In the process of further transferring to the county of the space of economic and social development, how to solve the financial predicament at the county level, stimulate the vitality of county development and improve the people’s livelihood security system at the county level through the adjustment of the financial system have become the core content of the financial system reform below the province level. Finance is a kind of distribution system of “controlling finance by government and administrating through finance” with the state regime system as the main body. It has great significance for the government to perform and transform its functions. Financial reform will inevitably become an important part of the overall reform. Based on the decentralized reform mode under the province, this paper investigates the economic performance of the reform of the County Administrated by Province and the transmission mechanism of the reform from the two aspects of economic growth speed and industrial structure adjustment.
The close but unclear relationship between the government and business undermines the honesty and fair competition in the government-business ecology. This research makes a field survey on the business environment of the representative private enterprises in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei by in-depth interview. The survey reveals some problems, for example the efficiency of government service has not been greatly improved after the "Decentralization-Control-Service" reform, the three-door phenomenon of private enterprises still exists, the financing difficulties are serious, the structure of talent policy is unreasonable, and some policies have not been well promoted and so on. These problems suppress the vitality of the private economy. It is suggested to carry out inventory assessment including positive list and negative list, to construct the probusiness, pro-people public organization culture, to strengthen the performance appraisal of civil servants, to improve the sharing of credit system and property rights pledge system, to play the financing guarantee of chambers of Commerce and associations, to establish the service policy for small and micro enterprises, and to implement special support policies for hightech talent in private enterprises.
This Study investigates time-series change of employment centers by nine industries between 2000 and 2010. The study discusses different distribution pattern of employment centers of Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) by industries. The spatial concentration level is calculated by Global Moran’s I and Local Moran’s I. The results are summarized as follows. First, overall employment distribution change shows decentralization. High density areas were connected to the traditional employment centers and made employment corridor. Second, basic industries like manufacturing and transportation had moved from the old business centers to outskirts. Third, public services including education and human health and social work activities have been relatively well distributed and showed minor change during the study period. Fourth, finance and insurance and real estate activities are clustered in the 3 major centers. The results imply that employment distribution analysis by major industries are necessary as well as total employment distribution in order to improve efficiency of urban spatial structure. For instance, if we can assume the different housing demand by industries, employees of manufacturing companies need to move to near suburban areas while residential buildings for FIRE industries are planned in the traditional business centers.
Land finance has become one of the most important issues in government management and it is drawing wide attention in all social sectors.Local government' s marvelous growing rely on the land finance is significantly affecting our national economic and social development.Looking for the reason why the local governments excessive rely on the land finance is the present focus of theoretical research and management practice,but the debate on factors of land finance is still unsolved.The existed research on the influencing factors of the implementation of land finance is still not systematic,it needs theoretical frame to analyze and verify.The discussion is even rare in the view of soft budget constrain.Based on the view of soft budget constrain,this paper construct a systematic frame of a local government' s influencing factors,and then explain the mechanism of the implementation of local government' s finance.The practical value of this paper is that it identifies the key decisive factors of local government' s relying on the land finance,and then it offers the experience for better understanding of land finance behavior of local government and improving the relative government institution.Based on the soft budget constraint theory,and starting from fiscal decentralization system and official promotion system,this paper constructs a systematic theory model of influence factors including fiscal decentralization,political promotion and social development factors.It analysis the affecting relationship of fiscal revenue decentralization,fiscal expenditure decentralization,financial self-supply ability,fiscal dependents,official promotion competition,official characteristics,economic development level,urbanization level,industrial structure and land area on land finance.This paper empirically examines the influence factors of land finance in china,using panel data from257 municipal-level governments(form 2003—2007).The main conclusion and innovative points basically shows in the following three aspects;Firsdy,based on the traditional fiscal decentralization theory,this paper discusses the effect of financial revenue and expenditure on land finance.And meanwhile the concept of financial self-supply ability and fiscal dependents are introduced to discuss the effect of policy burden on land finance.Empirical study shows that a notable positive relationship exists between the fiscal expenditure decentralization and land finance.And also shows that there is a negatively relationship between fiscal revenue decentralization and land finance.Except for this,this paper also shows that there is a positively relationship between self-supply ability and land finance.Secondly,based on the promotion tournament theory,and started with the view of promotion competition of the local official,this paper analyzes the effect of promotion competition and official characteristics on land finance.The results show that there is no notable relationship between the promotion competition and land finance.But the official ' s age has a negatively effect on land finance,and official' s tenure has inverse U-shape effect on land finance.Thirdly,this paper also analyzes the effect of the other social development factors on land finance.It finds that economic development level,urbanization level,industrial structure and land area all have a positively affect on local governmental land finance.The value of this research is that it broadens and develops the application of soft budget constrain theory in China local government,it even provides a new dieoretical view for land finance,also it enriches the research of the land finance of local government.The practical value of this paper is that it identifies the key decisive factors of local government' s relying on the land finance.And then it offers the experience for better understanding of land finance behavior of local government and improving the relative government institution.
From the perspective of local deficit financing,this paper explores the internal logic working between fiscal decentralization and local government's land finance. Theoretical analysis shows that local deficit expansion caused by fiscal decentralization in China has become an incentive for local governments to grab off-budgetary financial revenue,which impels them to take an active land finance strategy to increase local fiscal revenue. The empirical test supported by provincial panel data also proves that the fiscal decentralization and local deficit financing both have obvious positive driving effects on the land finance.
Based on the Chinese provincial panel data from 1995 to 2008, using the panel co-integration method, this paper presents an empirical study on the long-term equilibrium relationship between the fiscal decentralization, the local government competition and the farmland conversion. On this basis, establishing the dynamic panel data model, using the generalized method of moments (GMM) to analyze the dynamic impact of the fiscal decentralization and the local government competition on the farmland conversion from the view of three cross-regional groups and the mainland China. The results show that there is a long-run co-integration relationship between the fiscal decentralization, the farmland conversion and the local government competition, and also there is a positive significant influence of the fiscal decentralization and the local government competition on the farmland conversion, a 1% increase in the degree of fiscal decentralization will increase the area of farmland conversion by 0.3280%. In addition, there is a significant difference of the incentive effect of local government competition on the farmland conversion in different regions. The paper ends with policy suggestions for perfecting the system of the fiscal decentralization, taxation and the division of responsibility and authority, reforming the criterion of the political achievement assessment, strengthening the management of land revenue, reducing the reliance of the local government on land finance; at the same time, the farmers' land property rights should be perfected.
The article builds public goods provision comprehensive evaluation index,using the two-step system GMM estimation method,based on the Chinese city dynamic panel data to analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization and fiscal on public goods provision.The results show that land finance significantly reduces the quality of public goods provision,while fiscal decentralization helps to improve the quality of public goods provision.Further study found that the land finance promotes the economic public goods provision.But it has an obvious inhibitory effect on the economy of non-economic public goods provision.In addition,land finance impact on the public goods provision significantly differs from spatial and temporal,land finance promotes the east public goods provision increased,and then decrease the public goods provision in the central and western regions; As the land clinch a deal the price increased dramatically,land finance the negative impact on the public goods supply has improved significantly in 2004.
This study focuses on the employment decentralization process in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region (BMR) between 1991 and 2001. Disaggregating employment data among four categories of knowledge-intensive activities (Knowledge-Intensive Services; High- Technology Industries; Producer Services; and Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate) and two groups of other employment (Other Manufacturing and Other Services), the aim is to test whether these four groups decentralized in a similar way to other employment, and whether this process encouraged them to locate in a polycentric or spatially dispersed pattern. The results show that knowledgeintensive and other employment activities decentralize in a similar way, although the former tends to be more concentrated through the formation of employment subcenters and therefore follows a polycentric location model. As a result, physical proximity is still important for numerous activities, especially those that incorporate more knowledge.
In this paper the author investigates the effect of regional finance on economic disparity and the effect of fiscal decentralization though using panel data analysis to analyze 28 provinces' statistics from 1990 to 2004. The results show: in the east region and west region the financial development has a positive effect on the regional economic growth. But in the middle region and northeast region the financial development has a negative effect on the regional economic growth. The effects of fiscal decentralization on the financial development and economic growth are different in different regions. Its positive effects are only found in West and Northeast. At the same time the author also thinks over how the factors such financial policies and the degree of denationalization affect the relation of financial development and regional economic growth. At the last there are the conclusions and policy proposes to coordinate regional economic from the aspect of regional finance.
It is an important historical task to building new socialist countryside during the modernization process in China to accelerate rural development and achieve richness together.There were different fiscal policies for rural development with different methods and performances.Recently with the scientific outlook on development public finance system plays and important role in rural development,and public expenditure policies need to follow more giving,less getting and decentralizing to make public finance's sunshine all over the rural areas and guarantee building harmony society.
The usual manner of describing inequality in a population, involves income distributions. China has experienced rapid income growth, led by reforms which have exacerbated income inequalities. Other components of well-being have been affected as well. Education and health care have become less accessible due to increased costs linked to the decentralization of the financing of such services. The changing face of inequality in China is therefore not confined to income. As such this paper applies new tools to the measure of multidimensional inequalities on wages, education and health. The multidimensional aspect is critical because there may be compensating effects of one form of inequality with respect to others which can change the evolution of overall inequality. Results are submitted to the values of parameters which are included in the formulation of new indices and which translate the Chinese population's aversion to inequalities and the weight it gives to the different dimensions considered. My results show that there has been a significant increase in inequality in China between 1997 and 2000, irrespective of the dimensions one focus on, and that this increase is robust to reasonable variations in the underlying parameters.
Unbalanced distribution of regional openness is a factor causing regional divergence. This paper analyzes the mechanism on foreign trade from financial aspecl and discusses financial development framework under fiscal decentralization. It is found that:(1) financial improvement is beneficial to regional openness; (2) regional government intervention on financial system does harm to foreign trade; and (3) informal finance in some regions is beneficial to export development.
Much recent North American research has focused on the decline of the central business district (CBD) as the economic core of metropolitan areas, and the corresponding rise of suburban employment centres. According to the literature, this trend is particularly evident in the case of high-order service functions: business services, finance, insurance, and real estate services, and head offices. In this paper, we argue that the decentralization of high-order service activities and the corresponding CBD decline may be neither as strong a trend nor as universal a phenomenon as certain authors have indicated. Rather, the growth of suburban office employment may reflect a strong CBD whose economic base is becoming increasingly specialized. Using data from the Montreal metropolitan area, we first examine intrametropolitan decentralization in a shift-share framework, then document the mobility of establishments and employment. Our findings suggest that, in spite of a certain level of intrametropolitan decentralization, the CBD continues to be the primary locus of high-order services.
Regional disparities in terms of income and employment showed marked decline under various regional policies during the Period of Rapid Economic Growth. However, the drastic changes in Japanese industries after the Oil Crises in 1970s have caused structural recessions in some regions which have been dependent on resourceand energy-intensive industries. Furthermore, the economic activities are rapidly concentrating in Tokyo Metropolitan Region under the internationalization of Japanese economy. Regional income disparities began to widen again since the early 1980s under these circumstances.This paper aims to examine the trend of industrial differences in Japanese regions in the postwar period, and to identify its current problems. Three analytical methods, namely the analysis of coefficient of variation, the rate-share analysis, and the shiftshare analysis are applied using employment data for the years 1955 to 1985.Major findings of the study are summarized as follows:(1) Manufacturing sector showed a clear decentralization of employment during the period 1960-1985, whereas the decentralization of tertiary sector was not very clear.(2) Marked decentralization was found in the high-tech machinery industry which have been rapidly concentrating in North and South Tohoku Regions. Despite the recession of manufacturing industries after the Oil Crises, these regions showed remarkable employment growth.(3) The shift-share analysis of manufacturing sector has showed low growth performance in the western part of Japan. These regions had been specialized in the heavy and petoro-chemical industries during the Period of Rapid Economic Growth, and suffered much damage in the Oil Crises.(4) Locational patterns of tertiary sector differ among industries. Finance, retail and wholesale industries have been concentrated in metropolitan regions, whereas local regions have been specialized in the service industry.(5) The shift-share analysis of tertiary sector has identified little difference of growth performance which comes from the industrial structure of each region. However, a marked difference has been found in the differential shift components between metropolitan and local regions, which indicates a clear gap of locational attractiveness among them.