Herman Herman, Rinday Zildjiani Salji, Herman Yuliansyah
This research studies implementation of decentralized applications (DApps) that are combined with blockchain technology and IPFS for storing patient medical data. The goal of this research is to increase the security, transparency, and access control of stored medical data to make sure only legitimate users can access the data. The proposed system uses smart contracts on the Ethereum network to handle user rights of access (doctors, patients, and admins) and ensure data integrity through the blockchain immutability feature. Patient medical records are retained in IPFS and traced using the Content Identifier (CID). Implementation outcome reveals that the system can safely process medical information, keeping patients in full control of their information, and restricting data access only to scheduled time. This system also shows the potential of blockchain and IPFS technology-based applications in achieving a more efficient health ecosystem focused on safeguarding people's data.
This study proposes a gamification-based educational model that integrates blockchain concepts and reinforcement learning (RL) principles for elementary students.While blockchain education is often abstract and unsuitable for younger learners, the proposed card game-based approach allows students to experience hash functions, consensus algorithms, and distributed ledgers through interactive activities.Instructional design followed the Dick and Carey model, and the MDA framework was applied to align game mechanics with cognitive, emotional, and social objectives.RL mechanisms such as exploration-exploitation balance and reward shaping were embedded to sustain engagement and motivation.The model's effectiveness was evaluated through expert review involving four technology specialists and nine elementary school teachers.Results showed consistently positive ratings across five metrics (Innovation, Effectiveness, Applicability, Motivation, Efficiency), with averages above 3.8 on a 5-point scale.Particularly high scores were recorded for Innovation (M=4.14) and Efficiency (M=4.09).These findings indicate that the model is both novel and practical, offering a promising approach to making abstract technical concepts accessible at the elementary level.
Mekanisme konsensus memainkan peran krusial dalam menentukan efisiensi dan skalabilitas sistem blockchain. Dua algoritma yang paling umum digunakan adalah Proof of Work dan Proof of Stake, masing-masing dengan karakteristik performa yang berbeda dalam menghadapi beban transaksi tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dan membandingkan kinerja kedua mekanisme konsensus tersebut melalui pendekatan eksperimental berbasis simulasi. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan Framework Hardhat dalam lingkungan lokal dengan dua skenario utama: transaction scaling dan burst transaction. Empat metrik evaluasi digunakan, yaitu throughput, transaction latency, finality time, dan mempool congestion. hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa Proof of Stake secara konsisten unggul dalam keempat metrik, dengan throughput tinggi, latency dan finality time yang stabil, serta mempool congestion yang terkendali. Sebaliknya, Proof of Work mengalami penurunan performa signifikan pada beban tinggi akibat proses mining yang tetap dan tidak adaptif. Uji statistik Mann-Whitney U menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan performa tersebut signifikan secara statistik di hampir semua metrik. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan lebih dalam mengenai kelebihan dan keterbatasan masing-masing mekanisme konsensus dalam kondisi beban tinggi dengan menggunakan hardhat, serta kontribusi nya terhadap pemahaman skalabilitas blockchain dalam dunia nyata. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa Proof of Stake lebih sesuai untuk implementasi blockchain berskala besar yang memerlukan efisiensi dan kecepatan tinggi.
Mohammad Alvian Dharma Nararya, Shuri Mariasih Gietty, Himawan Aditya Pratama
Tulisan ini mengkaji secara kritis kemunculan gim Play-to-Earn (P2E) dalam kerangka teknologi Web3, dengan berargumen bahwa janji desentralisasi yang dibawa oleh blockchain dan Non-Fungible Token (NFT) justru mereproduksi, bahkan memperkuat, pola-pola eksploitasi kapitalisme tradisional. Model P2E merujuk pada sistem permainan digital yang memungkinkan pemain memperoleh keuntungan finansial dari aktivitas bermain melalui mekanisme ekonomi berbasis token kripto, di mana aset dalam gim memiliki nilai tukar di pasar digital. Sementara itu, blockchain merupakan teknologi pencatatan terdistribusi yang menyimpan data transaksi di banyak komputer (nodes) dan sering diklaim sebagai fondasi desentralisasi digital karena tidak bergantung pada otoritas tunggal. Melalui analisis terhadap infrastruktur Web3 dan studi kasus gim Axie Infinity (2018), tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem digital yang diklaim membebaskan pengguna dari kontrol terpusat justru memusatkan kekuasaan ekonomi dalam bentuk yang lebih terselubung. Dengan kerangka teori kapitalisme digital dan konsep false needs dari Herbert Marcuse, penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa ekonomi P2E mengubah aktivitas bermain menjadi bentuk kerja (playbor) dan menundukkan pemain pada pasar spekulatif yang menguntungkan pengembang dan pemilik modal. Di Asia Tenggara, tempat basis pemain P2E tetap besar meskipun gelembung pasarnya telah pecah, sistem ini mengeksploitasi kondisi sosial-ekonomi yang rentan dengan membingkai ketidakstabilan finansial sebagai peluang. Tulisan ini berargumen bahwa âdesentralisasiâ dalam Web3 merupakan bentuk sentralisasi terselubung melalui kontrol algoritmik, opasitas infrastruktur, dan privatisasi platform, menunjukkan bahwa Web3 dan gim P2E bukanlah alternatif pasca-kapitalis, melainkan fase baru dari kapitalisme digital yang mengomodifikasi permainan dan mendistribusikan risiko ke bawah sambil mengonsolidasikan keuntungan di atas.
Muhammad Guhya Thesar Afani, Farhan Ferdiansyah, Eraneo Ihza P
The usage of blockchain has increased around the world over the years. It has become widely used in various sectors that need transparency, such as accounting, business, and auditing. Blockchains are gaining more popularity after being applied as a system for digital asset ownership, such as cryptocurrency and NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens). This growing trend of blockchain is followed by the increasing trend of research regarding it in the last decade. Blockchain has the potential to revolutionize the auditing sector and enhance economic accountability due to its decentralized system. Therefore, research regarding blockchain applications in auditing is becoming an important topic. This study adopts a qualitative approach by using datasets retrieved from the Scopus website, from the search result of blockchain auditing, with a total of 1228 articles that were published in the last decade (2015-2025). Furthermore, this study also uses several software programs as data processing tools, such as R Studio, VOSViewer, and Publish or Perish. This study aims to understand the research trend regarding blockchain auditing in the last decade and highlight its implications for the auditing and economic sectors.
The manuscript should contain an abstract. The abstract should be self-contained and citation-free and should not exceed 300 âwords. The abstract should state the purpose, approach, results, and conclusions of the paper. The author should assume that the reader has âsome knowledge of the subject but has not read the paper. Thus, the abstract should be intelligible and complete in itself (no numerical âreferences); it should not cite figures, tables, or sections of the paper. The abstract should be written using the third person instead of first per-âson.â This study examines the potential of Web3 technologies to enhance accounting transparency in government budgets through a survey of âacademics and professionals in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A structured questionnaire with 25 statements across five dimensions was âadministered to 55 respondents (74.55% academics in accounting/finance, 20% professionals from the Board of Supreme Audit) using a âfive-point Likert scale, with data analyzed via SPSS V.27.â âThe empirical results extensively validate Web3's application in enhancing governmental financial transparency. Although the theoretical âframework emphasized blockchain immutability as the foundation, statistical evidence revealed stronger endorsement for smart contracts ââ(mean = 4.167) and real-time access (mean = 4.06) compared to blockchain immutability (mean = 4.047). All hypotheses were validated at a p ââ< 0.000 significance level. Decentralized recordkeeping (mean = 4.12) and interoperability (mean = 4.116) also received strong support, âhighlighting the need for internal control and cross-government reconciliation.â âThe stronger support for smart contracts and real-time access reflects stakeholders' prioritization of practical, user-facing applications over âunderlying infrastructure. These tools offer immediate automation of budget controls, measurable cost savings, and direct citizen engage-âmentâaddressing urgent transparency challenges in the Kurdistan Region context more directly than blockchain's foundational security âfeatures.â âFrom an accounting perspective, Web3 supports fundamental financial reporting principles: blockchain immutability aligns with reliability âof accounting records; smart contracts function as programmed spending controls enhancing compliance and restricting unauthorized ex-âpenditures; real-time access corresponds to timeliness and disclosure principles, enabling continuous monitoring by citizens and oversight âagencies; while decentralization and interoperability strengthen internal control and promote consistency across governmental financial sys-âtems.â âWhile blockchain provides essential recordkeeping infrastructure for transparent records, stakeholder priorities emphasize automation, âaccessibility, and integration. These findings suggest governmental accounting reforms should prioritize smart contracts and real-time reporting systems as primary drivers of financial transparency, with blockchain serving as the supporting foundation. The study recommends âincremental adoption, development of real-time dashboards, integration with existing infrastructure, and establishment of supportive institutional frameworks.
Nurhajar Anugraha, Muhammad Riswanto, Lindawati Lindawati, Asrul Asrul
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sistem e-voting berbasis blockchain dengan autentikasi biometrik sidik jari serta penerapan protokol zero-knowledge proofs sebagai pengamanan tambahan terhadap data pemilih dan hasil suara. Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi dalam sistem pemungutan suara elektronik konvensional adalah rendahnya kepercayaan terhadap keamanan data dan potensi manipulasi hasil. Metode penelitian yang digunakan mencakup perancangan sistem dengan arsitektur client-server, implementasi teknologi blockchain untuk pencatatan suara yang terenkripsi, serta integrasi biometrik sidik jari menggunakan BiometricPrompt API pada Android. Selain itu, sistem diverifikasi dengan kode OTP melalui email institusional sebagai bentuk validasi ganda pengguna. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem dapat berjalan dengan baik dan memberikan keamanan yang tinggi karena setiap data suara tersimpan secara permanen dan tidak dapat diubah di jaringan blockchain. Autentikasi biometrik juga memastikan bahwa setiap pemilih terverifikasi secara unik sehingga tidak terjadi pemungutan suara ganda. Dengan demikian, sistem e-voting ini dinilai layak diterapkan untuk lingkungan akademik dan dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut untuk pemilihan umum berskala lebih besar.
Jimmy Jimmy, Kenny Rimba, Vincent Vincent, Ronsen Purba ¡ 5 authors
E-voting systems are prone to challenges such as lack of transparency, risks of data manipulation, and dependence on centralized authorities, which can undermine trust in electoral processes. This research develops a blockchain-based e-voting system on the Polygon network, leveraging smart contracts and Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge (ZK-SNARK) to enhance security, transparency, and voter anonymity. The study employs an application development approach, implementing a structured methodology with initialization, registration, voting, and tallying phases. Smart contracts automate voter verification, vote casting, and result tabulation, while ZK-SNARK ensures voters can cast ballots anonymously without revealing their identities. The systemâs transparency and immutability are tested using PolygonScan, demonstrating effective prevention of manipulations like double voting through cryptographic credentials (nullifier, commitment, and nullifier hash) and Merkle Tree structures. Results indicate that the system provides a secure, verifiable, and decentralized framework for elections. This implementation offers a robust foundation for future e-voting systems, promoting trust and integrity in digital voting processes.
Tingginya risiko manipulasi data dan lemahnya sistem autentikasi tradisional menimbulkan tantangan serius dalam menjaga keamanan identitas digital. Dampak dari permasalahan ini adalah meningkatnya potensi pencurian data, penyalahgunaan identitas, serta rendahnya tingkat kepercayaan terhadap sistem keamanan digital yang ada. Untuk menjawab tantangan tersebut, penelitian ini mengembangkan sistem autentikasi wajah berbasis blockchain yang aman, transparan, dan terdesentralisasi. Sistem dirancang dengan memanfaatkan algoritma SHA-256 untuk mengubah data wajah menjadi hash yang tidak dapat dibalik, sehingga menjaga privasi dan integritas data pengguna. Informasi identitas dicatat ke dalam blockchain melalui smart contract berbasis Ethereum yang dijalankan menggunakan Ganache, dengan bahasa pemrograman Python dan pustaka face_recognition sebagai deteksi wajah serta web3.py untuk integrasi blockchain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sistem mampu mengenali wajah secara akurat, memverifikasi identitas secara real-time, serta memastikan data tidak dapat dimanipulasi karena tercatat dalam blockchain. Sistem ini dapat dimanfaatkan oleh institusi pendidikan, perusahaan, maupun instansi pemerintah untuk meningkatkan keamanan akses, sistem absensi, serta perlindungan data sensitif. Penelitian selanjutnya dapat diarahkan pada implementasi di jaringan testnet Ethereum publik agar mendekati skenario dunia nyata, termasuk pengujian biaya gas, performa transaksi, serta integrasi dengan aplikasi berbasis mobile.
Yerlan Kistaubayev, Francisco LiĂŠbanaâCabanillas, Aijaz A. Shaikh, Galimkair Mutanov ¡ 6 authors
It has been recognized that Blockchain technology contributes to environmentally sustainable development goals (SDGs). It has emerged as a disruptive innovation capable of transforming various economic and social sectors significantly. This conceptual paper is driven by the need to explore how blockchain, specifically a consortium-based Ethereum architecture, can be integrated into higher education institutions to ensure data sovereignty, integrity, and verifiability while adhering to legal and ethical standards such as GDPR. We propose a multi-layered blockchain-based model for Kazakhstanâs Unified Platform of Higher Education (UPHE). This model employs hybrid on-chain/off-chain data storage, smart contract automation, and a Proof-of-Authority consensus mechanism to address system limitations, including data centralization and inadequate verification of academic credentials. Empirical simulations using Blockscout and Ethereum-compatible tools demonstrate the modelâs feasibility and performance. This paper contributes to the growing discussion on educational blockchain applications by presenting a scalable, secure, and transparent architecture that aligns with institutional governance and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles. It also supports the objectives of UN SDG 4 (i.e., Quality education) by fostering trust, transparency, and equitable access to verifiable educational credentials.
Abstract In digital higher education, digital transformation is mandatory. Blockchain technology, with its unique features of distributed ledgers, consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, and traceability, provides a new perspective for digital educational resource platforms. In this study, a blockchain-based design was proposed for an open service platform for digital education resources in universities. The platform addresses challenges such as limited openness, complex resource copyright certification, and difficulty in effectively ensuring resource security and quality. The platform offers resource publishing, resource trading, operation management, and interface management ensuring data security using the distributed ledger of blockchain. Consensus mechanisms and smart contracts are used to ensure fairness and efficiency in platform operation and automate resource transactions. Traceability is utilized to ensure the certification and protection of resource copyrights.
Dini Rohmayani, Ilham Alfath, Castaka Agus Sugianto
Abstrak - Implementasi Non-Fungible Token (NFT) sering menghadapi masalah permanensi data karena ketergantungan pada penyimpanan terpusat yang rentan terhadap penghapusan dan perubahan. Penelitian ini mengembangkan aplikasi web berbasis Decentralized Application (DApp) untuk pembuatan Non-Fungible Token (NFT) yang mengintegrasikan InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) dengan Smart Contract ERC-721 pada blockchain Ethereum. Metode pengembangan menggunakan pendekatan waterfall dengan implementasi React.js dan Next.js untuk frontend serta Solidity untuk smart contract. Sistem dirancang dengan arsitektur three-tier yang memfasilitasi pembuatan koleksi Non-Fungible Token (NFT) melalui kontrak Factory dan pengelolaan token melalui NFTCollection, dengan metadata dan aset digital disimpan menggunakan Content Identifier (CID) pada InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). Pengujian blackbox menunjukkan seluruh fungsi sistem berjalan sesuai spesifikasi, sementara User Acceptance Testing (UAT) dengan 24 responden menghasilkan tingkat penerimaan 90%. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa integrasi InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) dengan smart contract ERC-721 dapat mengatasi permasalahan permanensi metadata dan aset digital, sekaligus menyederhanakan proses minting Non-Fungible Token (NFT) bagi pengguna non-teknis melalui antarmuka yang intuitif.Kata kunci: Non-Fungible Token (NFT); ERC-721; IPFS; Kontrak Pintar; Blockchain; Abstract - Podo Practical implementations of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) often face data permanence issues due to reliance on centralized storage systems vulnerable to deletion and modification. This research develops a web-based Decentralized Application (DApp) for NFT creation that integrates the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) with ERC-721 Smart Contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. The development methodology employs a waterfall approach with React.js and Next.js for frontend implementation and Solidity for smart contracts. The system is designed with a three-tier architecture facilitating NFT collection creation through the NFTFactory contract and token management through NFTCollection, with metadata and digital assets stored using Content Identifiers (CID) on IPFS. Black box testing demonstrates that all system functions operate according to specifications, while User Acceptance Testing (UAT) with 24 respondents yields an acceptance rate of 90%. The research findings prove that integrating IPFS with ERC-721 smart contracts addresses metadata and digital asset permanence issues while simplifying the NFT minting process for non-technical users through an intuitive interface.Keywords: Non-Fungible Token (NFT); ERC-721; IPFS; Smart Contract; Blockchain;
Fernando Hose, Florika Censaka, Ricky Andrian Wijaya, Jennifer ¡ 6 authors
Perkembangan era digital meningkatkan risiko terhadap identitas digital dan privasi data, sehingga dibutuhkan mekanisme keamanan yang lebih adaptif. Zero-Trust Architecture (ZTA) hadir dengan prinsip ânever trust, always verifyâ, sementara blockchain menawarkan sistem desentralisasi yang transparan dan tahan manipulasi. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis peran blockchain dalam memperkuat ZTA, khususnya pada aspek autentikasi dan pengelolaan identitas. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif berbasis studi kasus dengan analisis literatur dan dokumen, hasil menunjukkan bahwa penerapan Decentralized Identifiers (DID) dan Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) memungkinkan pengguna mengendalikan data pribadi, serta memperkuat auditabilitas, verifikasi berlapis, dan privasi melalui smart contract serta zero-knowledge proofs. Namun, integrasi blockchain-ZTA masih menghadapi tantangan berupa skalabilitas, manajemen kunci, dan kepatuhan regulasi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pendekatan hybrid dan regulasi yang adaptif agar integrasi ini dapat menjadi fondasi keamanan digital yang andal dan berkelanjutan.
Sudarsono Sudarsono, Adhi Surya Harahap, John Sihar Manurung
This study reviews recent international literature (2024â2025) on the application of blockchain in financial management. The findings indicate that blockchain contributes significantly across various areas, including supply chain finance (SCF), financial reporting, working capital management, asset tokenization, and decentralized finance (DeFi). In SCF, blockchain improves transaction traceability, reduces information asymmetry, and lowers the risk of supply chain disruptions. In financial reporting, blockchain-based e-invoicing enhances transparency, accountability, and reduces the cost of equity by improving investor confidence. The integration of blockchain into working capital management enables real-time synchronization of financial and operational data, thereby strengthening decision-making and liquidity optimization. Meanwhile, asset tokenization creates opportunities for democratizing investment access and diversifying funding sources. DeFi, while offering innovative financing alternatives and disrupting traditional financial intermediaries, remains strongly influenced by global macroeconomic dynamics and regulatory frameworks. Furthermore, blockchain enhances cross-border trade efficiency by streamlining document verification, reducing transaction delays, and fostering trust among international trading partners. Despite these substantial benefits, blockchain adoption continues to face challenges, such as regulatory uncertainty, cybersecurity risks, scalability limitations, and digital asset volatility. Overall, the synthesis of literature highlights blockchain not only as a technological innovation but also as a strategic pillar in modern financial governance. This study also suggests that future research should examine the integration of blockchain with global regulatory frameworks, green finance initiatives, and sustainable financial practices to ensure both scalability and long-term resilience.
The transformation of digital payment systems through blockchain technology has brought new challenges and opportunities in the development of secure, efficient, and decentralized crypto tokens. One emerging approach is the use of smart contract-based tokens, such as ERC-20 tokens running on the Ethereum network. This research proposes the design and implementation of the SDSPay (SDS) token as a prototype Ethereum-based ERC-20 token, with a modern smart contract approach to meet the needs of a more efficient and secure digital payment system. The SDS token adopts the basic ERC-20 standard but is equipped with advanced features that enhance functionality and security, such as role-based access control (RBAC) to regulate access and control over transactions, pauseable transactions to pause transactions if necessary, and compatibility with EIP-2612 permits that enable more efficient transaction authorization in terms of gas. These features are designed to improve the efficiency and security of transactions on blockchain networks, thus enabling the use of tokens in a more reliable digital payment system. The SDS token prototype was tested on the Sepolia Testnet using Remix IDE and MetaMask to develop and manage smart contracts. Additionally, a static security audit was conducted using Slither Analyzer to detect potential vulnerabilities. The test results showed that the SDS token was successfully deployed and performed well, with an average transaction time of 10â12 seconds and stable gas fees. The Slither audit also found no significant vulnerabilities, indicating that the smart contract structure adheres to security best practices. This study confirms that the development of standardized smart contract-based tokens can be carried out using an efficient, reliable, and replicable methodology for other applications in future blockchain-based payment systems. This implementation of the SDSPay (SDS) token can serve as a foundation for designing secure and efficient digital payment systems, paving the way for the broader development of blockchain technology.
Cryptocurrency, atau mata uang kripto, merupakan bentuk aset digital yang memanfaatkan teknologi kriptografi untuk mengamankan transaksi, mengontrol penciptaan unit-unit baru, serta memverifikasi transfer aset yang ada. Mata uang kripto yang pertama kali diperkenalkan adalah Bitcoin. Salah satu keunikan dari cryptocurrency, termasuk Bitcoin, adalah sifatnya yang terdesentralisasi, artinya tidak diatur oleh lembaga pusat seperti bank atau pemerintah, melainkan menggunakan teknologi blockchain. Perubahan harga Bitcoin dapat terjadi secara cepat dan drastis dalam waktu singkat, sehingga sulit diprediksi secara akurat. Untuk menangani permasalahan prediksi harga pada aset yang sangat volatil seperti Bitcoin, digunakan berbagai pendekatan algoritma pemodelan data, salah satunya adalah algoritma Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa time step harian (1 hari) menghasilkan nilai RMSE terkecil, yaitu 1823.24 atau 2.86% dari rata-rata nilai aktual.
Fluktuasi harga Bitcoin telah menarik perhatian global, terutama terkait dengan pengaruh sentimen publik terhadap dinamika pasar. Penelitian ini menyajikan Systematic Literature Review (SLR) yang memeriksa analisis sentimen publik terkait Bitcoin, berdasarkan artikel yang diterbitkan antara 2020 hingga 2025. Artikel-artikel ini diambil dari database ilmiah terkemuka dan dianalisis menggunakan protokol PRISMA. Sebanyak 42 studi dipilih dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan teknik analisis sentimen dan sumber data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model deep learning, terutama LSTM dan GRU, merupakan pendekatan yang paling sering digunakan dalam penelitian terbaru mengenai analisis sentimen Bitcoin. Sumber data utama adalah Twitter, yang dipilih karena sifatnya yang real-time dan dapat diakses publik, meskipun beberapa studi juga memanfaatkan artikel berita dan platform media sosial lainnya untuk menangkap sentimen yang lebih luas. Selain itu, tinjauan ini menyoroti pentingnya teknik preprocessing data, seperti tokenisasi dan penyaringan noise, dalam meningkatkan akurasi klasifikasi sentimen. Penelitian ini memberikan sintesis komprehensif dari tren metodologis terkini, mengidentifikasi tantangan yang ada, serta menawarkan wawasan untuk penelitian masa depan di bidang analisis sentimen dalam cryptocurrency.
Cryptographic-based digital currencies, such as bitcoin, function as a medium of exchange. Bitcoin is a digital currency that exists within the open source P2P payment system. P2P is a computer network model that consists of two or more computers, and each computer in that network has the ability to share with each other. Bitcoin is one of the most famous digital currencies. The benefits and drawbacks of using Bitcoin as a payment tool. This is because bitcoin has not met some criteria to be considered a currency, especially in terms of the principles of buying and selling transactions. While bitcoin does not have an underlying asset used as a basis for transactions. There are two conclusions that can be drawn in this regard. First and foremost, digital money is not a currency. Second, there is an element of ambiguity (Gharar). This research uses academic literature as the main source for information on the use of Bitcoin in online transactions. Other sources include scientific works, fiqh muamalah texts, journals, articles, online media, and more. This research is prescriptive, meaning that it assesses and establishes rules on whether using Bitcoin as a transaction tool in online sales is permissible. Material and pragmatic analysis derived from Islamic law is then applied. Research on normative Islamic law is an example of a study aimed at establishing clear rules on how to use Bitcoin currency. Research findings show that in the view of Islam, Bitcoin transactions as a payment tool do not meet the requirements of al-sharf because they violate Islamic rules stating that transactions must be conducted in cash, even if there are pending orders. This is based on verses in the Qur'an that declare Bitcoin as batil, gharar, and maysir.
This study aims to analyze and compare the performance of three major cryptocurrenciesâBitcoin, Ethereum, and Solanaâduring the 2021â2024 period, based on return, risk, and risk-adjusted performance indicators (Sharpe Ratio). The research applies a comparative quantitative method using secondary data from CoinMarketCap. The analysis includes descriptive statistics, annual return calculations, standard deviation, Value at Risk (VaR), Expected Shortfall (ES), and Sharpe Ratio. ANOVA was used to test differences in return, while Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed for risk and performance due to non-normal data distributions. The results show no significant differences in average return among the three assets. However, there are significant differences in risk levels, with Solana being the most volatile, followed by Ethereum and Bitcoin. In terms of Sharpe Ratio, no significant difference in performance was found. These findings indicate that while there are absolute differences in return and risk, the three assets provide a balanced level of return when adjusted for risk. Hence, diversification among these assets may serve as a relevant strategy for investors depending on their risk profiles.
Tri Stiyo Famuji, Alya Masitha, Maulana Muhammad Jogo Samodro, Galih Pramuja Inngam Fanani ¡ 5 authors
Perkembangan teknologi genomik meningkatkan urgensi penanganan kerentanan sistem terpusat dalam mengelola data genetik manusia. Penelitian ini merancang sistem terdesentralisasi berbasis blockchain dan IPFS untuk meningkatkan keamanan, integritas, dan aksesibilitas data. Blockchain digunakan untuk pencatatan transaksi yang immutable dan manajemen akses dinamis melalui smart contract, sedangkan IPFS menyediakan penyimpanan terdistribusi berbasis hash kriptografik (CID). Desain hybrid memisahkan penyimpanan data mentah (terenkripsi homomorfik) di IPFS dengan manajemen akses di blockchain Ethereum. Antarmuka pengguna berbasis React.js dan Web3.js memungkinkan pengunggahan data terenkripsi, permintaan akses berbasis peran, dan pemantauan audit sesuai standar GDPR/HIPAA. Pengujian membuktikan sistem ini efektif mencegah akses ilegal dan memastikan keterlacakan data. Tantangan seperti efisiensi energi dan kepatuhan regulasi diatasi melalui sharding, protokol layer-2, serta mekanisme penghapusan data selektif. Kerangka kerja ini mendukung kolaborasi riset genomik lintas institusi secara aman. Penelitian lanjutan akan difokuskan pada optimasi efisiensi komputasi dan perluasan skala data.
Bitcoin is one of the most prominent digital assets in the modern financial era due to its high volatility and huge profit potential. However, its extreme price volatility also makes it a high-risk asset, so a reliable forecasting approach is needed to help investors make more rational decisions. This study aims to forecast Bitcoin price using the Moving Average (MA) method, specifically MA3, by utilizing monthly historical data of Bitcoin price in USD currency obtained from investing.com website. The MA3 method was chosen for its ability to smooth out short-term fluctuations and identify the direction of price trends. The forecasting process is performed by calculating the average of the last three months' prices for each point in time and compared to the actual price to evaluate its accuracy. The evaluation is done using various prediction error metrics, namely Error, Absolute Error, Squared Error, and Percentage Error. The results of the analysis show that the MA method provides a fairly representative picture of price trends and can be used as an early indicator in short-term investment strategies. Thus, the Moving Average method proves to be a simple but effective prediction tool, especially for novice investors in the dynamic crypto asset market.
Sistem pemilihan konvensional masih menghadapi berbagai tantangan, seperti kurangnya transparansi, lambatnya proses penghitungan suara, dan birokrasi yang kompleks. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini mengembangkan sistem e-voting berbasis Blockchain dengan memanfaatkan platform ZenChain Testnet. Pemilihan ZenChain didasarkan pada kemampuannya menyediakan lingkungan uji coba yang ringan, mendukung smart contract, dan kompatibel dengan arsitektur DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Prototype, yang diterapkan melalui tahapan desain awal sistem, implementasi fungsional, pengujian antarmuka, serta evaluasi berulang berdasarkan umpan balik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menciptakan sistem e-voting yang aman, efisien, dan transparan melalui pemanfaatan smart contract untuk mengotomatisasi proses validasi pemilih, pemungutan suara, dan perhitungan hasil. Hasil implementasi menunjukkan bahwa seluruh transaksi berhasil dicatat secara permanen di dalam Blockchain, sehingga mencegah potensi manipulasi data. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan metode black box dengan 4 skenario uji fitur utama, seperti validasi pemilih, input suara, dan kalkulasi hasil. Semua skenario berhasil dijalankan tanpa error, dengan response time rata-rata di bawah 9 detik. Kesimpulannya, sistem e-voting berbasis Blockchain pada ZenChain Testnet terbukti mampu meningkatkan integritas dan efisiensi pemilu secara teknis. Namun, untuk implementasi skala besar, diperlukan strategi peningkatan infrastruktur, pengujian skalabilitas lebih lanjut, serta program literasi digital bagi masyarakat guna memastikan adopsi yang menyeluruh.
This research aims to spread the implementation of blockchain technology in the digital financial sector through a literature study approach. The main issue raised is how blockchain is applied in financial services and what challenges and benefits come with it. The method used was a literature review of 18 relevant scientific articles. The analysis results show that blockchain has been implemented in four main categories, namely cryptocurrency, cross-border payments, decentralized finance (DeFi), and smart contracts. This implementation provides significant benefits such as transparency, cost and time efficiencies, and increased security. However, blockchain implementation still faces serious challenges such as regulatory ambiguity, scalability issues, cybersecurity risks, and low adoption by traditional financial institutions. This research suggests the importance of strengthening regulations, technical innovation, and increasing technological literacy to encourage broader and more effective blockchain implementation in digital financial systems.
This study aims to analyze Bitcoin price volatility after halving by considering interactions with Ethereum, Tether, Binance Coin, and USD Coin. This research was conducted because Bitcoin halving is a significant event affecting the dynamics of the crypto market, but its impact on price volatility is not fully understood. This research uses the EGARCH (Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) method with purposive sampling technique. Daily price data from Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, Binance Coin, and USD Coin in the period May 11, 2020 to May 31, 2024. The analysis results show that Bitcoin price volatility increased significantly after the halving event. In addition, there is an effect of Bitcoin price volatility after halving, namely on the price of Ethereum, Tether and Binance Coin. While the price of USD Coin cannot be proven because the daily closing price data is homoskedasticity.