Blockchain Papers

Shahbaz Siddiqui, Adnan Ayub, Ghufran Ahmed, Abdul Aziz · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Satoshi Kawauchi

This study proposes a mobility control architecture that replaces conventional physical distance-based autonomous driving with a network-based logical spatiotemporal occupancy reservation system. Instead of relying solely on onboard sensors, vehicles reserve future movement regions as packetized occupancy rights across a communication infrastructure. A multi-layer consensus mechanism—combining efficiency, safety, and legal validation algorithms—determines vehicle behavior, while smart contracts and distributed ledgers record risk evaluation and liability allocation in real time. This approach enables high-density traffic flow beyond traditional braking constraints, improves road utilization efficiency, and enhances legal accountability in autonomous mobility networks. The framework also integrates infrastructure routing and fail-safe fallback mechanisms and relies on the Quantum Thought Circuit OS ASI architecture for deterministic decision control.

Efthymios Chondrogiannis, Georgios Palaiokrassas, Antonis Litke, Theodora Varvarigou

The presence of shared micro-vehicles, such as bicycles and e-scooters, has become increasingly common in modern urban environments, enhancing citizens’ access to public transportation by providing an efficient solution to the last-mile problem. In recent years, shared mobility has expanded to include larger vehicles, such as cars and sea vessels, facilitating transportation over longer distances and offering an alternative to private and public modes of transport. However, the seamless integration of these different transportation modes remains a significant challenge, as each type of vehicle has its own advantages and limitations. Furthermore, these transport services are often operated by different organizations that use distinct platforms and ticketing systems, further complicating coordination among them. In this work, we present the proposed approach and the developed system designed to facilitate the adoption and integration of different types of vehicles using AI and blockchain technologies. The system enables users to identify and utilize the most appropriate means of transport through a unified, blockchain-based mechanism. Preliminary evaluation results, based on simulated data, indicate that the system can significantly benefit citizens in a smart city environment and, when combined with appropriate investments in urban infrastructure, can substantially improve daily mobility.

Shaik Shakila Bhanu, Gurram Bandi Shaik Mabasha, Shaik Mahaboob Basha, Shaik Shasha · 5 authors

Urban transportation is under strain from growing congestion, environmental impact and inefficiencies in centralised ride-sharing systems. This work presents a decentralized peer - to - peer carpooling platform that can use blockchain technology and smart contracts to securely control the entire ride life cycle, without intermediaries. The system uses Ethereum smart contracts for transparent and tamper proof handling of ride request, acceptance, completion and payments thus eliminating the risks associated with the centralized controllers. A layer geospatial computation powered by OpenRouteService computes precise distances and fares, and interactive maps increase user trust in price. The prototype, implemented using Streamlit, Web3.py and Solidity, includes role-based dashboards for drivers and passengers, wallet-based authentication to prevent identity spoofing and optimized contract design to reduce gas costs. Presenting evidence of values for outputs through functional testing on a local Ethereum network, there are correct state transitions, approve stable transaction costs, stable and accurate of mappings are within +/-0.1 km of Google Maps. This platform provides a scalable and privacy respecting method for shared mobility with future expansions towards decentralised storage, advanced reputation systems and zk -proof based location privacy.

Rômulo Oliveira de Vasconcellos

A mobilidade urbana representa um dos maiores desafios das cidades contemporâneas, sendo a imprevisibilidade do transporte público um fator crítico que impacta milhões de cidadãos e turistas. Atrasos decorrentes de congestionamentos, acidentes e outros eventos inesperados, somados à complexidade das rotas, comprometem significativamente a experiência do usuário. Este artigo apresenta o SIGRÔ (Sistema Inteligente de Gerenciamento de Rotas de Ônibus), uma solução inovadora para o rastreamento e previsão em tempo real da localização de ônibus coletivos. A arquitetura do sistema baseia-se em uma rede descentralizada Web3, na qual cada veículo atua como um nó comunicante em uma malha peer-to-peer (p2p), utilizando GSM LTE-M e, de forma redundante, LoRa, para mitigar falhas de cobertura. Cada ônibus é equipado com sistemas embarcados dotados de Unidades de Processamento Neural (NPUs), que aplicam Inteligência Artificial para corrigir perdas de sinal de GPS e aprimorar estimativas de chegada, integrando dados históricos e em tempo real. O ecossistema é complementado por um aplicativo multiplataforma (iOS, Android, WebApp e sistema embarcado), que oferece planejamento de rotas, visualização em tempo real, informações sobre paradas e uma interface de gestão para operadores, permitindo o reporte de incidentes. O projeto tem como objetivo aprimorar a pontualidade percebida, otimizar a experiência do usuário e fornecer dados estratégicos para a gestão inteligente do transporte público urbano.

Arpita Gupta, Sathya AR

No abstract is available for this record.

Khandakar Md Shafin, Saha Reno

The global shift towards sustainable transportation necessitates efficient and secure payment systems for electric vehicle (EV) charging on electrified roads. Current blockchain-based payment infrastructures face high transaction costs, inefficiencies, and security vulnerabilities, impeding EV adoption. To address these challenges, we propose a blockchain-based Vehicle Payment System (VPS) tailored for electrified roads. VPS integrates a hybrid consensus mechanism combining Proof of Stake (PoS) and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) for secure, decentralized, and efficient transaction validation. Scalability is enhanced through sharding, which distributes transaction load, while Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) ensure transaction confidentiality, and multi-signature transactions provide additional security. State channels further optimize performance by enabling off-chain transactions, reducing congestion, and increasing throughput. Unlike prior research, which often neglects scalability, privacy, and real-time performance holistically, VPS achieves under 3000 ms latency for invoke transactions, under 450 ms for queries with 1000 users, and a throughput of approximately 1100 transactions per second (TPS) at a send rate of 1300. These advancements establish VPS as a scalable, efficient payment solution for EV charging, supporting the transition to green mobility and informing sustainable infrastructure policies.

R.P. Kumudini Devi, M. Martina Jose Mary, P. Kanimozhi, R. Dharniga · 5 authors

The ever-expanding problem of electronic waste recycling necessitates a robust approach involving blockchain technology to ensure transparency and accountability in the lifecycle management of e-waste. Existing centralized systems fall short in terms of providing essential attributes such as transparent data, immutability, and security, hindering the effective monitoring and control of electronic devices throughout their supply chain. These systems also struggle with challenges like managing the entire lifespan of electronic products, securing data access, selecting reputable stakeholders, and handling the substantial data volumes generated during various supply chain stages. The E-Waste Tracking System integrates blockchain into the existing e-waste management framework, ensuring the traceability, accountability, and transparency of e-waste throughout its lifecycle. By employing smart contracts and cryptographic techniques, the system enables secure and immutable recording of e-waste transactions, including collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal. The decentralized nature of the blockchain ensures that all stakeholders, including consumers, recyclers, regulatory authorities, and manufacturers, can access on real-time, trustworthy information about e-waste movements and treatments. The E-waste tracking prototype is developed as a user-friendly web application, ensuring accessibility across various devices and platforms. The system's architecture is built upon permissioned block chain, enhancing security by restricting access to authorized participants only.

S. C. Prabanand, M. S. Thanabal

In traditional stock market, the global processing framework shares the data to various mediators like financial and government institutions. The institutional firms needs to handle with large number of data in the system and cooperates with others to provide the trades on the stock exchange platform, and consistently buy-sell orders pass through various parties before settlement. It involves a complex chain of intermediaries, has several drawbacks like weak transparency, long lead times for financial settlements, and a single point of failure. Blockchain (BC) computer node network securely shares the common ledger without intermediaries. This paper uses a deep learning-based Smart contract in the private ethereum consortium blockchain (PEC-BC) to provide financial security. First, the data is collected. Then it is given to the next stage. The Dynamic Butterfly-Billiards Optimization Algorithm (DB-BOA) is used to choose the leader block. Further, the selected new leader block is used in the Adaptive Deep Temporal Context Networks (ADTCN) with a consensus algorithm to make secured smart contracts. Here, the parameters are optimized by DB-BOA. The developed ADTCN-based financial security system was compared with other conventional methods, and algorithms performed well.

Anand Kumar Mishra, Amit Kumar Tyagi, Shrikant Tiwari

No abstract is available for this record.

Sukanta Chakraborty, Abhishek Majumder

No abstract is available for this record.

Manjula Selvam, G. Karthikeyan, C. Kalaivanan, S Vijay Shankar

Current research has engrossed on the potential of the blockchain system to resolve security concerns in the IoT net. However, blockchain's intrinsic scalability problems become noticeable in environments with a high volume of data created by a significant number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In this work, researchers used an efficient consensus technique to overcome these challenges. For the management of data generated by the Internet of Things, we propose a scalable solution based on blockchain technology. This framework ensures enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in Internet of Things networks using constrained resources by using the delegation Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus approach. To lessen the load on blockchain-based IoT networks, DPoS allows just a select group of chosen delegates to verify and approve transactions. To facilitate distributed storage, the investigators in this study constructed the Interplanetary File System (IPFS), and they also developed a Docker system to gauge net presentation in terms of latency, productivity, and source use. Distributed stored latency, throughput, utilisation of resources, and file upload length and speed were the four areas that researchers examined in our inquiry. Empirical results from researchers show that our approach has a minimal latency of less than 0.977 Ms the suggested method works better than Proof of Stake (PoS), which is considered to be the most advanced consensus method. Researchers further show that the suggested method might be helpful in Internet of Things applications that need to be resource-efficient or low latency.

Keshab Kumar Gaurav, Gaurav Baranwal

No abstract is available for this record.

Atharva Kalbhor, Rashmi S. Nair, Shraddha Phansalkar, Rahul Ganpatrao Sonkamble · 8 authors

The imbalance between parking availability and demand has led to a rise in traffic challenges in many cities. The adoption of technologies like the Internet of Things and deep learning algorithms has been extensively explored to build automated smart parking systems in urban environments. Non-human-mediated, scalable smart parking systems that are built on decentralized blockchain systems will further enhance transparency and trust in this domain. The presented work, PARKTag, is an integration of a blockchain-based system and computer vision models to detect on-field free parking slots, efficiently navigate vehicles to those slots, and automate the computation of parking fees. This innovative approach aims to enhance the efficiency, scalability, and convenience of parking management by leveraging and integrating advanced technologies for real-time slot detection, navigation, and secure, transparent fee calculation with blockchain smart contracts. PARKTag was evaluated through implementation and emulation in selected areas of the MIT Art Design Technology University campus, with a customized built-in dataset of over 2000 images collected on-field in different conditions. The fine-tuned parking slot detection model leverages pre-trained algorithms and achieves significant performance metrics with a validation accuracy of 92.9% in free slot detection. With the Solidity smart contract deployed on the Ethereum test network, PARKTag achieved a significant throughput of 10 user requests per second in peak traffic hours. PARKTag is implemented as a mobile application and deployed in the mobile application store. Its beta version has undergone user validation for feedback and acceptance, marking a significant step toward the development of the final product.

Anderson Queiroz

O mercado de veículos conectados cresceu substancialmente nos últimos anos, fortale- cendo a Internet dos Veículos (IoV). Esse ecossistema viabiliza a conectividade entre veículos, infraestrutura dos sistemas de transporte inteligentes (ITS) e dispositivos de pedestres, além de permitir acesso a serviços de Internet e recursos de nuvens computacionais. Entretanto, a adoção mais ampla da IoV, com todo o seu potencial inovador para as cidades inteligentes, depende de estratégias eficazes de segurança e privacidade. Um dos pilares fundamentais para garantir segurança na IoV é o processo de autenticação. Por um lado, a autenticação deve assegurar que apenas veículos autorizados obtenham conectividade, armazenamento e proces- samento na IoV. Por outro lado, este processo não deve comprometer a qualidade de serviço (QoS) de aplicações críticas, como streaming de vídeo dos passageiros e atualizações remotas de software automotivas, conhecidas como over-the-air (OTA). O desafio desta pesquisa é equilibrar a necessidade de segurança com a manutenção da QoS em um ambiente de alta mobilidade e densidade variável de veículos. O estudo avaliou estratégias de autenticação para veículos em redes móveis 5G-V2X, comparando abordagens centralizadas, baseadas em auto- ridades de confiança (TA), e soluções distribuídas com suporte de blockchain, utilizando os algoritmos de consenso PoW (Proof of Work) e PoS (Proof of Stake). Foi proposta uma ar- quitetura em camadas para IoV, incorporando os dois métodos de autenticação em ambientes de computação de borda (edge) e nevoeiro (fog). Os mecanismos foram implementados utili- zando os simuladores OMNeT++, Veins, SIMU5G, INET e SUMO, com dados de tráfego da Avenida Agamenon Magalhães, Recife-PE, Brasil, para capturar a variabilidade do ambiente real. O objetivo foi desenvolver um arcabouço inteligente para a tomada de decisão ciente de contexto na escolha do método de autenticação mais adequado para a IoV, utilizando otimização bayesiana para melhorar a segurança e a eficiência operacional dos sistemas de transporte inteligente. A solução proposta, SIMA-IoV, seleciona dinamicamente o método de autenticação (centralizado ou descentralizado) mais adequado com base nos dados coletados. Os resultados das simulações indicam que a computação de borda distribuída entre as esta- ções rádio base 5G garantiu tempos de autenticação na ordem de milissegundos, mantendo a continuidade dos serviços em ambientes de alta mobilidade. O SIMA-IoV demonstrou que a autenticação baseada em blockchain com PoS é mais estável para cenários de alta densidade de veículos, enquanto a TA apresentou melhor desempenho em cenários de baixa densidade. Já o PoW mostrou instabilidade, destacando suas limitações em ambientes IoV de alta demanda. Os resultados obtidos foram inovadores, mostrando um avanço significativo na otimização do serviço de autenticação em redes móveis veiculares.

Lavanya Shree D.P -, Harish T. A -, C P Shantala

Land registration is a important process that involves the felony recording of land possession, rights, and transactions. The current land registration structures in many nations frequently face demanding situations including corruption, inefficiency, and lack of transparency. Land Registration is a use case which entails lot of middlemen and critical authorities within the method which then puts trust within the gadget. keeping traces of who owns which part of land is challenging when there are hundreds or lots of land information to maintain. the use of Blockchain will take away the middlemen within the system and also will reduce corruption and increase pace of the process. Land Registration is a easy decentralized application which is build the usage of the Ethereum Blockchain principals. we will use this registration system as a replacement to bypass the present machine flaws. here the user who owns the land registers his land information and additionally enters marketplace value of the land with the aid of presenting all the important proofs. A central authority who traditionally looks into land registry is assigned as a land inspector can do the registration technique. Lands coming underneath a selected village can be registered to the gadget best via the inspector who's assigned to that village. The smart contract used here is written in this type of manner that the owner has to transfer his belongings completely to the buyer and no transaction of the land can be partial. Even we allow a government authority is involved in registration system, the complete manner is obvious and the transaction takes place most effective among the two customers.

Meng Li, Mingwei Zhang, Liehuang Zhu, Zijian Zhang · 6 authors

Smart Parking Services (SPSs) enable cruising drivers to find the nearest parking lot with available spots, reducing the traveling time, gas, and traffic congestion. However, drivers risk the exposure of sensitive location data during parking query to an untrusted Smart Parking Service Provider (SPSP). Our motivation arises from a repetitive query to an updated database, i.e., how a driver can be repetitively paired with a previously-matched-but-forgotten lot. Meanwhile, we aim to achieve repetitive query in an oblivious and unlinkable manner. In this work, we present Mnemosyne2 : decentralized and privacy-preserving smart parking with secure repetition and full verifiability. Specifically, we design repetitive, oblivious, and unlinkable Secure k Nearest Neighbor (SkNN) with basic verifiability (correctness and completeness) for encrypted-andupdated databases. We build a local Ethereum blockchain to perform driver-lot matching via smart contracts. To adapt to the lot count update, we resort to the immutable blockchain for advanced verifiability (truthfulness). Last, we utilize decentralized blacklistable anonymous credentials to guarantee identity privacy. Finally, we formally define and prove privacy and security. We conduct extensive experiments over a real-world dataset and compare Mnemosyne2 with existing work. The results show that a query only needs 8 seconds (175 ms) on average for service waiting (verification) among 500 drivers.

Hoang-Anh Pham, Nguyen Huynh Tuong

Roaming fraud poses a significant vulnerability to mobile service providers (MSPs), particularly those who exploit the significant latency in the data exchange process of modern roaming management systems, leading to yearly losses in the billions of dollars. This chapter introduced a methodology named BlockRoam [21] that utilizes a revised PoS consensus algorithm and smart contracts within a blockchain framework to ensure the secure data flow between MSPs and mobile customers to manage roaming services. The proposed methodology can potentially decrease the duration needed for the exchange of information significantly, thus effectively addressing concerns related to roaming fraud. The comprehensive research illustrates that enhancing the security and efficiency of a PoS-based blockchain network may be achieved by providing incentives to encourage greater participation of users, such as subscribers, inside the network. Moreover, individuals utilizing these networks often participate in stake pools, such as those established by MSPs, to augment their financial gains. Consequently, a theoretical framework rooted in Stackelberg game theory is developed to optimize the economic profits of network users and the stake pool, thereby fostering increased user engagement. Additionally, a technique is proposed to guarantee the distinctiveness of the equilibrium in this particular game. The performance evaluation findings demonstrate that the economic model developed in the BlockRoam facilitates the generation of supplementary profits for MSPs while concurrently fostering more investment in the blockchain network.

Lianna Zhao, Pietro Ferraro, Robert Shorten

In this paper we present the design for a smart-mask to mitigate the impact of an airborne virus such as COVID-19. The design utilises recent results from feedback control theory over a distributed ledger that have been developed to enforce compliance in a pseudo-anonymous manner. The design is based on the use of the IOTA distributed ledger. A hardware-in-the-loop simulation based on indoor positioning, paired with Monte-Carlo simulations, is developed to demonstrate the efficacy of the designed prototype.

Aparna Kumari, Riya Kakkar, Sudeep Tanwar, Deepak Garg · 7 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

S Muthulakshmi, A. Kannammal

Electronic voting system is the process of polling votes and counting votes. In most of the countries voting may now be done electronically, there are still several difficulties involved, including the expense of paper, how ballots are organized, the possibility of varying results when tallying the votes, and others. Duplicate votes pose a significant concern as they can be fraudulently cast by individuals. To focus on this issue, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is employed to enhance the voting procedure in a secured manner. A directed acyclic graph is used by the Internet of Things Application (IOTA), a promising distributed ledger system. Faster transaction confirmation, high scalability and zero transaction fees are achieved via the Directed Acyclic Graph structure. In both IOTA tangle and blockchain technology, the public cast duplicate votes. The unauthorized user can create duplicate votes in the blockchain as well as IOTA tangle. This can be focused in this proposed method. The double spending problem can be solved by using Crow Search Algorithm (CSA). This Optimization problem produces an improved result for resolving double spending in e-voting systems.

Arya Kharche, Sanskar Badholia, Ram Krishna Upadhyay

The implementation of blockchain technology in integrated IoT networks for constructing scalable Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in India has the potential to revolutionize the way we approach transportation. By leveraging the power of IoT and blockchain, we can create a highly secure, transparent, and efficient system that can transform the way we move people and goods. India, one of the world's most populous countries, has a highly congested and inefficient transportation system that often leads to delays, accidents, and waste of time and resources. The integration of IoT and blockchain can help address these issues by enabling real-time monitoring, tracking, and optimization of traffic flows, thereby reducing congestion, improving safety, and increasing the overall efficiency of the transportation system. This paper explores the potential of blockchain technology in the context of integrated IoT networks for constructing scalable ITS systems in India. The methodology followed is to develop a proof-of-concept blockchain-based application for ITS, Implement the blockchain solution into the existing ITS infrastructure, and ensure proper integration and compatibility with other systems. Conduct thorough research and maintenance to ensure the reliability and sustainability of such blockchain-based systems. Research discusses the various benefits and challenges of this approach and the various applications of this technology in the transportation sector, including the Green Sustainability concept. Results find various ways in which such implementations of blockchain and IoT-ML can revolutionize transportation systems.

Yu‐Che Tsai, Ming-Te Chen, Yi-Ying Chang

During rush hours in modern cities, drivers often encounter no available parking spaces and spend 5 to 30 minutes searching for parking spaces. During this time, not only is driver’s time wasted but air pollution and traffic jams are exacerbated. This is because people cannot immediately check whether there are empty spaces in other parking lots. However, parking lots are controlled by a centralized server, bringing the risk of a single point of failure and potential attacks from internal and external parties. This paper proposes a smart parking space certificate management system based on blockchain technology. this system mainly uses the Ethereum alliance chain to establish a parking space certificate management system. This allows data to be securely and decentralized stored on the chain. It then allows parking lot operators to interact with consumers through decentralized application (DApp) to save time finding parking spaces. The transaction process utilizes smart contract technology to automate delivery and save the digital signatures of parking space certificates. This realizes a decentralized and transparent system of management of parking space information.

K. Sundaramoorthy, Ajeet Singh, G. Sumathy, Ankita Maheshwari · 6 authors

Urban problems like traffic jams and a lack of parking spaces can be solved in an innovative way with the help of smart parking models powered by AI and blockchain technology. These models enhance user experience, optimise space allocation, and shorten search times. Predictive analytics and real-time data from IoT sensors direct drivers to available parking spaces, minimising traffic and environmental impact. By protecting user privacy, controlling access, and securing transactions, blockchain technology improves AI. Users are empowered by blockchain-based decentralised digital identities, which also guarantee data privacy and transparent business dealings. With less traffic, more user happiness, and significant cost savings, this combination produces user-centric, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective smart parking solutions. The cost-benefit analysis for AI and blockchain-powered smart parking demonstrates a favourable return on investment, paving the way for smarter, greener cities and more interconnected urban settings.