Shihab Sarar, Ali Imran Mehedi, Fabbiha Tahsin Prova, Saha Reno
The modern metropolis essentially demands the use of state‐of‐the‐art, real‐time surveillance systems, which should be reliable, scalable, and respectful of privacy at the same time. Critical shortcomings in traditional architectures are single points of failure, poor scalability, frequent data breaches, and inadequately managed privacy. These aspects of themselves make it inept for the demands of dynamic, fast‐paced city environments, without which reliability, security, and adaptability cannot be compromised at any cost. This brings to light the critical need for innovative and decentralized solutions that can overcome these challenges comprehensively. In our proposed approach, a decentralized framework integrates private blockchain technology via Ethereum, a hybrid cryptography model combining advanced encryption standard (AES) and Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) encryption, and state‐of‐the‐art deep learning techniques such as YOLOv8, DeepSort, and ArcFace. Blockchain technology ensures metadata is immutable and transparent, thus saving metadata from unauthorized access and tampering. The hybrid cryptography model encrypts sensitive data through AES and securely shares the key of AES through RSA encryption, while decryption is efficiently done in a key management system (KMS). Furthermore, YOLOv8 and DeepSort can be used for high‐precision object detection and real‐time tracking, and ArcFace can be used for facial recognition, meeting the split‐second decision‐making required in urban surveillance. Extensive experiments are performed, and the results indicate that the proposed framework enhances detection precision, tracking accuracy, real‐time responsiveness (60 FPS), and resistance to tampering (>99% chain quality per quorum Byzantine fault tolerance [QBFT]) without compromising efficiency. The adaptive and reliable solution meets modern urban surveillance demands that are evolving at an ever‐increasing pace. The scalability of the operation further ensures enhanced public safety. This paper discusses a decentralized urban surveillance system that is both tamper‐proof and secure using current blockchain technologies, InterPlanetary file system (IPFS), hybrid AES–RSA, and deep learning technologies to mitigate the risks of a traditional centralized system, such as data tampering and privacy violations. The system uses the Ethereum blockchain to provide immutable metadata, the IPFS protocol to create a fully distributed storage system of video and image frames, and an off‐chain KMS service to distribute the keys to the authorized edge devices. The system utilizes real‐time object detection (YOLOv8), tracking (DeepSort), and face recognition (ArcFace) to perform inference locally on the edge devices. We have performed experiments that demonstrate the tamper‐proof and secure scalability with low latency and secure tamper‐proof data integrity of this urban surveillance system in ever‐changing urban environments.
Harsha Gowda R, Sahana M Gowda, Chethan J, Gopika R · 5 authors
The healthcare industry continues to have issues regarding the transparency and trust of the financial transactions, and especially in case of handling of insurance claims and the funding of the patient. Intermediaries and centralization is generally accompanied by inefficiencies, delay and lack of accountability. To eliminate these problems, in this paper, Medicare Chain is proposed as a decentralized blockchain-based fund management system in order to ensure the secure and transparent medical transaction. The system utilizes smart contracts of the Ethereum network to automate the process of transfer of funding between the patients, doctors and donors without the need of centralized authority in the process. Data and transaction logs of nurses is set into the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to ensure integrity and prevent any kind of tampering. Django-based web interface allows users authentication, access control and access to the blockchain network. By introducing a framework for auditable, secure and efficient management of medical funds using the concepts of decentralization, the proposed framework shows the possibilities of decentralized systems to create more reliability and trust amongst the healthcare ecosystems.
Tutkimuksen taustalla oli kryptovaluuttojen kasvava merkitys rahoitusmarkkinoilla sekä spot-Bitcoin ETF -rahastojen käyttöönotto Yhdysvalloissa vuonna 2024. Uudet sijoitustuotteet ovat lisänneet yksityissijoittajien mahdollisuuksia saada altistusta Bitcoiniin, mutta samalla ne ovat tuoneet mukanaan uusia riskejä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tunnistaa spot-Bitcoin ETF -rahastoihin liittyvät keskeiset riskit sekä tarkastella riskienhallinnan keinoja yksityissijoittajan näkökulmasta. Tutkimus toteutettiin integroivana kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Aineisto koottiin Google Scholar- ja ScienceDirect-tietokannoista, ja se rajattiin pääosin vuosien 2024–2025 julkaisuihin. Mukaan valittiin tutkimuksia, jotka käsittelivät spot-Bitcoin ETF- ja ETP-tuotteiden riskejä ja riskimekanismeja. Aineisto analysoitiin vertailemalla tutkimusten keskeisiä havaintoja ja ryhmittelemällä ne laajem-miksi riskiluokiksi. Tulosten perusteella spot-Bitcoin ETF -rahastoihin liittyvät riskit voidaan jäsentää useaan pääluokkaan. Keskeisimpiä olivat volatiliteettiriski, likviditeetti- ja hinnoitteluriski, seuranta- ja rakenneriski, säilytys- ja operatiiviset riskit, sääntely- ja markkinarakenteen riskit sekä käyttäytymisriskit. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, että ETF-rakenne ei poista Bitcoin-markkinoihin liittyvää voimakasta hinnanvaihtelua, ja että tuotteisiin liittyy myös rakenteellisia ja markkinamekanismeihin liittyviä epävarmuustekijöitä. Tulosten pohjalta muodostettiin yksityissijoittajalle suunnattu riskikehikko, joka kokoaa keskeiset riskit ja auttaa niiden jäsentämisessä. Johtopäätöksenä todettiin, että spot-Bitcoin ETF -rahastot tarjoavat yksityissijoittajalle helpomman ja säännellymmän tavan sijoittaa Bitcoiniin, mutta ne eivät poista sijoittamiseen liittyviä keskeisiä riskejä. Riskienhallinta edellyttää sijoittajalta tuotteen rakenteen ymmärtämistä, kriittistä tiedon arviointia sekä oman riskinsietokyvyn huomioimista. Lisäksi havaittiin, että osa riskeistä liittyy markkinarakenteeseen ja sääntelyyn, eikä niitä voida täysin hallita yksittäisen sijoittajan toimesta.
This OSF project hosts the pre‑registered live forecast for Bitcoin, published as part of Chapter 14 of the book The Luxury Collapse Threshold: How to Predict When Status Symbols Lose Their Power. The forecast was registered before the outcome was known. It includes: a full Luxury Risk Index (LRI) assessment of Bitcoin; an Early Warning Dashboard signal analysis; a predicted trajectory for 2026–2031; explicit confirmation and falsification criteria. This registration is intended to be permanently archived and publicly citable. Readers of the book are invited to verify the forecast and track its accuracy over time.
Tato práce se zabývá problematikou šíření transakcí v bitcoinové peer-to-peer síti, jejich monitorováním a měřením doby potřebné na jejich propagaci pro různé kombinace parametrů bitcoinových uzlů a sítě. Cílem této bakalářské práce je pochopit principy a mechanismy používané v bitcoinovém protokolu pro šíření transakcí v síti. Na základě získaných informací je navržen a implementován simulační model, který umožňuje sběr statistických dat o procesu šíření transakcí mezi uzly. Součástí práce je také vytvořený analyzační skript, schopný identifikace uzlů, kterými byly dané transakce vytvořeny.
The rapid growth of digital financial services demands secure and privacy-preserving authentication schemes resilient to quantum attacks. The current approaches, which depend on public-key based bilinear pairings, RSA, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), are susceptible to quantum algorithms. This paper proposes a novel Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)-enabled post-quantum authentication scheme that integrates lattice-based cryptography with DLT to ensure quantum resistant, tamper-proof and privacy-preserving transactions. The protocol enables effective multi-phase authentication between users, servers, and DLT nodes by utilising the lattice-based Ring-Learning With Errors (LWE) hard problem for secure key establishment. Security and performance analyses demonstrate low computational overhead, and scalability for real-time financial ecosystems.
Reentrancy remains one of the most persistent and damaging vulnerabilities in Ethereum smart contracts, enabling adversaries to recursively drain funds despite the presence of static and runtime defenses. Existing studies mainly focus on detection or program analysis, but they do not explain why and under what conditions attackers decide to exploit. In this work, we introduce a decision-theoretic framework that models reentrancy as a profit-maximizing problem under gas, risk, and atomicity constraints. Our framework derives the conditions under which reentrancy attacks are economically viable and provides an algorithm for computing optimal exploit strategies. We further extend the analysis to multi-contract attacks, capturing sequential, parallel, and optimized execution strategies. A simulation environment evaluates profitability across varying balances and gas configurations, highlighting thresholds where attacks become infeasible. Finally, we translate attacker decision profiles into practical defense recommendations for developers, auditors, and DeFi system designers. This framework bridges the gap between exploit detection and adversarial economics, offering a rigorous basis for strengthening smart contract security. This framework establishes a theoretical baseline for adversarial economics in smart contract security, forming a foundation for future MEV-aware exploitability models and Layer-2 risk analysis.
Doaa I. Hasan, Mustafa Hamid Abd Alsadh, Hayder Makki Shakir, Hamsa Emad Mahmood · 7 authors
This is the newest technique to make sure that smart contracts are always secure in very important domains, like world banking. Quantum computers can’t break blockchain rules, hence this is conceivable. The major purpose of this research is to see whether post-quantum cryptography can be combined with blockchain technology to make it safer to move money across borders. Quantum computers might easily get into older blockchain systems since they employ well-known encryption methods like ECC and RSA. This makes it easy for other people to hurt them. As quantum computing becomes more common, the safety of smart contracts used in international banking is becoming more and more at danger. We think that the Lattice-Based Cryptographic Integration Framework (LBCIF) might help with these issues. This system leverages lattice-based post-quantum algorithms like Kyber and Dilithium. These algorithms may keep cryptography safe against quantum assaults. You can use these algorithms to sign smart contracts, prove who you are, and agree on blockchains. The LBCIF is an excellent instrument for trade finance since it uses smart contracts to make settlements and letters of credit with banks all around the world automatic. The framework ensures secure key exchange, digital signature validation, and interoperable transactions across regulatory environments. Findings show that LBCIF maintains performance while significantly improving resistance to quantum threats. It enables secure, scalable, and regulation-compliant smart contract execution for global financial operations.
Progesterone is a vital endogenous steroid hormone extensively used in hormone replacement therapy, contraception, infertility management, and various gynaecological disorders. Despite its significant therapeutic importance, its clinical effectiveness is severely limited by poor aqueous solubility, extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism, and low oral bioavailability. These challenges necessitate the development of advanced drug delivery systems capable of improving its systemic absorption and therapeutic performance. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have emerged as a promising second-generation lipid-based nanocarrier system designed to overcome these limitations are composed of a blend of solid and liquid lipids stabilized by surfactants, forming an imperfect lipid matrix that enhances drug loading capacity, stability, and controlled release behavior.
Elvis Konjoh Selabi, Maurizio Murgia, António Ravara, Emilio Tuosto
The companion paper proposes a formal approach for specifying and implementing decentralised coordination in distributed systems, with a focus on smart contracts. The model captures dynamic roles, data-driven transitions, and external coordination interfaces, enabling high-level reasoning about decentralised workflows. A toolchain supports formal model validation, Solidity code generation (extensible to other smart contract languages), and automated test synthesis. Although targeting blockchain platforms, the methodology is platform-agnostic and may generalise to other service-oriented and distributed architectures. The expressiveness and practicality of the approach are demonstrated through modelling and realising coordination patterns in smart contracts. This artifact accompanies our paper [Elvis Konjoh Selabi et al., 2026]. It provides a toolchain for generating smart contract code from EDAM (Extended Data-Aware Machines) specifications. The artifact includes the complete source code, a Docker image for easy deployment, pre-generated experiment data (generated code, automated tests, and mutation testing results), and reproduction scripts.
Despite the apparent lack of legal regulation regarding the definition of the content and rules of civil circulation of cryptocurrencies, which is the basis for courts to refuse to consider civil cases involving cryptocurrency, binding relationships related to cryptocurrency certainly exist and are developing. The impossibility of judicial protection of this kind of obligations raises the question of their legal nature and on the basis of what factors it is possible to transform these obligations into civil obligations subject to judicial protection. The purpose of the article is to consider the features of cryptocurrency as an object of natural obligations, to identify facts that serve as grounds for refusing to recognize transactions with cryptocurrency and their judicial protection, to establish the possibility of converting transactions with cryptocurrency from natural obligations to civil ones. When conducting the research, the main methods were general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. Special methods such as comparative law, historical law, and formal law were used as auxiliary methods. As a result of considering cryptocurrencies as natural obligations that are not subject to legal protection, the conclusion is drawn: transactions with cryptocurrencies have a property such as latency, which removes this type of transaction from the jurisdiction of the courts, giving them the property of naturalness. The facts that serve as grounds for the courts to refuse to protect transactions with cryptocurrency are the following: 1) the owners of cryptocurrencies are individuals or legal entities whose personal law is not Russian law; 2) there is no information about the subjects of the transaction and other interested parties; 3) there is no information about the objects of the transaction; 4) there is no information about the transaction itself.