pseudonymous entity signed a transaction that instructed a distributed network to transfer a small amount of digital currency to Hal Finney, one ofthe key figures of the cypherpunk movement. After a few minutes, the transaction was recorded on a distributed public ledger, permanently updating the balance ofbothparties. This transaction— the first Bitcoin transaction—marked the beginning of a new era of decentralized payment systems, ushering in a variety of financial Services that do not depend on any centralized clearinghouse or other financial middleman. Bitcoin is regarded by many as a powerful technological innovation that could disrupt many sectors, in the realm of finance and beyond. But the underlying technology on which the network operates, the Bitcoin blockchain can do much more than that. Just as the internet did in the early-1990s, blockchain technology carries with it a whole new range of promises concerning how decentralization can support and promote individual freedoms and autonomy. Blockchain proponents believe that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency platforms will revolutionize mechanisms of value exchange in the same way that the internet transformed information sharing, by providing a platform for people to exchange digital resources, in a secure and decentralized manner without the need to rely on any intermediary or trusted authority. But this revolutionary potential also carries with it serious implications for censorship, intellectual property, and the regulated flow of information. A blockchain is a decentralized database of transactions maintained by a distributed network of computers, which all contribute to the verification and the validation of transactions. Once accepted, these transactions are recorded inside a “block” of transactions, which incorporates a reference to previous blocks. This creates a long chain of blocks—a “blockchain”—that stores the history of all transactions in a chronological order. Every block contains information about a particular set of transactions, a reference to the preceding block in the blockchain, and the answer to a complex mathematical puzzle that is used to validate the data associated with that block. A copy of the blockchain is stored on every computer in the network, making it virtually impossible for anyone unilaterally to modify the data stored on this decentralized database: if anyone tries to modify any transaction the fraud will be immediately detected by all other network participants.

Sabina Nuti, Chiara Seghieri, Milena Vainieri, Silvia Zett

The Italian National Health System (NHS), established in 1978, follows a model similar to the Beveridge model developed by the British NHS (Beveridge 1942; Musgrove 2000). Like the British NHS, healthcare coverage for the Italian population is provided and financed by the government through taxes. Universal coverage provides uniform healthcare access to citizens and is the characteristic usually considered the added value of a welfare system financed by tax revenues. Nonetheless, in Italy the strong policy of decentralization, which has been taking place since the early 1990s, has gradually shifted powers from the state to the 21 Italian regions. Consequently, the state now retains limited supervisory control and continues to have overall responsibility for the NHS in order to ensure uniform and essential levels of health services across the country. In this context, it has become essential, both for the ministry and for regions, to adopt a common performance evaluation system (PES). This article reports the definition, implementation, and first evidences of a pilot PES at a national level. It shows how this PES can be viewed as a strategic tool supporting the Ministry of Health (MoH) in ensuring uniform levels of care for the population and assisting regional managers to evaluate performance in benchmarking. Finally, lessons for other health systems, based on the Italian experience, are provided.

Paola Adinolfi, Mita Marra, Raffaele Adinolfi

In Italy, the transformation of government procurement began in 2000 with the model developed by Consip SpA (a public company owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance) for all public agencies across the nation. The paper is aimed to reconstruct the path taken by the public procurement reform in Italy gradually evolving from a supply-driven to a demand-driven approach. The Italian procurement transformation has co-existed with two different approaches to reform, which are working in parallel and sometimes at cross-purposes. A supply-driven approach focuses on tightening the controls on spending to tap economies of scale. A demand-driven approach focuses on decentralization and development of Electronic Public Administration MarketPlace (MEPA). The paper discusses the role Consip has played and is still playing to centrally guide the decentralization of public e-procurement, and shows the results of a sample investigation aimed at analysing the level of satisfaction of small/medium firms participating in the MEPA.

Panayiotis G. Curtis, Theodore

Regional form of Organization of the health care that are called today DyPE, have as a main
\ngoal to promote more rational resource allocation through decentralization in the decision
\nmaking process. The concern for more effective and efficient use of resources devoted into
\nthe health care sector renders hospitals a critical vehicle of the quest for superior economic
\nperformance, especially if we take into our consideration their mounting over time deficits.
\nEconomic performance is primarily traced through a set of specific financial ratios, which
\nembrace important elements that constitute the substance of the financial well-being of
\nhospitals as economic units. An array of financial ratios is critically reviewed and a
\ncombination of them is proposed as a means of effective financial management. The later is
\nnecessary to ameliorate the funding strain imposed on the health care system and especially
\non hospitals. The financial performance is determined by the return on capital (profitability)
\nin connection with the risk involved. Both factors determine the value created, which in turn
\naffects the amount of financing attracted in the sector. The financial information available
\nto the supervising regional bodies (DyPE), don’t considered sufficient for their management
\nto assess financial management of hospitals effectively. The lack of the appropriate economic
\ndata is due to the fact that double entry accounting has not yet fully adopted by the economic
\nunits that report to the corresponding DyPE. So, double entry accounting is prerequisite for
\nreporting and monitoring acceptable financial performance. The later is vital in securing
\nthat the financial needs of the health sector that are growing at an ever accelerating pace,
\nare met.

Alessandro Innocenti

This paper gives an interpretation of the recent diffusion of the processes of productive outsourcing founded on two explanatory points. The first is that such processes replace a hierarchical paradigm of information diffusion with a decentralized paradigm in which independent subcontracting firms autonomously collect and process part or all of the prominent information. The second is constituted by the change of the modality of production innovation, becoming the result of autonomously developed inputs that are successively made complementary by the work of the network through an encapsulation process of the information. This is made possible by the fact that after an initial phase in which a new input is jointly projected by the contractor and the subcontractor and in which the information comes shared, a phase follows in which the prominent information for the specification of the characteristics of the product and for the solution of the local and unforeseen problems is collected and processed in a sequential manner and then encapsulated in the input by autonomous production units. In comparison with the vertical integration (make) or the market (buy), this form of governance (subcontract) allows for the organization in more efficient manner of the processing of the information, for the reduction of the informative costs and for the minimization of the risk of spillover.

丹奈子 牧野, Ninako Makino

No abstract is available for this record.