Blockchain Papers

Sandeep Girijashankar Shukla, Pradnya K. Bachhav, Mayuri K. Fulpagare, Abhijeet S. Kakade

No abstract is available for this record.

Rodrigo Dutra Garcia, Gowri Ramachandran, Christian Esteve Rothenberg, Daniel Macêdo Batista · 5 authors

The transition to 6G networks is expected to support a broader range of user-centric applications. As these applications expand, Quality of Experience (QoE) has emerged as a key metric for evaluating user satisfaction. However, the use of centralized systems lacks transparency and limits users’ ability to govern their data usage. It also introduces challenges in managing QoE data while preserving privacy. At the same time, verification mechanisms are needed that allow regulators to evaluate compliance without exposing confidential business information. To address this, we propose a decentralized, privacy-preserving QoE system that integrates blockchain with fully homomorphic encryption (FHE). This design enables transparent evaluations between users and service providers by supporting computations directly on encrypted data, ensuring that all information remains protected throughout the process. Users contribute QoE metrics through a decentralized infrastructure and retain control over their data. Regulators can monitor compliance without accessing raw data, and service providers can use encrypted QoE data to perform privacy-preserving computations via smart contracts without relying on a central authority. We developed a proof-of-concept integrating FHE smart contracts compatible with Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) blockchains and evaluated their performance using a video streaming dataset. Our results show that encryption and FHE operations consistently occur within milliseconds when tested in a local environment. We also evaluated these operations on a public blockchain testnet. In this setting, our system adds a millisecond-scale delay while supporting privacy-preserving computations directly on encrypted user data.

Nishant Kumar -, Rishabh Dwivedi -, Om Babu Das Baniya -, T - Shilpa · 5 authors

An innovative DeFi application designed to empower users with seamless token swapping and liquidity management. Built to provide transparency and ease of use, DeFi-Swap incorporates real-time analytics, offering a dedicated page that showcases all listed tokens, their 24-hour price hanges, and intuitive visualizations through interactive graphs. Leveraging smart contract technology, DeFi-Swap ensures secure and trustless transactions, while the platform's backend, powered by cutting-edge tools, guarantees high performance and reliability. The user interface, designed with a focus on simplicity and engagement, provides an accessible experience for both seasoned traders and newcomers.

Inam Ullah, Ali Arishi, Sushil Kumar Singh, Faisal Alharbi · 8 authors

The rapid advancement of 6G communication networks presents both considerable problems and opportunities in network management, necessitating sophisticated solutions that extend beyond conventional methods. This study seeks to investigate and evaluate autonomous network management solutions designed for 6G communication networks, highlighting their technical advantages and potential implications. We examine the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and network automation in facilitating self-organization, optimization, and decision-making within critical network domains, including spectrum management, traffic load balancing, fault detection, and security and privacy. We examine the integration of edge computing and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), specifically blockchain, to improve trust, transparency, and security in autonomous networks. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the technological developments driving fully autonomous, efficient, and resilient 6G network infrastructures by methodically analyzing existing methodologies, identifying significant research gaps, and exploring potential prospects. The results offer significant insights for researchers, engineers, and industry experts involved in the development and deployment of advanced autonomous network management systems.

Deepak Chhikara, Surjeet Singh Chauhan, Saurabh Rana

The growing use of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) necessitates robust security and privacy mechanisms to protect sensitive patient data. In IoMT, conventional authentication techniques tend to be subject to security flaws. In this article, we propose an innovative, safe, and effective blockchain-based authentication scheme for secure communication in IoMT. The scheme utilizes the intrinsic properties of blockchain technology, such as immutability and decentralization in order to provide safe and reliable communication amongst IoMT devices. We present a comparative analysis of our scheme with existing schemes, emphasizing its benefits in terms of computation and communication costs. Finally, we put the proposed scheme into practice using the NS-3 simulator and run a number of thorough simulations to confirm its applicability and effectiveness in real-world situations.

Krishna Sori, Uttkarsh Nautiyal, Rahul Chauhan, Ruchira Rawat · 5 authors

The need for next-generation wireless networks is increased by the expectation that Internet of Everything (IoE)-based smart services will become extremely popular in the future. While fifth generation (5G) networks can support a wide range of IoE services, they may not be able to fully satisfy the demands of next generation services. We have discussed technologies like enhanced mobile technology, brain computer interfaces (BCI), and senses information technology that will be fueled by the advent of 6G. The constraints of 5G networks are expected to be overcome by sixth generation (6G) wireless technology. To confront these challenges, we propose feasible solutions like authentication systems underpinned by distributed ledgers, secure business models fueled by blockchain, homomorphic encryption, and transceivers that harness deep Q-learning and federated learning. We then dive into the specific implementation intricacies and potential hurdles for each approach, empowering readers to comprehend and implement them in their own unique contexts.

Zhixian Zhou, Binbin Chen, Chen Sun, Peichang Zhang · 5 authors

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing can enhance spectrum resource utilization by promoting the dynamic distribution of spectrum resources. However, to effectively implement dynamic spectrum resource allocation, certain mechanisms are needed to incentivize primary users to proactively share their spectrum resources. This paper, based on the ERC404 standard and integrating Non-Fungible Token and Fungible Token technologies, proposes a spectrum securitization model to incentivize spectrum resource sharing and implements it on the Ethereum test net.

Nischal Aryal, Fariba Ghaffari, E. Bertin, Noël Crespi

The rise of internet and data usage highlights the importance of service provisioning for Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in expanding their operations and meeting user demands. Implementing scalable and secure authentication and access control mechanisms is crucial for enabling service utilization among eligible users and ensuring the viability of emerging business models. Conventional centralized approaches face limitations such as single-point-of-failure, low scalability, computational overhead, and privacy vulnerabilities. MNOs must explore innovative business models to augment revenue streams and address these challenges. Realizing such models involves automating user contracts with service providers and safeguarding user privacy regarding data sharing with external entities. Blockchain technology offers a transformative avenue for integration within existing MNO infrastructures, providing novel distributed authentication and access control methodologies. We propose a new business model for MNOs and service providers in which an Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) framework handles user access to services on top of Blockchain. Moreover, a tokenized data-sharing method facilitates selective data sharing with service providers through MNO channels based on user-defined permissions. Central to this approach are non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and the Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) paradigm, where NFTs ensure secure, decentralized tokenization of user data, and SSI empowers users with ownership and control over their data. Assessments confirm the scalability of this solution, making it suitable for different use-case requirements.

Qiushi Wei, Dejun Yang, Ruozhou Yu, Guoliang Xue

Payment Channel Networks (PCNs) have been proposed as a second-layer solution to the scalability issue of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, most developed systems still lack effective strategies for further scalability solutions. Virtual payment channel (VPC) has been proposed as an off-chain technique that avoids the involvement of intermediaries for payments in a PCN. However, there is no research on how to efficiently construct VPCs while considering the characteristics of the underlying PCN. To fill this void, this paper focuses on the VPC construction in a PCN. More specifically, we propose a metric, Capacity to the Number of Intermediaries Ratio (CNIR), to consider both the capacity of the constructed VPC and the collateral locked by the involved users. We first study the VPC construction problem for a single pair of users and design an efficient algorithm that achieves the optimal CNIR. Based on this, we propose Thor, a protocol that constructs a virtual payment channel network (VPCN) for multiple pairs. Evaluation results show that Thor can efficiently construct a VPCN and outperform baseline algorithms in terms of the CNIR.

Litao Ye, Bin Chen, Shrivastava Shivanshu, Chen Sun · 7 authors

Centralized Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) faces challenges like data security, high management costs, and limited scalability. To address these issues, a blockchain-based DSS scheme has been proposed in this paper. First, we utilize the ERC4907 standard to mint Non-Fungible Spectrum Tokens (NFSTs) that serve as unique identifiers for spectrum resources and facilitate renting. Next, we develop a smart contract for NFST auctions, ensuring secure spectrum transactions through the auction process. Lastly, we create a Web3 spectrum auction platform where users can access idle spectrum data and participate in auctions for NFST leases corresponding to the available spectrum. Experimental results demonstrate that our NFST, designed according to the ERC4907 standard, effectively meets users' secure and efficient DSS requirements, making it a feasible solution.

Pol González, Adam Zahir, Chiara Grasselli, Alejandro Muñiz · 10 authors

A ML function orchestrator deploying secure ML pipelines to support near-real-time control of network services is demonstrated. A distributed ledger supports the initial key exchange to establish secure connectivity among the agents in the pipeline.

Alexander Rees-Evans

One of the most important days you will ever have in your Web3 career is the day of your job interview. It’s a completely different ball game in comparison to a traditional job interview. Here, the interviewers can be professionals or just some experienced employees from the company with no formal recruitment training. Due to the naturally dynamic rhythm of the Web3 industry, often those facing you during your interview are very busy and don’t have the luxury of time or patience.

Myoungsu Kim, Insu Oh, Kangbin Yim, Mahdi Sahlabadi · 5 authors

Sixth-generation (6G) communication is emerging as seamless and massive connecting of almost everything. Therefore, vehicles, being extensively linked with human mobility, require a technological pace for compatibility with the 6G era. 6G will also potentially revolutionize the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication. However, this modernization will surface several security challenges in the complex heterogeneous architecture of V2X communication in 6G. Similarly, the expansion of V2X also introduces unconventional security risks and vulnerabilities. This paper aims to provide an overview of the security challenges and solutions for V2X communication in the upcoming 6G era to visualize the future of this research domain. This paper discusses the architecture and standards utilized in 6G enabled V2X communications and provisions a comprehensive analysis of V2X security in Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Authentication and Access Control (CIA3) domains. Thereby, we analyze the impact of the emerging technological concepts of Blockchain and Federated Learning (FL) in 6G enabled V2X communication. Thereby, we suggest a Blockchain-enabled FL based generic security architecture for V2X communication in 6G networks. At the conclusive end, the review highlights key lessons learned and the future research directions in the domain of security of V2X communications in the 6G including; Privacy in 3D Fog Computing, Privacy in Augmented Reality, C. Secure Software Defined Networking (SDN), Physical Layer Security In THz Spectrum, SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility) and Intrusion Detection using AI.

Xiang Shao, Ping Cao, Shuo Wang, Wei Wang · 6 authors

Dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) has been recognized as a promising solution to meet the spectrum requirement in future wireless networks. To enhance the security and efficiency of DSS, in this paper, we propose a Non-Fungible Token (NFT) enabled spectrum sharing framework, which maps spectrum resource blocks into NFTs. Firstly, we propose a method for confirming the ownership and authenticity of resource blocks, leveraging the uniqueness of NFT. Furthermore, to facilitate spectrum sharing, we propose an NFT enabled combination auctions scheme, which is solved by an improved iterative greedy allocation algorithm. Through simulations, we find that the proposed algorithm can improve the total revenue of spectrum provider and the utilization of spectrum resources.

David Cordova Morales, Thi Mai Trang Nguyen, Guy Pujolle

One of the most important paradigm shifts nowa-days regarding future 6G communication is related, from one side to the desire of bringing services and data as close as possible to the end users, and from another side, to empower the user with control over their data and personal information. In this vision, private 6G networks will shape trusted zones where data center services are placed at the edge of the network. The services will follow a Web3 approach, where decentralization and zero-trust mechanisms are predominant. In this environment, a decen-tralized authentication mechanism is needed. In this paper, we propose a 6G architecture and a blockchain-like authentication scheme based on Verifiable Credentials. Our model uses zero-trust technology for a better and more trusted Internet.

Shuo Wang, Chen Sun

As the scarcity of spectrum resources, especially in mid-band (1 to 6 GHz), becomes more significant in beyond 5G and 6G era, spectrum sharing is promising to solve this problem. Various spectrum sharing approaches have been proposed and standardized, such as centralized geolocation database. The emergence of blockchain technology provides a great solution to enhance spectrum sharing technology in a decentralized way. With blockchain technology, trust can be established among multiple public or private wireless networks owned by different operators. Moreover, decentralized ledgers can reduce the number of transactions and validation processes executed by each node, thereby improving spectrum trading efficiency. In this article, we summarize the standardization progress of spectrum sharing and the application of blockchain in wireless communications. Then, we investigate the key issues encountered by blockchain-based spectrum sharing and propose potential solutions to these problems. Finally, we present future research directions for blockchain-based dynamic spectrum sharing.

Carlos Baquero

The Communications website, https://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of Communications , we'll publish selected posts or excerpts. twitter Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/blogCACM https://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm Carlos Baquero investigates cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens.

Faisal Tariq, Muhammad R. A. Khandaker, Imran Shafique Ansari

This chapter provides an expert view on the most trending research directions that will likely shape the technological changes needed for the sixth generation (6G) mobile communication systems for the next decade. The notion of collective artificial intelligence (AI), in contrast to the hype of using conventional AI or machine learning methods in wireless systems, is a revolutionary element in 6G. Blockchain technology will likely play a major role in securing and authenticating future communication systems, thanks to the inherent advantages of the distributed ledger technology. While the technologies are expected to provide the technological leaps required for the speculative 6G vision, there are many challenges researchers and engineers will need to address in order to harvest full benefits of 6G. The chapter also presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book.

S. Markkandan, Prem Kumar, R Prathipa, K. Vengatesan · 5 authors

6G networks are predicted to provide new prospects for Smart Cities and Internet of Things (IoT) applications because of their global seamless coverage.Therefore, to fulfil the growing need for huge data rates for 6G and greater applications, network capacity must be enhanced.As a result, there is an increase in spectrum demand.Only by successfully sharing existing spectrum and avoiding spectrum underutilization will the increased demand for cellular services be addressed.As a result, for 6G to achieve considerably enhanced network capacity, efficient spectrum management systems must be developed.As a result, maintaining 6G's predicted huge network capacity in such as heterogeneous environment necessitates the shared exploitation of available spectrum resources through dynamic coordination across device and network, which can be accomplished by incorporating SDN into 6G networks.Due to the increased speeds and reliability of 6G networks, users may have to pay more for energy, to overcome these issues, In this paper, a novel proposed a 6G HetNet spectrum management system based on HSA and Smart Contracts.HSA harmonizes network operation by spreading local decision-making and network-wide policy-making processes between BS and the SDN controller, correspondingly, to relieve any possible controller scalability and latency difficulties.And, to tackle the intricacies of service-level agreements, leverage blockchain's smart contract technology, which allows for automation and trustworthy, transparent radio spectrum negotiation among several parties.This proposed solution is dependable, scalable, and implementable, as seen by the results.

Huijian Han, Peidong Chen, Feng Yang, Brekhna Brekhna · 5 authors

The language barrier is the biggest obstacle for users watching foreign-language videos. Because of this, videos cannot be famous across borders, and their viewership is limited to a single language and culture. The easiest way to solve this problem is to add subtitles in the language of the viewer. However, the current subtitling system lacks incentives, the ability to build a secure transaction environment, and a trusting relationship between video creators and subtitling makers. In response to the above situation, a tokenized subtitling crowdsourcing system (TSCS) based on blockchain and smart contract technologies is proposed. The source files for the subtitles are stored on the inter-planetary file system (IPFS) in the proposed system. Based on the ERC-721 standard, the returned corresponding address and subtitling-related information are made into a non-fungible token (NFT). At the same time, depending on the expected revenue from video view counts, the video token (VT), based on the ERC-777 standard and endorsed by the video platform, will be used as the payment token. The TSCS has two payment strategies: one-time and dividend. Through such a settlement mechanism, the subtitling maker’s revenue is also guaranteed by the code invariance and rule certainty of smart contract deployment. On the other hand, introducing an incentive mechanism for viewers to audit subtitles enables community autonomy, thus increasing the applicability of subtitles and the activity of users.

Matteo Robba, Angela Sorgente, Paola Iannello

No abstract is available for this record.

Mehmet Ozgen Ozdogan, Levent Çarkacıoğlu, Berk Canberk

With the rapid development of intelligent devices in wireless communication, the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks have limited high data rates, low latency, high avail-ability demands. The sixth-generation (6G) mobile network can use Digital-twin (DT) techniques to meet these demands. DT is the virtual representation of physical aspects such as 6G edge nodes. DT optimize the 6G edge nodes parameters using artificial intelligence (AI) and especially machine learning (ML) algorithms. However, AI and ML bring along privacy and security concerns. Therefore, user data must be protected from unauthorized persons during the 6G edge network recovery and expansion phases. In this paper, we proposed a new reliable Digital Twin-based 6G edge network recovery framework using Blockchain technology. We applied the Transfer Learning (TL) technique to improve our proposed framework’s performance. We ensured data privacy and security using TL and Blockchain.

LI Hong-xi, Jiayuan Li

No abstract is available for this record.

Res. Assist. Yusuf DURU

Non Fungible Tokens (NFT) is a digital title deed system that determines the ownership structure of digital assets and registers products that are not substituted for each other through Blockchain technology. These digital assets range from the digitized version of products created in the real world to products produced directly in the digital environment. While a product can be copied and produced many times in the virtual environment, an asset produced in the virtual world with NFT technology has become provable with Blockchain technology. Thanks to the cryptographic feature of blockchain technology, the products transferred to the digital environment or produced in the digital environment turn into a unique, unique and impossible to change structure. Although Non Fungible Tokens first became popular in the fields of art and games, the ownership structure of the content produced in new media environments has become provable and salable with the unlimited possibilities it offers. In this direction, Tweet, Audio File, Video, Photo, etc. By converting digital products to NFT, the ownership structure can change and provide a new resource for manufacturers. In this descriptive study, it is aimed to analyze the NFT collection 'CUNFT- Zorunda mıyım?', which Cüneyt Özdemir introduced on the Youtube platform on February 10, 2022 and sold on the Opensea site, on the news/economy/NFT axis. In this direction, NFT products are a new source of income for journalists who are not involved in the traditional media due to the constructive / economic / political problems and continue their broadcasts in alternative media.