Educational institutions require secure, transparent, and tamper-resistant systems to manage academic records, examination data, and student results while ensuring accountability and data integrity. Conventional marks management systems primarily rely on centralized databases, making them susceptible to unauthorized modifications, security breaches, limited traceability, and single points of failure. The proposed blockchain-based university student marks management framework utilizes academic information collected from institutional administrative records, including student details, faculty information, academic structures, subject allocations, examination schedules, marks, and result data. The workflow incorporates secure user authentication using SHA-256 hashing, AES-based encryption of sensitive marks data, role-based access control, blockchain transaction validation, and smart contract execution for academic operations. Ethereum blockchain, Solidity smart contracts, Flask, Web3.py, MetaMask, and Ganache are integrated to implement secure record management, immutable storage, result publication, audit trail generation, and academic analytics. Performance evaluation is conducted using blockchain transaction processing, encryption efficiency, data integrity verification, access control validation, audit traceability, and result dissemination correctness. Experimental results demonstrate reliable storage of academic records, secure handling of examination information, accurate result processing, comprehensive audit logging, and effective protection against unauthorized modifications while maintaining complete transaction transparency. The proposed architecture significantly enhances the security, reliability, transparency, and trustworthiness of university examination and academic record management systems.
Smart contracts manage high-value digital assets, making their security a critical priority. In this work, we present a preliminary ecosystem analysis of how smart contract vulnerabilities are currently classified, disclosed, and managed across academia and industry. Our findings reveal the fragmented nature of Web3 security, characterized by a history of attempted classification schemes and a lack of proper vulnerability disclosure. We propose several hypotheses for this divergence from traditional software standards, including ideological decentralization, reputation management, and misaligned financial incentives. A case study of Uniswap illustrates these challenges, revealing inconsistent reporting and the difficulty of verifying vulnerability data. Ultimately, this work serves as a foundational step toward establishing unified methodologies for the detection, management, and disclosure of smart contract vulnerabilities.
The paper investigates how cross-cultural branding has adapted to the new reality of globalization, digital revolution and dynamic customer needs. The paper reviews the historical and modern views on branding to analyze how organizations strive to create a consistent global brand while responding to the requirements of local culture. The study is based on a qualitative review which reveals such issues as the need for balancing standardization and localization, the concept of glocalization, cultural intelligence, AI-powered personalization, sustainable branding and immersive digital ecosystems (Web3, metaverse). The branding has moved from its original function of identification to more interactive approaches powered by technologies and sensitive to culture. The digital glocalization seems to be an adequate strategy that allows merging globalized identity and consumer-localized experience. Modern resilient brands should combine cultural intelligence, ethical sustainability, emotional integrity, and flexibility in digital environments. Graphical Abstract
Open access
Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
Jin Ah Seo, Kun Hwa Lee, Vijayan Sugumaran, Jo Yeon Park · 5 authors
We build and evaluate a concrete Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning (ZKML)-based pipeline for epidemic diagnosis and show that it can enforce computational integrity without exposing raw medical data in a Web3 setting. In response to security challenges posed by centralized data handling in medical AI applications, particularly during public health crises such as COVID-19, ZKML offers a privacy-preserving alternative by combining machine learning and Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP). We experimentally applied ZKML to a CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks)-based COVID-19 diagnostic model, achieving 87% accuracy and 0.35 loss. All proof generation and verification processes were executed entirely off-chain, with the verified outputs represented as committed public_vals recorded on-chain via smart contracts. To ensure authenticity, the system enforces dual ECDSA signature verification from both the model provider and the data provider. This mechanism prevents unauthorized submissions and confirms the validity of the result before it is stored on-chain. The system was tested under both normal and adversarial conditions, demonstrating robust and reliable operation. By enabling decentralized trust and self-sovereign control over data, this architecture aligns well with Web3 principles. The results indicate that ZKML can support the development of privacy-preserving and verifiable AI systems.
Open access
Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning
Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
Blockchains have evolved from simple distributed ledgers into programmable platforms that process complex application logic and carry significant financial value. All modern Web3 systems share a common goal: providing secure, decentralized, and trustworthy execution in an increasingly interconnected environment. However, this evolution has shifted the attack surface from isolated infrastructure disruptions to programmable economic abuse and cross-domain exploits. In this article, we focus on the research of blockchain attacks and defenses. In particular, we categorize the threat landscape and corresponding mitigation strategies according to both a four-tier layered architecture (network, cryptographic, consensus, and application) and cross-domain trust boundaries. We seek to answer these important questions: How has the research in blockchain security evolved over the past decade, especially with the rise of decentralized finance (DeFi) and cross-chain interoperability? How do local security assumptions fail when protocols are composed, and what are the driving needs for Web3 security research in the future?
Ilham Qasse, Po-Yu Tseng, Mohammad Hamdaqa, Gísli Hjálmtýsson
Smart contract security audit reports contain rich information about vulnerabilities and code quality issues in Web3 projects. However, these reports are scattered across different sources and formats, making large-scale analysis difficult. We present SCAR (Smart Contract Audit Repository), an open-source dataset and tool that automatically aggregates these audit reports. SCAR crawls reports from leading security firms (e.g., OpenZeppelin) and community contests (e.g., Code4rena), parses them into a structured JSON schema, and offers a queryable API for accessing the data. Its pipeline includes a crawler, a text-mining module to standardize findings (e.g., vulnerability types, severity, code references), and a web API for retrieving insights. With hundreds of audits covering thousands of issues, SCAR enables empirical studies of smart contract vulnerabilities at scale. The SCAR project repository is available on GitHub, and the screencast demo is available at this link.
PaperProof Protocol is a verifiable artifact publishing protocol built on Sui and Walrus. This slide deck introduces the core motivation, architecture, and product positioning of PaperProof. It explains how PaperProof models long-form digital artifacts such as preprints, technical reports, blog posts, datasets, software releases, and related discussion layers as protocol-native, versioned, and verifiable objects. The presentation also outlines PaperProof’s position in the Sui + Walrus stack, its relationship to SDKs and agent-facing skills, and its differences from traditional content platforms and web3 social protocols. The deck is intended for developers, researchers, ecosystem participants, investors, and infrastructure teams who want to understand why artifact versioning, content-addressed storage, and protocol-level verification matter for durable knowledge publishing. Official website: https://paperproof.site/ GitHub organization: https://github.com/PaperProofLabs
ASEGUNLOLUWA E. BABALOLA, DAVID O. ILESANMI, PREYE ADEOLA
Electronic voting can improve the speed of ballot processing and result generation, but conventional systems often depend on centrally controlled infrastructure that may create concerns relating to record alteration, transparency and administrative control. This study presents the development of a blockchain based electronic voting prototype that integrates election creation, candidate management, voter address authorization, ballot submission and result retrieval within a web application. The system adopts an Ethereum based architecture comprising a Next.js user interface, Web3 communication, MetaMask wallet connection, Solidity smart contracts and a local blockchain environment provided by Ganache. A factory smart contract is used to create separate election contracts, enabling each election to maintain its own candidates, authorized voter addresses, election status and vote totals. Before a ballot is accepted, the relevant election contract verifies that the election is active, that the submitting address is authorized and that the address has not previously voted. The developed prototype provides interfaces for election creation, voting and result presentation, demonstrating the integration of the web application with the smart contract and blockchain components. The study provides a basis for the independent management of multiple elections through separate smart contract instances.
The Criminal Evidence Management System using Blockchain is designed to provide a secure, transparent, and tamper-resistant platform for managing digital criminal evidence throughout its lifecycle.Traditional evidence management systems rely on centralized databases, making them vulnerable to unauthorized access, data manipulation, and single points of failure.Such limitations can compromise the integrity of evidence and weaken the chain of custody during legal proceedings.To address these challenges, the proposed system leverages blockchain technology to ensure the authenticity, immutability, and traceability of digital evidence.The system employs Ethereum blockchain and Solidity smart contracts to securely record evidence-related transactions, while Python, Django, and Web3 facilitate seamless interaction between users and the blockchain network.Role-based access control enables administrators and investigating officers to perform authorized operations such as evidence submission, retrieval, and verification.Every transaction is permanently recorded on the blockchain, creating an auditable history that enhances accountability and prevents unauthorized modifications.The proposed solution improves the reliability and efficiency of evidence management by eliminating the risks associated with centralized storage and manual record-keeping.Through secure storage, transparent access, and automated verification, the system strengthens the chain of custody, increases trust among law enforcement agencies, and supports the admissibility of digital evidence in judicial processes, making it a robust solution for modern forensic investigations.
Web3Compass is presented as a novel search engine tailored to the decentralized Web, integrating multiple blockchain-based name services (ENS, UNS, BNB NS) and content storage networks (IPFS, Arweave, Swarm). Our work describes a real-time monitoring architecture: blockchain registries are queried continuously for new domain registrations and updates, content hashes (e.g. IPFS CIDs) are retrieved and fetched, and website data is parsed and indexed for keyword search. We emphasize the system’s novelty in unifying diverse name systems and content networks under one private search interface. A comprehensive literature review covers previous decentralized search efforts (e.g. DEWS 1, DeScan 2, Krypton 3), blockchain naming services (Namecoin 4, ENS 5, Unstoppable 6, Space ID’s .bnb 7), and content- addressed storage (IPFS 8, Arweave 9, Swarm 10). We include an architecture diagram and discuss implementation details (event log watchers, IPFS HTTP retrieval, indexing pipeline, privacy layers). Evaluation uses scalability and latency metrics, compares with existing solutions, and includes ethical/privacy analysis (e.g. query privacy via Hexens 11, censorship resistance 4). Our results show that real-time blockchain- based domain resolution is feasible and complements Web3 infrastructure, while highlighting trade-offs in data completeness and user privacy.
Web3 represents the next-generation value-driven Internet built on blockchain technology, whose realization heavily relies on mobile devices. However, the limited resources of these devices significantly restrict their ability to participate in transaction verification and ledger maintenance in blockchain networks. Existing offloading schemes often overlook storage offloading or adopt oversimplified joint strategies, failing to adequately consider the synergistic effects of storage and computation offloading on network performance. To address this issue, this paper proposes MEChain, a Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)-aided blockchain network that implements a two-layer joint computation-storage offloading mechanism involving edge service providers (ESPs) and cloud service providers (CSPs). The joint computation offloading, ledger storage, and resource pricing problem is formulated as a three-stage Stackelberg game to capture the complexity of multi-party interactions. An iterative algorithm based on backward induction is designed to efficiently solve the Nash equilibrium, thereby ensuring system stability. Theoretical analysis and numerical experiments demonstrate that the MEChain framework not only significantly improves the profit per unit time of mobile devices by 11.3% but also exhibits rapid convergence of the proposed algorithm, providing a practical and theoretical foundation for resource optimization in mobile blockchain systems.
This article proposes a contemporary and innovative approach to portfolio efficiency, aiming to approximate a state of antifragility during periods of heightened geopolitical uncertainty and accelerated technological transformation. The multidisciplinary analysis draws on academic literature, European regulatory frameworks (such as MiCA), reports from international institutions including the World Economic Forum and the International Monetary Fund, as well as conceptual and technical documentation developed by leading platforms in the Web3 ecosystem. In preparing for the transition into a new technological era, the authors present a framework for real estate tokenization through converting property ownership into NFTs and using these tokens as collateral for lending in digital currencies. This approach addresses the problem of low real-estate liquidity and creates conditions for democratizing investment by enabling a low entry threshold and fractional ownership. The model’s antifragility is demonstrated through quantitative analysis, including an evaluation of portfolio volatility and efficiency based on Markowitz theory and the Sharpe ratio, with the results confirming the logic of Taleb’s barbell strategy. The study supports the potential for Bulgaria to position itself as an innovative regional hub for the development of Web3 and the tokenization of real-world assets.
Serving as the first touch point for users to the cryptocurrency world, cryptocurrency wallets allow users to manage, receive, and transmit digital assets on blockchains and interact with emerging decentralized finance (DeFi) applications. Unfortunately, cryptocurrency wallets have always been the prime targets for attackers, and incidents of wallet breaches have been reported from time to time. Although some recent studies have characterized the vulnerabilities and scams related to wallets, they have mostly been studied at a coarse granularity, overlooking potential risks inherent in detailed designs of cryptocurrency wallets, especially from perspectives including user interaction and advanced features. To fill the void, in this paper, we present a fine-grained security analysis of browser-based cryptocurrency wallets. To pinpoint security issues in wallet components, we design WalleTruth, a visual-oriented testing framework specifically for browser-based wallet extensions. We have identified 12 attack vectors that can be abused by attackers to exploit cryptocurrency wallets and exposed 21 concrete attack strategies. By applying WalleTruth on 39 widely-adopted browser-based wallet extensions, we find that all of them can be abused to steal crypto assets from innocent users. Identified potential attack vectors were reported to developers in a timely manner and 26 issues have been patched already. This calls for urgent action from the community to mitigate threats related to cryptocurrency wallets.
Odinachi Udemezuo Nwankwo, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Muhammad Rasyid Redha Ansori, Gifar Arif Haryadi · 6 authors
Existing driver distraction detection systems face critical barriers to real-world deployment in safety-critical transportation environments, including the lack of real-time edge inference, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), trustworthy event logging, and privacy-preserving evidence management. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents an integrated framework, termed DRIVERDAPP , that unifies real-time edge-based detection, AI explainability, and secure, auditable event management. Red–green–blue (RGB) in-cabin image frames captured by a dashboard camera are processed locally on an NVIDIA Jetson Nano edge device, where a fine-tuned You Only Look Once version 11 small (YOLOv11s) model classifies ten driver behavior states and triggers in-vehicle audio alerts for unsafe activities. To suppress transient misclassifications under edge constraints, distraction persistence is verified using a lightweight temporal confirmation strategy. Confirmed distraction events are immutably recorded via Solidity-based smart contracts and submitted through the Web3.py interface to a permissioned Hyperledger Besu consortium blockchain operating under Quorum Byzantine Fault Tolerance (QBFT) consensus. Privacy is preserved by retaining raw visual data off-chain, while only pseudo-anonymous identifiers and event metadata are stored on-chain under controlled access policies. Model interpretability is enabled using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), providing transparent visual explanations of distraction-related predictions. The framework is evaluated using the State Farm Distracted Driver and American University in Cairo datasets, demonstrating stable real-time edge operation, negligible blockchain query latency, and secure smart contract execution. These results confirm the suitability of DRIVERDAPP for secure, explainable, and deployable driver monitoring in intelligent transportation systems.
<b>Abstract</b>The rapid growth of decentralized technologies has intensified the need for secure, privacy-preserving, and Sybil-resistant identity systems capable of operating without centralized authorities. Existing blockchain identity mechanisms frequently depend on trusted intermediaries, invasive biometric verification, or token-based incentives that introduce privacy risks, centralization, or economic manipulation. This paper presents the Decentralized Proof of Humanity (dPoH) Protocol, a blockchain-native identity framework designed to establish unique human identities through decentralized verification while preserving user privacy and network scalability.The dPoH protocol combines decentralized attestations, cryptographic verification, reputation mechanisms, and consensus-driven validation to ensure that each participant corresponds to a unique human identity without exposing unnecessary personal information. By eliminating reliance on centralized identity providers, the protocol significantly reduces Sybil attacks while maintaining transparency, auditability, and interoperability across blockchain ecosystems.The proposed architecture is suitable for decentralized finance (DeFi), decentralized governance (DAO), voting systems, digital identity infrastructure, token distribution, and next-generation Web3 applications. The protocol contributes to the growing field of decentralized identity by providing a scalable framework for secure human verification in trustless environments.
Il contributo analizza il processo di piattaformizzazione della pubblica amministrazione, evidenziando come l’adozione di infrastrutture digitali avanzate rappresenti non soltanto una sfida tecnologica, ma anche un’occasione per ridefinire il rapporto tra Stato, cittadini e imprese. L’Autrice esamina il ruolo delle piattaforme pubbliche nella semplificazione dell’azione amministrativa, nella digitalizzazione dei servizi e nella costruzione di un’amministrazione più efficiente, accessibile e trasparente. Particolare attenzione è dedicata al concetto di fiducia digitale, intesa come dimensione ulteriore rispetto alla mera sicurezza informatica, fondata su trasparenza, protezione dei dati, responsabilità istituzionale e tutela dei diritti fondamentali. Il saggio approfondisce poi l’impatto delle piattaforme digitali nel settore degli appalti pubblici, con riferimento all’e-procurement, alla Banca Dati Nazionale dei Contratti Pubblici, alle Piattaforme di Approvvigionamento Digitale, al Fascicolo Virtuale dell’Operatore Economico e alla Piattaforma Unica della Trasparenza. Vengono inoltre esaminate le potenzialità del Web3, della blockchain e degli smart contracts nelle procedure di gara, con particolare riguardo alla tracciabilità, alla prevenzione della corruzione e alla verificabilità delle garanzie. Il contributo conclude evidenziando che la trasformazione digitale della pubblica amministrazione richiede ecosistemi resilienti, interoperabili e sicuri, capaci di rafforzare la fiducia dei cittadini nell’amministrazione digitale. The contribution analyses the platformisation of public administration, highlighting how the adoption of advanced digital infrastructures is not only a technological challenge, but also an opportunity to redefine the relationship between the State, citizens and businesses. The Author examines the role of public platforms in simplifying administrative action, digitising services and building a more efficient, accessible and transparent administration. Particular attention is devoted to the concept of digital trust, understood as a dimension that goes beyond cybersecurity, based on transparency, data protection, institutional responsibility and the safeguarding of fundamental rights. The essay then explores the impact of digital platforms in the field of public procurement, with reference to e-procurement, the National Public Contracts Database, Digital Procurement Platforms, the Virtual Company Dossier and the Single Transparency Platform. It also examines the potential of Web3, blockchain and smart contracts in tender procedures, particularly with regard to traceability, corruption prevention and the verification of guarantees. The contribution concludes by emphasizing that the digital transformation of public administration requires resilient, interoperable and secure ecosystems, capable of strengthening citizens’ trust in digital administration.
Il contributo analizza il ruolo delle piattaforme digitali nell’evoluzione dei mercati contemporanei e le trasformazioni prodotte dall’integrazione tra Web2, Web3 e intelligenza artificiale. L’Autore esamina l’emersione di nuovi modelli economici fondati sulla gestione dei dati, sulla profilazione degli utenti e sulla crescente capacità delle piattaforme di incidere sulle scelte dei consumatori e sugli equilibri istituzionali. Emergono cosi le differenze tra i modelli regolatori adottati nell’Unione europea, negli Stati Uniti e in Cina, evidenziando il ruolo centrale delle autorità indipendenti e delle reti europee di coordinamento nella costruzione di strumenti di vigilanza, enforcement e cross-regulation. Particolare attenzione è dedicata ai settori strategici interessati dalla trasformazione digitale — trasporti, mercati finanziari, energia, cybersicurezza e contratti pubblici — nei quali l’interazione tra piattaforme, dati e intelligenza artificiale impone nuove forme di tutela dei consumatori e nuovi modelli di regolazione partecipata. The contribution analyses the role of digital platforms in the evolution of contemporary markets and the transformations generated by the interaction between Web2, Web3 and artificial intelligence. The Author examines the emergence of new economic models based on data management, user profiling and the increasing ability of platforms to influence consumer choices and institutional balances. The work explores the different regulatory approaches adopted by the European Union, the United States and China, highlighting the central role of independent authorities and European coordination networks in developing mechanisms of supervision, enforcement and cross-regulation. Particular attention is devoted to strategic sectors affected by digital transformation — including transport, financial markets, energy, cybersecurity and public procurement — where the interaction between platforms, data and artificial intelligence requires new forms of consumer protection and innovative models of participatory regulation.
Il contributo analizza l’evoluzione delle piattaforme digitali di pagamento nel passaggio dai modelli del Web2 alle prospettive del Web3, con particolare attenzione alle ricadute per i consumatori, gli operatori e le autorità di vigilanza. L’Autore ricostruisce le principali trasformazioni del settore dei pagamenti, segnato dalla convergenza tra innovazione tecnologica, nuove discipline europee, esigenze di sicurezza, contenimento delle frodi e tutela della fiducia degli utenti. Il saggio approfondisce il ruolo del nuovo pacchetto normativo europeo sui servizi di pagamento, con riferimento alla PSD3 e al Payment Services Regulation, evidenziando le criticità connesse alla responsabilità dei prestatori di servizi di pagamento, alla colpa grave dell’utente, all’educazione finanziaria e alla crescente rilevanza dei servizi tecnici abilitanti, dei digital wallet e delle BigTech. Particolare attenzione è dedicata all’euro digitale, considerato come possibile ponte tra Web2 e Web3 e come strumento per preservare il ruolo della moneta pubblica nell’ecosistema digitale. Il contributo esamina infine le stablecoins, mettendo a confronto l’approccio prudenziale europeo, fondato su MiCA, stabilità finanziaria e sovranità monetaria, con l’impostazione statunitense più orientata al mercato. In conclusione, viene sottolineata la centralità di un enforcement coerente, coordinato e multilivello, capace di bilanciare innovazione, certezza del diritto, tutela dei consumatori e stabilità del sistema dei pagamenti. The contribution analyses the evolution of digital payment platforms in the transition from Web2 models to Web3 perspectives, with particular attention to the implications for consumers, operators and supervisory authorities. The Author reconstructs the main transformations affecting the payment sector, shaped by the convergence of technological innovation, new European rules, security needs, fraud prevention and the protection of users’ trust. The essay examines the role of the new European regulatory package on payment services, with reference to PSD3 and the Payment Services Regulation, highlighting the issues related to the liability of payment service providers, the concept of gross negligence of users, financial education and the growing importance of enabling technical services, digital wallets and BigTech companies. Particular attention is devoted to the digital euro, considered as a possible bridge between Web2 and Web3 and as a tool to preserve the role of public money in the digital ecosystem. The contribution also explores stablecoins, comparing the European prudential approach, based on MiCA, financial stability and monetary sovereignty, with the more market-driven approach adopted in the United States. In conclusion, the essay emphasizes the central role of coherent, coordinated and multi-level enforcement, capable of balancing innovation, legal certainty, consumer protection and the stability of the payment system.
Y Jin, Shuohan Wu, Chong Chen, Lingfeng Bao · 6 authors
The Internet is transitioning from Web3 toward Web4, where autonomous agents serve as independent economic actors. These agents can now hold crypto wallets, execute on-chain trades, and pay for external API calls. This transition calls for a new infrastructure stack capable of supporting key agent operations, including agent-to-tool interaction, agent-to-agent payments, and verifiable agent identity, represented by emerging protocols such as the Model Context Protocol, x402, and EIP-8004. Despite growing industrial interest in these protocols, the real-world Web4 agent ecosystem remains largely underexplored. To bridge this gap, we conduct the first large-scale empirical study of the Web4 ecosystem. Specifically, our study targets three interconnected questions: how Web4 agents are deployed and used in practice; what engineering challenges developers face when building Web4 agents; how current project communities respond to these challenges. To answer these questions, we analyze 99,448 multi-chain identity registrations, 317,596,323 transaction logs, the source code of 341 MCP projects, and 349 filtered GitHub issues. Our findings reveal that autonomous agents have established a highly active machine-to-machine payment economy, processing millions of daily transactions. However, this growth is built on immature infrastructure, including identity/authorization practice, cross-environment operation, and payment interoperability. Our follow-up analysis shows that community responses are visible but unevenly distributed across repositories, and payment interoperability remains the most persistent unresolved bottleneck. Overall, this study reveals a critical gap between the rapid growth of the Web4 agent economy and its fragile underlying infrastructure, highlighting future directions for building a more secure Web4 agent ecosystem.
Ramya K, Anbu Karuppusamy Dr S, Ragunathan Dr Aravindhan
The internet has become integral to daily life, facilitating commerce, communication, and services; however, it also presents significant security vulnerabilities. I have been looking at 2025 online security, accumulating patterns both popular and non-popular until March. AI plays a critical role in identifying security threats in real time. However, it also empowers malicious actors to orchestrate more sophisticated attacks, it's also but it also empowers malicious actors to orchestrate sophisticated cyberattacks. Another major issue is Zero trust architecture, which aligns with decentralized and remote environments, it's all about not believing anyone until they prove it. Web3 comes next, a free-for-all paradise where decentralization seems great until you run across issues—hacks are plentiful. The worst things? ransomware that keeps individuals from using the internet, outdated injection methods, IoT trash that basically gives crooks access. People aren't just sitting there, though; cloud trickery and privacy breaches are fighting the war and keeping momentum. Still, it's a fight with absurd costs, inadequate help, and thieves always changing the goalposts. Remarkable, isn't it? Innovations such as prospective quantum shielding and self-repairing technologies intrigue me. I am presenting my findings regarding our current situation, the factors contributing to our failures, and potential solutions for overcoming these challenges—not a traditional lecture This paper presents a comprehensive synthesis of the author’s research and analysis aimed at enhancing internet resilience in 2025.
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Non Fungible Token (NFT) Industry has been witnessing 16 million dollar trade in recent times.The following is the development of the decentralized NFT marketplace divided into three principal phases: smart contract development on the Ethereum blockchain using Solidity, creation of the frontend using React.js,Next.js,Node.js,HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, and backend development using Express.jsand MongoDB.The aim of this project is to offer a transparent and safe digital marketplace to mint, buy, and trade NFTs.The project employs ERC-721 standards for the uniqueness of tokens, Web3.js for interaction with smart contracts, and off-chain metadata storage with the help of REST APIs and MongoDB.Results indicate that the marketplace functions securely and efficiently, with seamless user interaction and successful on-chain transaction execution.Challenges related to deployment cost, metadata storage, and smart contract gas optimization were addressed during development.The final product demonstrates a fully functional, scalable, and decentralized NFT marketplace platform.
Pham Van Huong, Nguyen Ngoc Tuyen, D. H. Long, Trần Quốc Toanh · 5 authors
The paper proposes a comprehensive data security model for blockchain-based web applications. This model can be used as a general template for Web3 applications. The model consists of two parts: a blockchain core with integrated database encryption modules, replacing Fabric CA; and an application part that also integrates file encryption, database encryption, and digital signatures. The proposed model was tested on a VBCC management website using Hyperledger Fabric. File and database encryption uses AES, and digital signatures use ECDSA. To improve performance, we also replaced the GolevelDB database management system with LevelDB. Experimental results confirm the accuracy and good performance.