Accurate, transparent, and scalable Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) of greenhouse-gas emissions is foundational to credible climate governance, yet prevailing systems remain fragmented, low-frequency, and vulnerable to manipulation. This paper proposes a hybrid IoTâHadoopâblockchain architecture that reconceptualizes carbon data as a continuously governed digital asset rather than a static compliance artifact. High-frequency operational data are collected through IoT infrastructures, stored and pre-processed in Hadoop for scalability and data sovereignty, and anchored on a Hyperledger Fabric consortium blockchain using Merkle-tree commitments to ensure immutability and traceability. A Carbon Data Interface Standard (CDIS) harmonizes heterogeneous data sources, while Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO)-based governance distributes authority across individual and institutional stakeholders. A Dynamic Authority Selection Mechanism (DASM) aligns participation in the consensus process with verifiable performance, institutionalizing a coopetitive model of data stewardship. The architecture further integrates with a public-chain value layer, enabling tokenization pathways and interoperability with emerging Web3 and Real-World Asset (RWA) climate-finance mechanisms. The results demonstrate how decentralized infrastructure, cryptographic verification, and polycentric governance can jointly improve data integrity, transparency, and market relevance in MRV systems. The paper concludes by outlining empirical pilot pathways and future research directions in AI-assisted verification, dynamic standardization, and climate-linked digital finance.
In decentralized finance (DeFi), accidental cryptocurrency transfers to incorrect wallet addresses are a large usability and security issue, frequently causing permanent loss of funds. We present CryptoSafeSend, a smart contract-based safety protocol for transactions featuring a cryptographically secure passcode verification scheme supporting conditional transfers. This work addresses higher-level security issues by introducing a PBKDF2-based key derivation function, which generates strong encryption keys based on Firebase's Firebase Unique Identifier. Secret passcodes are encrypted in Advanced Encryption Standard operating in Galois/Counter Mode functions deployed underneath the Web Crypto API, and the initialization vector and ciphertext are Base64 encoded for off-chain reliable storage and Firebase Firestore-based messaging. The protocol prevents unauthorized exploitation by safely binding off-chain passcode transmission to a matching on-chain verification, reinforcing user trust without undermining decentralization. Also, to ensure recoverability, CryptoSafeSend integrates a 7-day on-chain escrow lock, after which unclaimed funds become permissionlessly refundable to the sender, preserving decentralization while eliminating reliance on trusted intermediaries. Testing on an Ethereum testnet confirms negligible gas overhead, immunity against double claims, and strong security guarantees, qualifying CryptoSafeSend as a valuable constituent in next-generation secure digital asset protocols.
This thesis, submitted at the Institute for Law and Finance at Goethe University Frankfurt, provides a critical legal and technological analysis of the effectiveness of the Financial Action Task Force framework in addressing money laundering risks arising from decentralized finance. It examines how decentralized blockchain-based systems fundamentally challenge the assumptions underlying traditional anti-money laundering regulation.The study argues that FATF Recommendations, originally designed for centralized financial systems, are structurally incompatible with decentralized architectures that operate without identifiable intermediaries such as Virtual Asset Service Providers. Through an integrated legal and technological assessment, the research demonstrates how privacy-enhancing tools, including non-custodial wallets, cryptocurrency mixers, zero-knowledge proof mechanisms, and cross-chain bridges, obscure ownership trails and significantly impair regulatory oversight.While these technologies are designed to enhance user privacy, they simultaneously enable sophisticated money laundering techniques, including chain hopping, transaction obfuscation, and the untraceable movement of assets across blockchain networks. The thesis further identifies critical regulatory gaps in the application of core FATF standards, particularly in relation to customer due diligence, beneficial ownership transparency, and the implementation of the Travel Rule.A case study of Bosnia and Herzegovina illustrates the practical consequences of fragmented regulatory implementation. Divergent adoption of FATF standards across its entities reflects the broader âSunrise Issue,â whereby asynchronous global implementation of the Travel Rule generates cross-border inconsistencies and enforcement challenges.To address these structural deficiencies, the thesis proposes a reinterpretation of FATF standards based on the principle of functional equivalence, extending AML obligations to any actor or protocol exercising effective control over financial transactions, irrespective of formal legal classification. It further advocates for the integration of RegTech, tokenization, and machine learning as tools to reconcile regulatory oversight with technological innovation.The research concludes that the current FATF framework remains fundamentally misaligned with the operational realities of decentralized finance. Ensuring the continued integrity of the global financial system will require the adoption of technologically adaptive, risk-based, and internationally coordinated regulatory approaches. Only through such innovation can AML enforcement remain effective in an increasingly decentralized digital economy.
The development of human resource quality through the Program Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) constitutes a manifestation of the constitutional responsibility of the welfare state in guaranteeing the fulfillment of the right to food for future generations. However, the implementation of this policy in Indonesia still faces fundamental challenges in the form of a weak juridical foundation that still rests at the level of Peraturan Presiden and a high fiscal burden that places centralized pressure on the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget. This study aims to analyze the weaknesses in the legal basis and fiscal governance of the MBG program in Indonesia through a comparison with the school nutrition system in India. This study used a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and functional comparative approaches, with Indiaâs school nutrition system serving as the main point of comparison. The results showed that Indiaâs success in managing the Mid-Day Meal Scheme is supported by a strong legal framework through the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013 as well as the implementation of a proportional cost-sharing scheme between the central government and state governments. Based on these findings, this study offers the âDesentralisasi Asimetris Kesejahteraanâ model as a reconstruction of the system in Indonesia through budgetary collaboration between the central and regional governments, which requires revision of the Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Daerah to designate nutrition affairs as a mandatory basic service function. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that strengthening the legal foundation and decentralizing financing are important prerequisites for ensuring the sustainability of the MBG program in a holistic and accountable manner, while also providing a conceptual contribution to the development of food and welfare policy in Indonesia.
Muhammad Ahmad, Hua Zhou, Tanzeela bibi, Haider Ali
In today's digital environment, the swift advancement of interconnected technologies has raised significant worries about data safety, privacy, and reliability. The Internet of Things (IoT), networking systems, and cloud services produce and transfer large quantities of sensitive information, leaving them susceptible to cyber threats and other security risks. This research offers a detailed evaluation of how cryptography, network protection, and digital forensics work together, highlighting their combined impact on securing communication, safeguarding data integrity, and ensuring effective investigation methods. The approach to research relies on a thorough examination and combination of available literature, with a focus on major developments in cryptographic methods, network defense strategies, and forensic analysis frameworks. Particular focus is given to Homomorphic Encryption (HE), which allows processing to occur directly on encrypted information without the need for decryption, thus increasing privacy in unreliable settings such as cloud services and IoT environments. Moreover, the research includes new strategies in blockchain-centered forensics, featuring automated cost management that aligns with regulations, mapping wallet interactions, and utilizing non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as reliable audit references to enhance transparency and responsibility. The results show that cryptographic methods ensure safe data transfer, while network security strategies defend systems against unauthorized access, misuse, and cyber intrusions. At the same time, digital forensics offers a scientifically supported method for finding, preserving, and examining digital proof, tackling key evidentiary issues in today's cyber landscape. The integration of blockchain forensics and NFTs further boosts auditability, traceability, and trust, especially within decentralized finance (DeFi) setups and intricate digital transactions. In summary, the alignment of cryptography, network protection, and digital forensics creates a strong and forward-thinking security framework that improves data safety, helps with regulatory adherence, and enhances the overall durability of contemporary digital systems.
Local government forms the cornerstone of democratic decentralization and grassroots governance across political systems. This study presents a comparative functional analysis of local government modelsânamely the Anglo-Saxon, Continental (French), and Indian systemsâfocusing on key areas such as policing, education, finance, and governance structures. By examining variations in autonomy, administrative control, and fiscal capacity, the paper highlights how historical, constitutional, and political contexts shape the functioning of local institutions. The Anglo-Saxon model emphasizes decentralization and flexibility, the Continental model reflects centralized supervision and uniformity, while the Indian model represents a hybrid framework balancing constitutional recognition with fiscal dependence. The analysis underscores that while local governments are universally recognized as vital instruments of democratic governance, their effectiveness is contingent upon adequate financial empowerment, functional clarity, and institutional capacity. The study contributes to the broader discourse on decentralization, governance efficiency, and democratic deepening in the 21st century. Keywords Local Government; Comparative Politics; Decentralization; Anglo-Saxon Model; Continental Model; Indian Model; Fiscal Autonomy; Governance; Public Administration; Democratic Decentralization
Amid global scientific and technological (hereinafter âsci-techâ) competition and Chinaâs innovation-driven strategy, achieving high-quality sci-tech innovation (HQDSTI) is crucial for economic transformation but faces challenges such as resource mismatch, insufficient funding, and low commercialization efficiency. Using panel data from 35 major Chinese cities (2013â2022), this study distinguishes between public sci-tech finance (PSTF) and market sci-tech finance (MSTF) and employs benchmark regression, mediation, and threshold models to investigate their impacts on HQDSTI. Results show that: (1) Both PSTF and MSTF significantly promote HQDSTI, with stronger effects in coastal, dual-center, and pilot cities, and in regions with low fiscal decentralization. MSTF is more effective under high marketization, while PSTF and overall STF are more effective under high financial development. (2) Industrial upgrading serves as a positive mediator, whereas venture capital exerts a suppressive mediating effect that intensifies as its scale expands. The promoting effect of industrial upgrading weakens beyond the threshold level. (3) Policy recommendations include differentiated financial strategies: fostering market-oriented instruments in coastal cities, optimizing targeted support in inland areas, strengthening regional and publicâmarket financial coordination, and improving mechanisms of industrial upgrading and venture capital. This study provides theoretical insights for enhancing the synergistic effect between sci-tech finance and high-quality innovation development. âą Distinguish public and market sci-tech finance, explore synergistic effects and differential impacts. âą Develop a multi-dimensional evaluation framework for assessing high-quality sci-tech innovation. âą Examine heterogeneity across five analytical dimensions to uncover regional and structural variations. âą Reveal intermediary roles of industrial upgrading and venture capital. âą Identify threshold effects and define the effective range of sci-tech finance.
Monetary technology (FinTech) represents the integration of era into financial services to enhance performance, accessibility, transparency, and purchaser revel in. over the last decade, FinTech has disrupted conventional banking structures, charge mechanisms, investment control, insurance, and lending practices. innovations along with blockchain, synthetic intelligence (AI), digital payments, peer-to-peer lending, and decentralized finance (DeFi) have reshaped the monetary panorama. This paper explores the evolution of FinTech, key technological improvements, economic and regulatory implications, dangers and challenges, and destiny potentialities. The study concludes that whilst FinTech fosters financial inclusion and operational efficiency, it also introduces regulatory, cybersecurity, and systemic dangers that require coordinated global governance frameworks.
Citra Fadhilah Utami, Arum Ira Nadhira, Clarisa Rofiati, Della Affesia Putri
Urban infrastructure financing in Indonesia faces a structural funding gap alongside rising subnational fiscal risk under decentralization. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis framework to allocate loans across 50 priority cities in the 2025â2029 National Development Plan. The framework integrated fiscal capacity, debt sustainability, institutional readiness, public investment productivity, and spatial role into three composite indices, namely Soft Gate, Impact, and Priority. Using a weighted additive framework with percentile-based screening, cities were classified into Loan Priority, Blended, Grant, and Selective categories. The results showed that 28 percent qualified as Loan Priority, while 24 percent require blended mechanisms due to fiscal-impact mismatch. In conclusion, the framework enhances fiscal discipline and transparency in subnational borrowing decisions.
Yield-Aggregatoren automatisieren den Prozess des Yield-Farming im Bereich des Decentralized Finance (DeFi), indem sie Nutzerkapital bĂŒndeln und ĂŒber verschiedene Protokolle hinweg einsetzen, um Renditen zu optimieren. Aufgrund ihrer hohen KomplexitĂ€t sind ihre Funktionsweisen jedoch schwer nachzuvollziehen, und die Forschung zu ihren internen Mechanismen sowie den Interaktionen mit anderen Protokollen ist bislang begrenzt. Diese Arbeit adressiert diese ForschungslĂŒcke durch die Analyse zweier Ethereum-basierter Yield-Aggregatoren: Yearn Finance und Cian Yield Layer. Hierzu wurden Blockchain-Daten ĂŒber einen Zeitraum von einem Jahr (4. Mai 2024 bis 3. Mai 2025) erhoben und ausgewertet, bestehend aus 2.459 Yearn-Transaktionen mit 5.575 Token-Transfers sowie 921 Cian-Transaktionen mit 1.963 Token-Transfers. Die Arbeit kombiniert eine operative Analyse, eine Netzwerkanalyse der KapitalflĂŒsse und einen Vergleich der Plattformmerkmale. Die Ergebnisse zeigen unterschiedliche Strategien: Yearn investiert Kapital ĂŒberwiegend in Lending-Protokolle, indem es LiquiditĂ€t zur VerfĂŒgung stellt, wĂ€hrend Cian auf gehebeltes, rekursives Staking unter Einsatz von Flash-Loans setzt, um Restaking-ErtrĂ€ge zu erhöhen. Yearn hat eine breite Nutzerbasis mit vergleichsweise kleinen Einzeltransaktionen, wĂ€hrend Cian eine kleinere Nutzerbasis besitzt, die von einem höheren Anteil groĂer Einzahlungen geprĂ€gt ist. Auf Grundlage der Analyse wurde ein konzeptionelles Modell entwickelt, das aus zwei miteinander verbundenen Lebenszyklen besteht: dem User-Lifecycle (Einzahlungen, Halteperiode, Auszahlungen) und dem Strategy-Management-Lifecycle (Kapitalallokation, StrategieausfĂŒhrung, Umschichtung). Dieses Modell erfasst die grundlegenden ökonomischen Funktionen von Yield-Aggregatoren unabhĂ€ngig von ihrer technischen Implementierung. Die Arbeit liefert empirische Einblicke in die Funktionsweise von Yield-Aggregatoren, identifiziert DeFi-Protokolle als Investitionsziele und stellt ein konzeptionelles Modell zum VerstĂ€ndnis der Mechanismen von Yield-Aggregatoren vor.
This study investigates the rising security vulnerabilities in decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms from both technical and operational perspectives. Through literature review, case studies, and a comparative platform analysis, the research identifies the root causes, user impacts, and mitigation strategies for common security issues. Prominent incidents such as Ronin Network, Poly Network, Mango Markets, and Curve Finance are examined in depth, while security strategies of major DeFi platforms such as Aave, Compound, Uniswap, and Synthetix are compared. The study also discusses the implications of new technological developments like Ethereum Layer-2 solutions, Zero-Knowledge rollups, and account abstraction mechanisms on DeFi security. Findings emphasize that achieving a sustainable DeFi ecosystem requires a holistic approach involving not only technical safeguards but also transparent governance, user education and robust audit processes.
This paper examines the transformations in finances in the developing markets such as India due to digital money, decentralized finance (DeFi), and blockchain technology. It pays attention to what makes people desire to access such services, what dangers they believe they pose, and how prepared the governmental regulation is (Davis, 1989; Schueffel, 2016). The researchers completed the survey which questioned 420 Indian retail shoppers and fiscal experts about digital finance. They then analyzed the data using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS -SEM). They discovered that individuals tend to move to such services when they believe that it is useful, easy to utilize, reputable and with adequate regulation. People fear to take risks and will be less willing to use them (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000; Zhang et al., 2022). The actual use can also be predicted by the intention to use, and individuals who are knowledgeable of contemporary trends, including DeFi, tokenisation, and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), are even more eager to use useful services (Rogers, 2003; Auer et al., 2022). These findings provide practical suggestions to regulators and banks interested in promoting sound innovation and broader adoption of digital and blockchain finance in India.
Dilli Prasad Poudel, Thaisa Comelli, Sophie Blackburn, Rojani Manandhar · 5 authors
The decentralization of authority, capability and finance is widely considered to be best practice in urban risk governance. Drawing on the concept of misframing from critical justice theory, we analyse injustices arising from the de jure decentralization of risk governance in Nepal, scrutinizing multi-scalar urban risk governance and its impact on resilient and equitable urban planning. Informed by qualitative research conducted from 2019 to 2024, we ask: How does the (mis)framing of risk governance affect local actorsâ capacities to manage risks? And to what extent can inclusive, risk-informed urban planning and policy facilitate just decentralization? We identify a disconnect between risk-management responsibilities assigned to local government and its capacity to meet these expectations. Proposing a typology of misframing, we provide recommendations for the design and deployment of more equitable and contextually appropriate financial, technological and administrative decentralization as a pathway to justice that can overcome rigid scalar jurisdictions.
This study examines the development and intellectual structure of fraud detection research through a bibliometric analysis. Using data extracted from a major scientific database and analyzed with bibliometric visualization tools, the study maps publication trends, influential contributors, and thematic evolution within the field. The findings reveal that fraud detection research is strongly centered on machine learning and increasingly shaped by advances in deep learning, neural networks, and data-driven approaches. At the same time, the field has expanded beyond traditional financial contexts into broader digital ecosystems, including cybersecurity, blockchain, and data privacy. The analysis also highlights a clear shift from conventional statistical methods toward more adaptive and complex models capable of handling large-scale and interconnected data. In addition, emerging themes such as predictive analytics, risk management, and decentralized finance indicate a growing orientation toward real-world application and decision-making. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive overview of the research landscape, identifies key trends and gaps, and offers directions for future research, particularly in integrating technological innovation with practical, ethical, and system-level considerations.
Dr. K. Pushpa Latha, Meghana Reddy, Dr. B. Rajalingam, Malleswari Akurati · 6 authors
The pharmaceutical supply chain is a network of various stakeholders such as manufacturers, distributors, logistics providers, pharmacies, and regulatory authorities. It is essential to ensure transparency, security, and trust among them to prevent counterfeit drugs, data manipulation, and financial fraud. Drug supply chains using traditional trade finance processes are heavily dependent on paper, based documentation and centralized systems. These practices often cause delays, result in high transaction costs, and reduce traceability. This article introduces a Trade Finance Framework Powered by Blockchain for enhancing security in the drug supply chain transactions. The framework utilizes blockchain technology to offer decentralized, tamper, proof record keeping and real, time transaction verification. Smart contracts facilitate the automation of trade finance procedures such as letter of credit validation, payment release, and compliance verification, thus cutting down on processing time and human intervention. A distributed ledger keeps a record of each transaction, which is accessible to all and cannot be altered, all while hiding the sensitive data through encrypting mechanisms. The system put forward bolsters the mutual trust of the different parties involved, increases the ability to trace pharmaceutical products, decreases the risks of fraud, and makes regulatory compliance easier. The framework, by combining blockchain with trade finance, enables secure, effective, and transparent drug supply chain management, thus leading to higher patient safety and better financial accountability.
This paper looks at Pakistan's decentralisation policy under the Musharraf era and emphasises how it has affected the bureaucratic and administrative structure of the nation. The main contention is that Musharraf decentralization imitative were designed to improve governance and address disparities between the civilian and military sectors. The research technique, which draws from a variety of government and academic sources, involves a thorough analysis of legislative modifications, policy changes, and their practical ramification. The article summarises Musharraf's original seven-point plan, emphasising the transfer of financial and administrative authority to local levels. The national reconstruction bureau NRB and the provincial finance commission PFC were two important reforms that attempted to transfer authority and funds from the federal to local governments; nevertheless, bureaucracy and political parties posed strong obstacles to the execution, which reduced the efficacy of these changes. The results show that while decentralisation attempts enhanced women's participation and community involvement and briefly strengthened local governments, they were eventually undermined by a lack of resources, poor administration and ongoing military supervision. Although the national accountability bureau was established with the intention of combating corruption, it was criticised for being abused for political purposes. According to the report, improved coordination between different levels of government, a sincere desire on the part of the political class to maintain changes, and continued support for local government are all necessary for decentralisation to be successful. Developing institutional capabilities and promoting an open and transparent culture are essential for long-term success.
Open access
2 source records
Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East
ABSTRACT: Tobacco consumption remains a major public health concern globally due to its significant contribution to the burden of non-communicable diseases and associated economic costs. In decentralized governance systems, the effectiveness of tobacco control policies is influenced not only by regulatory frameworks but also by fiscal commitment and institutional capacity at subnational levels. This study aims to examine the relationship between tobacco-related fiscal transfers and the implementation of smoke-free policies across regional governments in Indonesia. A quantitative research design employing panel data analysis was used to evaluate fiscal allocation patterns and policy implementation dynamics during the period 2023â2025. Secondary data were obtained from national fiscal reports, regional budget documents, and administrative policy records. The findings indicate that although tobacco excise revenue transfers increased overall, regional commitment to allocating budgets for smoke-free policy implementation remained uneven. Econometric estimation demonstrates that tobacco revenue transfers and regional tobacco tax income significantly influence policy implementation commitment, while institutional capacity moderates the effectiveness of fiscal resource utilization. These results highlight the importance of strengthening fiscal health governance mechanisms, including performance-based intergovernmental transfers and integrated policy coordination, to ensure that tobacco tax revenues effectively support preventive health interventions and contribute to improved population health outcomes.
This paper examines the public perceptions of decentralized finance (DeFi) in regulatory uncertainty in Pakistan. Although the current literature mainly focuses on the technical architecture, governance, and the efficiency of DeFi, there has been little literature on how it is socially perceived in emerging economies where its legal status is not well defined. This research is based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and the Institutional Trust Theory as its foundation of study, and it is a qualitative study. Data was gathered by conducting semistructured interviews with ten 10 participants from Karachi, who include students and working professionals from diverse occupational backgrounds. Thematic study shows six themes: Awareness of Decentralized Finance, regulatory uncertainty, perceived risk, financial literacy, perceived benefits, and institutional trust. The result shows that people have awareness but not deep knowledge; they also know the benefits, such as transparency and efficiency, but regulatory uncertainty shapes the perception of people. Regulatory uncertainty enhances perceived risk and ensures the presence of dependency on governmental approval as a legitimizing condition. The perceived usefulness in itself did not give confidence because of the lack of legal protection. The research provides empirical data on Pakistan and illustrates that regulatory clarity and institutional trust are the two key factors that determine social acceptance of decentralized financial innovation in emerging economies.
The rapid convergence of artificial intelligence and decentralized finance is creating a new class of autonomous digital actors capable of participating in market coordination, governance processes, and economic value creation with limited human intervention. This study develops a conceptual framework for examining the economic, organizational, and governance implications of autonomous artificial intelligence agents in decentralized finance. The findings reveal that artificial intelligence agents are evolving beyond simple automation tools and increasingly function as autonomous institutional actors that influence market behavior, community formation, and decentralized governance. The analysis identifies four major application domainsâtrading and analytics, development infrastructure, meme and sentiment formation, and entertainment and virtual influenceâeach characterized by distinct mechanisms of value creation and stakeholder engagement. The study further demonstrates that governance outcomes depend on the interaction between agent autonomy and the distribution of decision-making authority, creating important trade-offs among efficiency, transparency, accountability, and innovation. The findings also indicate that symbolic value, community participation, and cultural narratives have become major drivers of market capitalization, often exceeding the importance of functional utility. While autonomous agents offer opportunities to reduce coordination costs and improve information processing, they simultaneously generate new challenges related to algorithmic opacity, regulatory uncertainty, security vulnerabilities, and governance concentration. By integrating insights from transaction cost economics, principal-agent theory, bounded rationality, and socio-technical systems perspectives, this study provides a multidisciplinary framework for understanding the institutional transformation occurring at the intersection of artificial intelligence and decentralized finance. The study contributes to emerging debates on digital governance and offers directions for future research on the design, regulation, and governance of autonomous financial systems.
Urban flooding has become an increasingly critical challenge in Indonesian cities, exacerbated by climate change, rapid urbanization, and deteriorating conventional gray infrastructure. Green infrastructure emerges as a transformative approach to urban flood management, offering multifunctional benefits beyond traditional drainage systems. However, successful implementation faces significant governance and financing barriers. This conceptual paper examines governance models and financing mechanisms for green infrastructure deployment in Indonesian urban contexts, with specific focus on flood mitigation. Through synthesis of international best practices and Indonesian policy frameworks, this study proposes an integrated blue-green-gray governance model that combines nature-based solutions with engineered facilities. The analysis reveals that Public-Private Partnership schemes, combined with innovative financing instruments such as green bonds, land value capture, and climate funds, can address the infrastructure financing gap while ensuring long-term sustainability. The paper contributes to urban planning discourse by proposing a strategic framework that integrates fiscal policy, spatial planning, and multi-stakeholder governance for enhanced flood resilience. Findings suggest that decentralized implementation coupled with strong central coordination, clear regulatory frameworks, and community engagement are essential for effective green infrastructure deployment. This research offers actionable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and infrastructure developers in advancing sustainable flood management strategies aligned with Indonesiaâs climate adaptation goals and the 2045 vision