Blockchain Papers

Nguyen Le, Tu Dieu Thai, Hanh Thi Hong Nguyen, Mai Thi Xuan Tran · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Goshgar Ismayilov

Privacy is one of the fundamental rights of individuals in modern societies. Yet, the practical adoption of privacy-preserving technologies in daily interactions remains limited. Zero-knowledge proofs offer strong privacy guarantees but are often hindered by their technical complexity. In this paper, we advance the idea of verifiable QR codes that enable off-line verifiers to verify proofs encoded in QR codes. Based on this core idea, we build a novel QR-driven zkSNARK proof verification framework (i.e., zQR) for mobile platforms. The framework integrates blockchain for auditability, non-repudiation and logging; and large-language models for automatic circuit generation. We perform a security discussion of the framework by considering multiple attack surfaces. Furthermore, we present an experimental evaluation measuring temporal costs (proof generation and verification latency, QR code encoding and decoding latency) and financial costs (blockchain gas consumption). Our results demonstrate the feasibility of zQR as a proof-of-concept framework for privacy-preserving verification on mobile platform where proofs are compactly represented with QR code symbol version of 19 with low error correction level. Finally, we discuss potential applications, current limitations and future directions for the broader adoption of privacy-preserving technologies in daily interactions.

Hüseyin Bodur

This study proposes a lightweight Zero-Knowledge authentication model supported by QR codes. The approach is based on the Schnorr authentication protocol and provides an additional security layer against replay attacks through nonce and timestamp mechanisms. The proof data generated by the prover is embedded within a QR code and transmitted to the verifier. Thus, the system enables verification of knowledge of the secret key without revealing it. Simulation results show that proof generation and verification times under a 256-bit security level are in the millisecond range. Additionally, the proof size remains constant at approximately 0.5 KB, making it suitable for practical applications in terms of QR code capacity. The findings indicate that the proposed model is applicable in mobile and low-resource systems in terms of both security and performance.

Nehaam Khan, Mohd. Aadil Shaikh, Atul Upadhyay, Dr. Vaishali Ramtekkar

The rapid growth of the event management industry has exposed significant challenges in traditional ticketing systems, including ticket fraud, duplication, unauthorized resale, and lack of transparency, as centralized platforms often fail to provide verifiable ownership and are vulnerable to manipulation. This paper proposes an NFT-Based Ticketing System that leverages blockchain technology to create a secure, decentralized, and transparent solution where each ticket is represented as a unique Non-Fungible Token (NFT) on the Polygon blockchain, ensuring immutability and authenticity. Smart contracts automate ticket minting, ownership transfer, resale regulation, and royalty distribution, enabling fair secondary market practices while maintaining control for event organizers. The system also incorporates a QR-based verification mechanism for real-time validation at event venues, preventing duplication and unauthorized access. Implemented as a decentralized application (DApp) using Web3 technologies and tested on the Polygon Mumbai testnet, the system demonstrates improved security, reduced fraud, efficient transaction handling, and enhanced user experience, thereby transforming traditional ticketing into a reliable and trustless digital ecosystem.

Sarvesh Sinha Rahul Kumar Gupta

Document verification in traditional systems suffers from centralized control, single points of failure, and lack of user sovereignty over personal credentials. This paper presents a novel decentralized document verification system based on Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) principles, integrating IPFS for dis- tributed storage with smart contracts for immutable verification. Our three-tier architecture comprises users who maintain full control over their documents, verifiers who can authenticate document integrity through QR code scanning, and authori- ties who manage verifier permissions through blockchain-based access control. The system stores document content on IPFS while maintaining metadata and cryptographic hashes on-chain, ensuring both privacy and verifiability. Users upload documents to IPFS, generate QR codes containing document identifiers, and register hash values in smart contracts. Verifiers scan QR codes to retrieve documents and verify authenticity by comparing stored hashes with computed values through smart contract functions. Security analysis demonstrates resistance to tampering, unauthorized access, and single points of failure. Performance evaluation shows efficient gas usage, scalable verification times, and reduced storage costs compared to fully on-chain approaches. The system addresses critical limitations of existing identity management solutions by providing genuine user sovereignty, eliminating central authorities, and enabling privacy-preserving verification. This work contributes a practical SSI implementa- tion suitable for academic credentials, government documents, and enterprise certificate management, advancing the field of decentralized identity systems.

P. Chinnasamy, R. Shashidhar Reddy, Y. Lohith Kiran, D. Prathap Reddy · 5 authors

In the age of using technology to work together remotely, the inability to share files in a secure manner is a problem often faced since many online sharing options available do not have good protection on their sharing options and do not safeguard against unauthorized use of the files. This paper presents a secure file sharing portal that has end to end encryption and user-based access controls and that works inside a web browser. The system uses the Web Crypto API interface to provide local encryption on the user’s devices using the AES-GCM encryption algorithm, so that the user’s plaintext documents do not leave the device. A separate layer of protection exists in the system. It is not enough for a user to just receive the encrypted file. The user has to receive a decryption key that the sender has to share through a separate channel. Access is for members only which requires sender approval and we have features like secure QR code share, session monitoring, digital certificates for identity proof and policy enforcement for compliance. Also, we have a "Secure Space" module which is for ephemeral work groups that has in space chat, multi user invites, controlled key exchange and one click revocation which in turn puts power back in the users’ hands. We combined zero knowledge structure with audit able workflows to present a privacy first, scalable and easy to use solution. Also, we show how we used modern web tech to create a trusted setting for sensitive file share which at the same time does not sacrifice ease of use or performance.

D. Jeevitha, P. Venkadesh, G. Bharathi, N. J. P. Subhashini · 6 authors

Counterfeit products remain a pervasive challenge, undermining consumer trust and impacting global supply chains. In the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors, counterfeit drugs pose a serious threat to patient safety, leading to ineffective treatments, health complications, and even fatalities. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that $10 \%-30 \%$ of medicines in developing countries are counterfeit [1], highlighting the urgent need for a secure verification mechanism. Leveraging blockchain technology integrated with QR codes & NFT tags offers a powerful solution for authentic product identification. This study proposes a decentralized framework where unique QR codes, linked to blockchain records & Non-fungible tokens, enable end-to-end traceability and secure verification of product authenticity. Each product is assigned a unique digital identity recorded on an immutable blockchain ledger, accessible through a simple QR code scan linked to an NFT token that shows the ownership details of the product. The system enhances transparency, empowers consumers to verify product authenticity, and strengthens brand protection. The integration of NFTs with QR codes enhances authentication accuracy by up to $85 \%$, reducing the risk of counterfeit drugs entering the supply chain [2]. Unlike traditional QR codes, which can be duplicated, NFTs provide a unique, tamper-proof digital certificate that verifies product legitimacy, ensuring a higher level of security. This paper explores the technical implementation of the proposed solution, evaluates its application across industries, and addresses challenges such as scalability, user adoption, and cost efficiency. The findings demonstrate that blockchain, NFT, and QR code integration can significantly enhance product authentication, creating a safer and more trustworthy marketplace.

Sri Santhoshi Devi Arigela, M. Prasad, Persis Voola, Chirag Arunbhai Jani · 6 authors

The TrCert – a transfer certificate generation application that is used to generate, share, and store the transfer certificate based on blockchain technology is designed and developed. It is useful to provide extra layer of verification and authenticity to the certificates. It also offers efficiency and security. It is implemented by adding smart contracts of Ethereum with peer-to-peer content delivery network IPFS. In the current paper, we are adding a Quick Response (QR) code to the TrCert application. The QR code is added to the generated transfer certificate to provide better accessibility. This paper gives a brief discussion of the TrCert application and a rigorous overview of QR code concepts like types of QR codes, advantages of adding them to the academic certificate, and challenges of QR code.

Mrs.NathiyaDevi. K

Ever since its inception in 2008, Blockchain technology has been widely used in most industries to ensure data security and authenticity. From Bitcoin to Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS), it has been increasingly adopted. Counterfeiting is one of the biggest issues that companies are fighting, impacting revenues, brand value, and customer trust. In this review, a decentralized Blockchain- based supply chain solution to ensure product authenticity without third-party dependency is discussed. Through the use of distributed ledger technology, authentic and fake products can be identified at all levels. Unique QR codes, produced by the system proposed here with SHA-256, provide transparency and traceability to each product. Blockchain-based anticounterfeiting mechanism provides a secure, tamper-evident method of proving product authenticity, allowing organizations to uphold integrity in their supply chain.

N. Nasurudeen Ahamed, Thangavel Murugan, Bhabendu Kumar Mohanta

QR (Quick Response) code phishing (Quishing) is a type of QR code attack. The attacker attacks or manipulates the QR code details. It harms supply chain management (SCM). When the attacker sends a manipulated QR code during SCM, all actors participating in the environment are affected, and the entire system is compromised. SCM, particularly in the food industry, harms the system, increasing the risk of foodborne illnesses for consumers. So, our proposed methods to avoid this kind of Quishing attack in SCM are as follows: We integrate blockchain technology to trace the food product from the manufacturer to the consumer without any Quishing; in our proposed methods to avoid this Quishing, we utilized the blockchain-based verification of the QR code, which means storing the food product details along with the QR code. This process allows all stakeholders in supply chain management (SCM) to authenticate the QR code before processing it. Ultimately, it helps consumers ensure the trustworthiness of food products while also assisting manufacturers in maintaining their reputation. We implemented the proposed method on a decentralized, open-source Ethereum testnet. Smart contracts are written using Remix Solidity, and the results are analyzed, proving that the proposed method is secure in the food supply chain management system.

Jovener M. Pajalla, Sean Daniel M. Lu, Aleera P. Ojenar, Remedios G. Ado · 5 authors

University events are essential avenues for faculties and students to promote community building and engagement, social interactions, skills development and the overall enhancement of learning for the welfare of the whole university. However, the majority of the universities do not implement a secure yet transparent and organized access system for such activities, leading to denied access for the learners, undesirable user experiences, and the general mismanagement of events. With this, the proponents' aim is to develop a blockchain-powered ticketing and access system to facilitate university events for PUP. A smart contract implementing ERC-721 was developed to mint Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) to reserve slots/seats for certain events, while a user interface was built to select the listed events on a website. The researchers made various tests for smart contracts and mock transactions to evaluate the functionality of the proposed system. In conclusion, PUP UniChain offers potential solutions to handle event access and management for PUP.

Aditya Aman, Vanshita Jain, Aum Radia, Rohan Awsarkar · 6 authors

The study investigates the impact of blockchain technology on safeguarding supply chains in the liquor industry. The objectives include enhancing traceability, authenticity verification, and counterfeit prevention. Methodology involves implementing a blockchain-based model leveraging the Ethereum Network for transparent product tracking. Results demonstrate a significant reduction in counterfeit liquor sales, improved supply chain transparency, and enhanced product authentication. The study concludes that blockchain technology offers a robust solution to combat illicit liquor sales, ensuring integrity and traceability in the liquor bottle supply chain. The findings highlight the transformative potential of blockchain in fortifying supply chain security and promoting industry-wide trust and transparency.

Li Li, Pengbo Tian, Jiapeng Dai, Fengjuan Miao

Ensuring the traceability of agricultural products is essential for quality control and food safety. Recent technological advances have provided new ways to enhance traceability systems. This study aims to use blockchain technology, centralized database and RFID tags to develop a secure agricultural product traceability system, retain the detailed information of agricultural products traceability, ensure that the summary information of agricultural products on the chain cannot be modified, and optimize the SM3 algorithm to effectively summarize the traceability data and improve the efficiency of the system. The aggregated data is time-stamped, recorded on the blockchain, and written into an RFID tag. The optimization of the SM3 algorithm improved the efficiency by 30% and reduced the execution time of 192-byte messages to 210µs. The system ensures accurate linking of traceability data through secure data retention and unalterable summaries on the blockchain. The integrated use of blockchain, centralized database and RFID technology, as well as the enhanced SM3 algorithm, allows the system to meet the standards for data accuracy and performance requirements in agricultural traceability applications.

Ramakrishnan Raman, Vikram Kumar, Biju G. Pillai, Dhaval Rabadiya · 6 authors

In the digital age, ensuring the security and authenticity of documents is paramount due to increasing concerns over document forgery. This paper introduces an advanced system that integrates QR codes with blockchain technology and digital signatures to create smart documents, enhancing security and verification processes. The system uses distributed ledger technology to store document fingerprints securely, ensuring data immutability and supporting real-time verification. Digital signatures within QR codes maintain the integrity and origin of documents, significantly improving upon traditional security methods. Our innovative system, supported by blockchain, provides a decentralized, tamper-proof environment for document storage and validation. A comparative analysis confirms that this system surpasses conventional methods in security, efficiency, and scalability. Extensive testing demonstrates its effectiveness in preventing document fraud, showing significant improvements in document verification times from minutes to seconds, enhanced security through cryptographic algorithms, and high scalability suitable for widespread adoption across various sectors. The system not only advances document management and verification processes but also sets a new standard for secure and trustworthy document handling in the digital era, indicating a major shift towards more reliable and efficient digital document management systems.

Swati Bula Patil, Snehal Rahul Rathi, Ganesh C. Shelke, Shalini Vaibhav Wankhede · 7 authors

In recent times, there has been a rampant proliferation of counterfeit products that has left a trail of devastation in the manufacturing sectors. The repercussions of this extend to companies, impacting their brand reputation, revenue streams and overall profitability. Industries like agriculture, banking, electronics, and high-value deliveries uses the emergence of blockchain technology as a powerful tool to discern between authentic and counterfeit items. Its potential as a means to curtail the influx of fake products in the market is substantial. Blockchain technology, at its core, operates as a decentralized and distributed digital ledger system, meticulously recording transactions within interconnected blocks across multiple databases. The inherent security of this technology ensures the immutability of these blocks, rendering them invulnerable to alteration or hacking. By leveraging blockchain technology, consumers can independently verify the authenticity of a product, eliminating the need for reliance on third-party intermediaries. Incorporating recent technological advancements, the utilization of Quick Response (QR) codes offers a robust approach to combat the proliferation of counterfeit goods. The integration of blockchain technology with QR codes serves as a means to uphold the integrity of products. This innovative system securely stores product details and unique codes in the form of blocks, where QR codes play a pivotal role in collecting and matching these unique codes with entries in the blockchain database. If the QR code matches with entries in the database, the user receives a confirmation of the product's authenticity; otherwise, an alert is triggered, signaling the presence of a counterfeit product.

Nur Khairunnisa Noorhizama, Zubaile Abdullah, Shahreen Kasim, Isredza Rahmi A. Hamid · 5 authors

One of the major challenges the university faces is to provide real-time verification of their student's degree certification upon request by other parties. Conventional verification systems are typically costly, time-consuming and bureaucratic against certificate credential misconduct. In addition, the forgery of graduation degree certificates has become more efficient due to easy-to-use scanning, editing, and printing technologies. Therefore, this research proposes verifying Ph.D. certificates using QR codes on the Ethereum blockchain to address certificate verification challenges. Blockchain technology ensures tamper-proof and decentralized management of degree certificates as the certificates stored on the blockchain are replicated across the network. The issuance of certificates requires the use of the issuer's private key, thus preventing forgery. The system was developed using Solidity for the smart contract, PHP, HTML/CSS for the web-based implementation, and MetaMask for blockchain integration. User testing confirmed the successful implementation and functionality of the system. Users can add, update, and delete certificates, generate and scan QR codes, and receive instant verification feedback. The verification system effectively meets all requirements, providing a robust solution for validating Ph.D. certificates. Future research may focus on scalability and adoption, privacy and data protection, user experience, and integration with existing systems. Other researchers can optimize the verification system for widespread adoption and utilization by exploring these areas. This research contributes to securing and efficiently verifying academic certificates using QR codes on the Ethereum blockchain. Ultimately, this work advances the field of certificate verification and promotes trust in academic credentials.

Swaraj Patil, Omkar Nikam, Suryakrishnan Nair, Aniket Raut · 5 authors

Efficient supply chain management is a laborious task in any company, but in food industry, there is extra complexity and risk of compromising supply chain in food waste management, which may directly affect consumer safety and the shelf life of goods. One possible solution is to use blockchain technology to improve the integrity, security, and transparency of food supply chain. This study intends to present a blockchain-based transparent traceability food supply system that would follow the passage of boxed leftovers from restaurants through nongovernmental organizations and lastly to the underprivileged. Furthermore, the system employs a QR code and an NFC tag to acquire access to secure data pertaining to food packaging. This can help to reduce fraud, theft, and counterfeiting, as well as improve the efficiency of leftover food supply chain.

Wenying Wen, Yunpeng Jian, Yuming Fang, Yushu Zhang · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Alexander Yohan, Nai‐Wei Lo, Kevin Valentino

Supply chain management is an integral part of most businesses because it could affect the sustainability of a business and the customer’s satisfaction. Various computerized SCM system have been proposed in order to built an effective and efficient supply chain management system. However, these existing systems are based on centralized architecture and could not fully integrate the supply chain data from its members. Furthermore, a centralized system architecture has a higher risk to suffer from single-point-of-failure issue. In this paper, a secure blockchain-based SCM framework is proposed. The proposed SCM framework adopts a data verification mechanism through the use of a unique shipment security token. The shipment security token is distributed via 2 channels: the physical and digital token distribution channel. The 2 channels token verification method secures the data stored in the blockchain ledger and makes it easy to trace the product data in the blockchain network. A prototype based on the proposed blockchain-based supply chain model is implemented to show the feasibility of the proposed framework design.

Saumya Bhadauria, Pranjal Kumar, Tamanna Mohanty

Most of the digital systems completely ignore the generation of the watermark and how the watermark will be stored, while developing strong watermarking algorithms to avoid the unauthorized replication of the same asset. In this paper, a framework scheme based on digital watermarking using blockchain technology is proposed for protecting the digital assets of Intellectual Property. Blockchain is used to store the transaction details and the watermark information helps us track the asset's ownership transfer and provides authentication of the watermark. This work demonstrates an implementation of the light and efficient functions, i.e., image hashing using the Wavelet hash function, storing hashed information of the owner and the digital assets using a Quick Response Code, and enables watermarked image storage using the IPFS. We demonstrate that the blockchain can also be used to record the transfer of the asset from one owner to another. One of the takeaways from this proposal is that the elimination of the third-party results in fewer data and copyright leaks which in turn makes the system more reliable and secure. In fact, it speeds up the process of the ownership transfer of the assets.

G. Vidhya Lakshmi, Subbarao Gogulamudi, Bodapati Nagaeswari, Shaik Reehana

Inventory management is a part of the supply chain where inventory and quantities of stock are tracked in and out of the stockroom. Proper handling of inventory will leads to successful supply chain management in any organization. QR codes make this inventory management speedy. This fast information transfer will also reduce the number of errors in inventory records and also gives accurate results to make informed decisions during frequent reviews. But based on Quick Response (QR) code for inventory management will become a centralized database. Blockchain facilitates manufacturers to connect each party from distribution centers and retail partners, to suppliers and production sites - with an abiding record of each, single exchange that occurred. These put away records are available to everybody inside the P2P organize and gives decentralization. The degree of straightforwardness and permanency gave in blockchain are frequently useful for manufacturers to oversee item roots and traceability. Smart contracts, one of the features of blockchain, have built-in automation, which makes a lot of sense for transaction management. In this paper, we are using both the features of QR code and blockchain for transparent, distributed, and reliable inventory management.

B. Sriman, Nitesh Kumar L, K S Prabhaharan, Ramakrishnan Ramanathan · 6 authors

The rise of counterfeit products poses a significant challenge for manufacturers, affecting their brand reputation, sales, and profitability. However, blockchain technology provides a solution by ensuring the identification and traceability of genuine products throughout the supply chain. Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that securely stores transactional data in interconnected databases. Leveraging blockchain for product authentication and counterfeit detection offers a tamper-proof system. One effective approach is to utilize Quick Response (QR) codes linked to the blockchain. QR code scanners verify product authenticity by comparing the scanned code with entries in the blockchain database. If a match is found, customers receive confirmation of the product's genuineness. If no match is detected, customers are promptly notified of a counterfeit product, allowing manufacturers to address the issue. Counterfeit products not only harm manufacturers but also jeopardize consumer safety, revenue, brand reputation, and trust. Establishing a reliable system to detect counterfeit products is crucial. Blockchain-based systems provide a decentralized and secure platform, ensuring product authenticity and mitigating counterfeiting risks. By leveraging blockchain and QR codes, manufacturers can protect their brands, boost consumer confidence, and maintain a secure supply chain.

Qurotul Aini, Untung Rahardja, Melani Rapina Tangkaw, Nuke Puji Lestari Santoso · 5 authors

In the disruptive 4.0 era that emphasizes technological sophistication, blockchain is present as a technology that increasingly influences human life, helping humans in all aspects, including education. The role of blockchain technology in the world of education is to test the validity of diplomas, the increasing number of fake diplomas for an interest, both for work and continuing education to a higher level. The purpose of this research with the implementation of blockchain is expected to make it easier for users to verify the authenticity of a diploma. This study uses the SWOT analysis method to identify all possibilities that exist in blockchain technology. The final result of this research, the system will print a physical certificate in the form of paper in general, then the certificate will be printed a QR code. To verify numeric code on QR Code via scanning on smartphone or QR Reader. It is hoped that the blockchain technology applied to digital assets can reduce cases of forgery of diplomas and other important documents.

Kunal Pal, Suthikshn Kumar

No abstract is available for this record.