Blockchain Papers

Inocêncio Avelino Padilha, Katyusco de Farias Santos

As Moedas Sociais emergem como uma ferramenta econômica regional inovadora, impulsionando o desenvolvimento e a inclusão social em áreas com limitado progresso econômico e social, ampliando o acesso ao crédito nessas regiões. Através da tecnologia Blockchain, a implementação de Moedas Sociais Digitais (MSD) se torna viável, promovendo a digitalização sustentável das iniciativas de Moedas Sociais no Brasil. Neste trabalho detalha-se a concepção da plataforma de gestão das MSDs, integrado a tecnologia blockchain através de uma rede pública denominada MDMCOIN que utiliza o protocolo de consenso Leased Proof of Stake (LPoS), apresentada por meio de diagramas BPMN, com foco na criação de uma plataforma web destinada à integração de projetos de Moedas Sociais, evidenciando a solidez e a inovação da plataforma proposta.

Nicholas Romão Kneip

This study investigates labor relations within MakerDAO, a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), to understand how decentralized governance impacts organizational structure and worker interactions.The research employs a Grounded Theory methodology, combining voting analysis, document analysis, and content analysis.The quantitative analysis examines MakerDAO's voting data, assessing participation and power concentration.Document analysis explores governance structures through Maker Improvement Proposals (MIPs), while content analysis evaluates interactions in MakerDAO's forum.The findings reveal that, despite decentralization, challenges persist in power distribution and collective decision-making.This study contributes to understanding work in DAOs and its implications for corporate governance.

Cristiano Bellavitis, Paul P. Momtaz

Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) crowdfunds to invest in various projects. The decentralization feature of DAOs submits that decision-making is a collective democratic action of all DAO members. The autonomy feature of DAOs suggests that decision-making is an algorithmic process governed by self-executing smart contracts. However, in reality, DAOs are neither perfectly decentralized nor completely autonomous. Our empirical analysis shows that deviations from the ideals of decentralization and autonomy are costly. Non-algorithmic off-chain voting governance of decision-making leads to a substantial discount in DAO value. Non-decentralized aspects such as large voting coalitions also affect DAO value. Interaction effects are also shown. The study implies that platform governance design choices are crucial for DAO success. • DAOs with off-chain voting raise 87% less funding. • Larger communities worsen the valuation hit from off-chain voting. • Big voting coalitions deepen off-chain governance drawbacks. • On-chain transparency is key to DAO success—especially in large technical teams.

Érik Bordeleau, Augusto Jobim do Amaral

In this article, Erik Bordeleau presents, as a form of anarchic resistance to the capitalist logic, The Sphere project in which he is involved. For the author, The Sphere can be understood as a virtual space for exchanges between artistic processes and financing practices, whose root comes from a need to give new understanding to the meaning and use of digital media. He also states that the project is specifically interested in promoting the integration of creators, producers and the public, enabling an ecosystem that facilitates the alignment between interests and purposes through a spirit of speculative generosity. Therefore, the author uses reflections from renowned figures in the intellectual world, such as, for example, Deleuze and Guattari, Hito Steyerl, Jean-Luc Nancy, Jacques Rancière and Yuk Hui fundamentally to propose the defense of the need for a new look at crypto and blockchain technology, considering the decentralization provided by DAOs and Web3. Generating new forms of rhizomatic organization, instead of nostalgic notions of mass organization, ends up producing the possibility of codifying relations of equity through vectors of mutual participation.

Leonardo De Marchi

O artigo analisa a criptomoeda Bitcoin como parte de um novo setor do mercado financeiro, a fintech 3.0. Subscrevendo a tese de Maurizio Lazzarato de que a categoria do homem endividado seria a forma de governamentalidade do capitalismo contemporâneo, discute-se de que modo a Bitcoin funciona como um vetor de expansão a uma parcela da população da lógica social do endividamento. A princípio, proponho pensar a criptomoeda como mídia. A seguir, apresento uma genealogia das ideologias que animaram a criação do Bitcoin, a fim de demonstrar os valores libertários que nortearam o desenho dessa nova tecnologia. Por fim, discuto como a fintech 3.0 difunde a lógica social do homem endividado por meio de dispositivos digitais pessoais.

José Mendes Ribeiro, Marcelo Rasga Moreira

Regional inequalities, cooperative federalism and challenges facing the SUSA political analysis on the development of the Unified Health System (SUS) that combines the production of evidence with the generation of knowledge and with the elaboration of policies must necessarily address the obstacles to its consolidation as a redistributive and socially protective public policy.Likewise, in-depth studies of successful solutions must be conducted in order to foster the institutional qualifications that are indispensable for the sustainability of the successes achieved.The capacity of government and the institutions most directly involved in the public sphere structured around the SUS are, in an articulated way, essential elements for the development of sectorial policy.A common way to look at how researchers and policy makers deal with complexity in political, social, and economic terms is through the study of political agendas and their key components.Political issues related to regionalization, decentralization and municipalization are present in the main definitions of the agenda of challenges facing the SUS.Although decentralization refers both to political and territorial decentralization, and to internal processes in organizations, the regionalization policies broadly involve the presence of subnational governance arrangements.The advantages of regionalization of management and access to public services in terms of the greater proximity to individuals and their needs and their disadvantages as to the inequality resulting from differences in local capacities are frequently dealt with in the specialized national and international literature.Policies aimed at taking advantage of regionalization processes and alleviating their disadvantages in terms of local asymmetries depend heavily on the national and subnational coordination capacity.This capacity is expressed in the strengthening of regional governments or institutions for the coordination and distribution of incentives.This thematic edition brings together a selection of studies that deal with these dilemmas.Several articles presented here result from analyses carried out in cooperative environments between researchers, their institutions and governmental bodies.In many cases, the articles are the result of research reports submitted to the Ministry of Health or to the Departments of Health, which then find in academic publications important vehicles for discussing ideas between peers and with society.An important aspect in the relationship between research institutions and governments at all three levels is the role of the Ministry of Health (MOH) in promoting studies on policy analysis.The role of the MOH in financing sectorial research has become increasingly relevant throughout the development of the SUS and the preservation of these functions is of major importance.Another point to be highlighted are the partnerships that have been carried out with institutions that represent SUS managers.The National Council of Health Departments and the National Council of Municipal Health Departments are vital institutions for enhancing the access of researchers to local and regional leaders.The various articles gathered here deal with the SUS and its regionalization policies, the main themes being the federative shortcomings; its mechanisms of governance, social participation and governance capacity; sector financing and social inequalities; regional asymmetries and access to networks, services and medication; and the different dynamics and perceptions of political actors.Social inequalities and local and regional asymmetries are treated as the backcloth to or direct objective of most of the studies presented here.This edition aims to launch just one more contribution to highlight the challenges facing health policy in Brazil.It is hoped that these studies will be used to reflect on public policy in the courses and institutions that comprise the mosaic in which the management of SUS is expressed.

Fabienne Fecher, Benoît Lévesque

When the Annals of Collective Economy became the Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics in 1974, it incorporated the term ‘social economy’ into its French title (Annales de l'économie publique, sociale et coopérative), even though the social economy had not yet gained recognition in any country, not even France. Although the public enterprise and public services sectors emerged as the principal sector conveying the general interest, the social economy did not yet constitute a recognized ‘third sector’, despite that fact that mutual societies, cooperatives and associations had existed for over a hundred years. Three decades later, the issue of general interest – and that of the State as its principal architect – would be raised in other ways. This long period was marked by crisis and change in various Nation-States, and in geopolitics throughout the world, with the emergence of regional blocs, including the European Union, and more recently with the economic rise of China and India. Thus, to a significant extent, States were re-engineered, both in terms of the division of skills through globalization and decentralization and in their core function, especially their methods for intervening and regulating the economy and society (Lévesque 2003). Many public enterprises had to open up to competition, as did several large cooperatives and mutual societies, while numerous cooperatives and associations emerged – principally in social services, local development, job creation and labour market integration, and fair trade. In addition, there was a growing trend toward privatization, demutualization and even decooperativization. While the State is still one of the principal participants in defining general interest, it is no longer the only one, since other ‘solidarity perimeters’ have now established themselves (Monnier and Thiry 1997). Thus, economic and political entities, have become more complex, more interdependent and more hesitant in confronting global challenges such as global warming, security and, more broadly, sustainable development. With the above factors in mind, we analysed the content of the Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, for the period 1975–2007, in the light of activities that fall within the domain of general interest. To we a of in the that were in period of the we the public enterprises and public enterprises and and the though the of the social economy and the principal and significant in terms of though we were not to of In addition, the of the Annals is the of the content of the various in the not the of the the of interest of and the Annals is not the public the social economy and the their mutual as established through their to the general interest. and the of country, rise to that to that the of general interest. the a of is with a as and as the one is into with public enterprises and public services, while the with the is the of the social economy mutual societies, and associations and for the decades as a of the with the public sector and with the While the public sector the with of the the sector in the with of the we the the the of the by the and the in we be in a to the and the principal raised within the To we to their of in terms of general interest and to the of a in in (Monnier and Thiry 1997). To it with the to the we have to to public enterprises and public Thus, we have with several public sector such as public public and even public the and of the public and especially of public have the a of and public enterprises a as in the of In addition, public sector was to the market and of the of and of the of such as and public the the was State to period the of of and public enterprises were into enterprises and and enterprises the it was to public Thus, enterprises be to general interest of were and especially through of public In the in such as the Annals over it that only a of the public enterprise be a by Thiry we not the be it a with public in we not as a in the be it a a enterprise with a is that of by the and of is by of the of the the general even by in a in the While of a public enterprise it not with public by for enterprises have to a for such as a significant of the Thus, in to public there is a that the public enterprise sector become a the one enterprises that in sectors the public is and, the other it is of the of of that over the decades the sector In the of public enterprises that have a public sector is to market is not in the in terms of the and This is European States to the in the and of public with the by and for and When in the public – even it is a – only a is the while the public be content with a though it have a in the with in the of the and the of the and there is both and the of the of its and and various both public and In and public more not a economic and social and In a of in and In their enterprises more enterprises enterprises to other of Thus, the public in enterprise – in a in market economy would not – there is State while not State is for and (Monnier Many of the to public enterprises in the and that the to as public in and be in in enterprises have by one several market the fact that a of the public and significant to of in a significant and of the long term and In the methods for sectors were were especially by the by of other factors a the in to their more and of were to to activities that were and by to to their of enterprises In the European a rise in the and the by the public enterprise sector a by While the in its over the be to various the and was as to as the French in and as to such as for sectors in as the in the public enterprises and public services, as over the decades in the of the with a in the of public enterprises in and in the other of the of and in and in in the period with of the and significant the period of to the period and had of the their in the for of the that of the with other to public not be analysed in in in the of and the of and of by sector and country, over in to the of the with the public sector over the decades not in and that not in the to public by the and the of and to various public in the of and development, and even for the social including the of public the of public in more one the and the of the general interest and the of public services have analysed in emergence and of not only to of economic – the – to the of European the in the we and of and of enterprise is as the to the to it by its be of the enterprise in large to a of public enterprises more numerous and be as in numerous to in This in the of the enterprise to its with a of and to the to the the et the and the and in that the the of and there public enterprise to its services for the of even a long public enterprises in their and in their of economic and in their of their enterprises with economic and trend since the a for such as public and public and even sector by the European Union, through and Public enterprises in and in the of and in over in sectors the regional with even in In their as enterprises and for social we their of since the for public enterprises a term not would be more to that there was of that had existed the the term more for were and to were were to a that to the core of to was to the of of In was and the of were by privatization, of the more for Thiry as the of enterprise to the the be be of and and the French is since it not to local regional public for their be to term to a of and in State In addition, the that be to in the of public to privatization, though constitute to to and to have the for Thiry and economic and the of public enterprises that be to a of State and especially in public established within the that the European the trend toward In and the of a market economy to and and of the Annals the of in and and privatization, especially in sectors public have to and a for the State Many of the of and and in sectors have the activities the State its in the of to its in the enterprises it its as a that of the and sector have a of the economic activities by within a in as a enterprises a and activities to in the of and market with and to that to more in a is in and their enterprises to that there is no the of general interest and public and in their of and their enterprises in a that of the is the in it was for the State to enterprise a State services with to the general for public services and to that were it to to the general interest. have to in of public be that there public enterprises and economic activities to public enterprises with public no public public services were by enterprises even the of the and in the more of public defining and and their the European the of of general of and public is that of and a by the and in is as a of services of a to and have services not as as general interest public not the such as the services is and the for in the and other the of the sector general interest public and have several economic that market into the that other security of in terms of and and and throughout the for of the large the to even the the of the and of the be social the of the of in have public and a of for the public in the in of the is the one for the a public a to in the sector not public that in of the is that of public services and methods within the of public and of a to to a public enterprise a be is through the to the through a in the principal is not the the of the In is as to the to public services of up to market constitute one for the of the of be in by the of and by and by the State that in and the of a for While we that the Annals have analysed the of and and political have for the numerous This for not only their for the of European the of and in In the period were in the with the public This with the by the Thus, is in numerous While the analysed it was to the public sector of to and to be more in integration, it to is the especially in public its the fact that by and it to various of public is is with and in of the as for within a the the and various and to and the and that to the of with the of the to that the be more in the sector in the public the is to public and Public that in public sector including to their and of of especially is to that the State the general interest. of for its the of that in the for – that the to and the to In that is in public is to a of the of public have no that public be In several to Public there no sector and public sector market to public sector To the public for and several especially as the of and large of have the of public and fall within the of and the of that and methods to numerous and and of a to of to and that with the and that sector to social economy for of the and of the in the to in the the of that with recognition of the social economy and the rise of This in the sector did not the of since the in the to in the a in cooperatives in the social economy as a a of sector did not in the while the the did not we to with a significant the by social economy numerous the ‘social economy’ more as we the of with cooperatives and mutual in the of public the sector a Annals for associations the especially in society had a the associations a social in the decades became economic in for more of the labour Thus, in and the more to in in the any other economic and In the associations and the that a sector that to as that of With the in associations that in became ‘social and the cooperatives over the decades a a period for the of cooperatives and a period of for cooperatives In the the of and with a significant of cooperatives became even trend the of trend was that of and were to the of market While such as and such as the sector and mutual societies, and especially in the and and the of were in sectors that within the of the such as social services, social and local and In addition, to a of social not associations Thus, that the of by the is by its economic its in the not its be by the social and recognition of the social in the of the a of the trend in mutual and to with the that a that of social to a and term of the is not since to no one that cooperatives mutual have in and even that be for trend did not in European country, did it the In there is no of mutual and associations that social and services, the ‘social economy’ and ‘third still the sector be the of social economy the social economy there of defining the its and of mutual societies, the the by including and to various This including the of services to the by its and the of and over to since Thus, its of the is not its of there and the have no have a the associations that in economic activities that have recognized the social have that to political and there is no of the social the of the the Economy a for of in the and since it not not in the to the as by et the to the creation of for to the of to and in to extent, and to the of interest is of of be as of to themselves and with services that not by and in the principal and their services toward have no the is through through to associations the of by other Thus, only associations toward the of a be as the general interest especially in have raised of the of the sector and 1997). While in both it is to to the sector even the social there the the the of their of social economy to the into to the other to the of its in the to the general interest in the one the of of and, in the and the of to to of the the and mutual societies, social economy not in economic the State the fact that associations of the social economy and of especially of the by large and the of cooperatives is in the world, there is that of associations would be in the social economy is the of though of the with and the social we with the social economy and with of When the of the social the of and in the the To the social both its and the In the social economy enterprise is as the of a of and is economic and a of the for Thus, the social economy be analysed more activities that have not have by the market the and to the of the economic with the This up the of the to both and economic with as such as the of the economy and the social have in the in interest services its and the economy a that in to activities with the and of to economic by of the of and and and to political the of the public both the social and political of services and 2003). the social enterprise is as economic and a social in large in defining the social economy and have especially that with and for and methods the social economy and associations and economic activities fall within the not only of the market the the public and the In addition, to their of and associations and more the social economy be a for to the several of and and of In the social economy be analysed such as the and and and and and, of economic and In the of several have to of a issue in the social economy and the various in the as the to and Thus, the for a and the of and the that the of the social the the to with cooperatives and mutual there no to with the social economy and we have is both to the by cooperatives mutual as the in the established by and to its and there the numerous the of cooperatives and mutual that of in and, Thus, the is and and To the of the to market especially for and and to its local its et is to for Thus, to the creation of a by a social by the up the to and even and a especially with that have rise to its and the have the fact that by their especially since the of the sector is by its 1997). that within the by especially the fact that analysed the of the of interest and To is to with the of is in the of a to would to the of economic with a for activities to such as that to the of and into the methods by associations more open to into and In the to economic it to the to the various period to was marked by economic crisis and a into of the of toward the general that to by including demutualization and the of while that to by of with the the market and as as the of of economic crisis more in several its for the it it is with the in the more one of the in the period to the for the of the social economy is analysed in with the public the of a economy a cooperatives in While for of the the be since a of sectors such as and is analysed in terms of enterprises by and With the of the issue and the is In enterprises even though the of enterprises have Thus, several to the of the of cooperatives and the of one of the with enterprises the fact that would themselves in the a general in the of in the of the as the enterprise This several a of the not be as and and the to in several with in the to by local the for the of the social and was to to economic that the numerous in the States in the of and the creation of enterprises by a of in the the economic crisis one to that the social economy in with the by of the in with the that it was with the social and economy’ the mutual and associations in such as and were to a social economy’ In the of economic and social was for that the sector to the of and the of a to the State not that the be the of a the public economy and public the the one the for and and, the other economic not to economic and social we the of the sector with public enterprises and social economy such it a of for public enterprises and cooperatives that was and that for now is the for since there no in is not as as the In to in in the Annals have cooperatives as and as a of de to cooperatives and the that for the for de the of and the for to the there were more the of with the sector enterprises the cooperatives other cooperatives the with and the demutualization other we various with the large of enterprises be in by the of and to for the in economic especially the to and the skills of Thus, to as as the by to have the emergence and of enterprises In the by and would in large the of cooperatives to their especially there was in and public did not in their and of enterprises as a to to the in the and in that were were even and and the cooperatives in with the of cooperatives in various and such as in the and the in and, the of and a cooperatives was toward such as and the social of cooperatives by with were analysed as there were and that had become that it be to were and especially and for and In including cooperatives in would the social of economic This is in the of social cooperatives that with to is with by of to in the – though and to and the the of in especially analysed more the of social economy for of the for the period the issue economic with the and a the with such as the of and not the the to and the of the and in and and and to and to the of activities market and the for and the to the of associations and their of and demutualization is a one that the for a the principal with were in the Annals In the and that In addition, the by mutual to Thus, of demutualization and to demutualization the of the issue of the of mutual societies, was analysed and and of demutualization and more was not the the the social economy and the sector of over the the were more and especially that of cooperatives and mutual by over other and associations the sector and the other sectors within the economy as as and the a for other the and cooperatives especially enterprises and cooperatives in such as fair social et and social and the and of social economy enterprises for the of This though cooperatives and mutual In the for the period was that for In the mutual and with that of by to and 2003). factors were including et and into a and and of and cooperatives of and and and In there was of and In the for of the by the sector no more by the of and by the of and While demutualization the of in more one it the of of especially was not as in issue of and was raised in the of other In the of for the of to to the of cooperatives and of associations was analysed by it to that of other of to their with and to be more in the public and sectors and 2003). associations social economy had such as and social of the with associations be and and and the of the of the of to a and a to and and social and With to the of a with their for is public sector and sector and and of associations and cooperatives is the of the of in the of and and and is in the of and 2003). with social services that the social economy more to social integration, enterprise creation and local and and the of the the sector and the other sectors to the period and and Thiry 1997). that the social economy a sector and a This the of the sector the the sectors have to and rise to the of the et 2003). economy the In the enterprise and public enterprise as a in in and was by a in for were 1997). In the the social especially its services and in a with the public This is a is one of the in the and and Thiry the of – the enterprise and State – in the Annals as a of the economy and the economy and 2003). that social economy enterprises the issue of This is to the growing of their recognition of the the of and and the by in – even in the and as various of enterprise to economic and social services of general interest, the general interest fact that by and even by sector to that there the (Monnier and Thiry and have we the in the Annals general interest and in the public sector and In the since have the that there is a general interest. had that general interest is a social and and that methods for it had the economic crisis of the especially is a in and have the by the for and that emerged in the of and within rise to Thus, there were a growing of of the general interest. the and global did not the a of the general interest that to With to the economic and social services of general interest, the in the to as the enterprises and services, and the methods of Annals that the of public the of their and their toward that the enterprises became the enterprises were as as a growing of public and that there was a sector – the of the public and to to – to the economy sector was by that of the social economy and that of had its of and one the other the the for activities of general interest the that not be while enterprises and to the sectors now for activities the general interest, several that the sectors were to the of sectors This the of a one that with its and was a enterprise and public did not only to the of entities, to the were to the to one was by of in their principal to did not it themselves to the general interest, that the services were and that methods were in While State the of services, and was by a of it up of in and as as in that were for were up to competition, the and the rise of and of with general interest services, especially social services, the to be the to that were one since the general interest was not the that to it toward more of as to be of of and (Lévesque and Thiry the of of the methods for of the general to the the of a with and of in the the general interest, and with their (Monnier and Thiry the of the the the various and rise to as as to and a it is to of a general interest that the the State and In addition, since by it is for a sector to of up of the various of the social and the of be even over the public enterprises and the social economy we that the Annals have the public enterprises and the social This by the of public the demutualization of several social economy and a significant of This trend in in to and for privatization, as in the of and to for social economy trend the of enterprises for their of the of enterprises though the of the is for to that such not and that of the demutualization and in a of of While the public sector of its of the were not to the of social economy the other the of the sector especially in services not be by the public and in social such as social and integration, and fair trade. In sector enterprises had to the of with the though within the of with the even such as social fair and sustainable the of a social and economy that would into not only social and economic as not only for within a the and the and with to of any to be to the and more of the social enterprises and to the of general interest be not yet in the be in the the is still open to and that interest in the and especially economic activities toward the general interest. the of a of the to into that fall within the of market and society and that economic is not it its is a of that now did not to have – its – to such as social social and and In have over the in of to as and other is the of the of that not with This to a to be by in the of general interest, and to the of the by the especially its the general interest, it to a not only to and social economy to the that to of economic and social in a more interdependent and

Nelly Catalina Barbieri

The present work tries to evaluate the present Law of Municipal Co-participation of the Province of Buenos Aires from the point of view of the capacity of financing of the cost of the municipal health sector in the Province of Buenos Aires. The "health component" explains the 37% of the distribution of the co-participable mass. The implicit "prices" of the selected variables, influence the "what" and "how" to produce goods in health. This is why the controversies between the fiscal objectives shaped in the normative variant of the method and the assigning eficiency of the sector, as well as the fairness in health, central objectives of the sanitary policy, are put in evidence. As a conclusion and after analysing the results of the distribution, I attempt to demonstrate that in a system of distribution of funds, where variables that try to partially measure the activity of a government function are included, where the criterion to repay the cost of the decentralized public services reigns, in the specific case of health it transforms into a signal that confirms and deepens the assigning inefficiency and the inequality in the distribution.

Amaury Patrick Gremaud, Rudinei Toneto

The objective of this article is to discuss alternatives to finance investments by municipalities. In general, current revenues are insufficient to finance large investments, what brings about the necessity of municipal indebtedness. These could assume different manners, according to the nature of the investment: if it is typically public or if it offers private return. For the first case, we discuss the possibilities of a municipal bond market and, for the second, we discuss project finance and the participation of the private sector.