Web3 has gained increasing attention in recent years as a paradigm that aims to establish a new phase of the Internet by enabling a decentralized web infrastructure without reliance on centralized authorities or intermediaries. A fundamental difference between Web3 decentralized applications (dApps) and traditional Web2 applications lies in their underlying architecture and trust model. Web3 dApps rely on blockchain networks and smart contracts to execute application logic and manage shared state. This paper presents a systematic literature review that examines the architectural components, architectural patterns, and development challenges of Web3 decentralized applications. A set of peer-reviewed research articles was analyzed to provide a structured overview of current research and practice. The results identify the core building blocks of Web3 dApps, as well as highlighting the most adopted architectural styles, with a particular emphasis on hybrid on-chain/off-chain and fully decentralized architectures. Furthermore, this study synthesizes the most frequently reported challenges in Web3 dApp development. By systematizing existing knowledge, this work contributes to a clearer understanding of Web3 dApp architectures and provides a foundation for future research and improved engineering practices in decentralized application development.
In the digitally connected era, travel planning is increasingly hindered by the fragmentation of platforms used for destination discovery, accommodation booking, and experience sharing, forcing travelers to switch between multiple applications and leading to inefficiency, inconsistent information, and reduced satisfaction. To overcome this challenge, TripTale is introduced as an integrated web-based platform that unifies travel discovery, booking, and social interaction within a single ecosystem. The system enables users to explore destinations by selecting their country, state, and district, providing curated lists of tourist attractions with detailed highlights, cultural significance, and local specialties. By leveraging location-based services and interactive mapping, TripTale delivers real-time recommendations for nearby hotels, cafes, and lodges, allowing users to complete reservations directly within the platform. In addition to planning and booking, TripTale incorporates social networking features that allow travelers to upload photos, write reviews, and share travel tips, fostering a collaborative community and improving information reliability through shared experiences. A distinctive feature of TripTale is the integration of blockchain technology to authenticate and preserve travel memories. Users can convert their journeys into Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), ensuring secure, tamper- proof, and verifiable ownership of their digital experiences, thereby transforming personal travel records into collectible digital assets. The platform is implemented using HTML5, Tailwind CSS, and JavaScript for the frontend, while FastAPI and Supabase manage backend services such as authentication, data storage, and real-time updates. Cloud deployment on Vercel and Render ensures high availability and scalability, while integration with Google Maps API enables dynamic navigation and location intelligence. By combining modern web technologies, blockchain innovation, and user-centered design, TripTale provides a comprehensive and future- ready solution that simplifies travel planning, enhances user engagement, and preserves valuable travel experiences in a secure digital environment.
This bachelor’s thesis deals with the topic „ Bitcoin – inception, development, future “, focusing on the operating principles of Bitcoin and the blockchain technology that underpins it. The theoretical part explains the key concepts related to cryptocurrencies and then characterizes Bitcoin, including its origin, the mining mechanism, and the significance of halving. The thesis also discusses altcoins, alternative cryptocurrencies that emerged after Bitcoin. The thesis includes an analysis of Bitcoin’s historical price development and identifies selected factors that have influenced its price cycles, volatility, and investor sentiment. Subsequently, it presents a fundamental analysis of Bitcoin, taking into account its specifics as an asset without traditional cash flow, and draws on selected market and on-chain metrics as well as qualitative project factors. A separate chapter is devoted to the regulatory environment in selected jurisdictions and its impact on the market.
Tehnologija ulančanih blokova pruža siguran, efikasan i transparentan način spremanja podataka kao i rukovanja kriptovalutama. Pomoću Rust programskog jezika i Anchor okvira, razvijen je pametni ugovor za spremanje podataka o kupljenim kartama za vlak na Solana plaformi. Kako bi se omogućila daljnja komunikacija s pametnim ugovorom nakon njegovog objavljivanja, razvijena je mobilna aplikacija pomoću programskog jezika Kotlin u okruženju Android Studio.
Web3 is a fundamental change from a centralized, platform-centric internet to a decentralized, user-owned ecosystem powered by an open-source technology called Blockchain. This shift is not just a technological evolution, but also changes significantly how value is created, delivered, and captured. It enables new products, innovations, and business models. These products are often powered by tokens, whose value is described by their underlying tokenomics. They are designed to engage the community and incentivize the people who interact with the project. The users of Web3 often come together in decentralized autonomous organizations and democratically decide on the next steps and essential developments of the organization. The business models that are now possible because of the capabilities of a decentralized web have different success factors and reasons why they fail. This thesis conducts a systematic literature review and qualitative expert interviews to identify the success factors of Web3 business models. It first lists and categorizes the prevalent Web3 business models, their structures, and revenue models, and then highlights the success factors for Web3 business models. The findings reveal the difference between Web2 and Web3 business models, highlighting the importance of community, decentralization, governance, and robust token economics.
Ovaj rad predstavlja razvoj prototipa decentralizirane društvene mreže temeljene na tehnologijama Web3. S obzirom na sve veće nepovjerenje korisnika prema tradicionalnim, centraliziranim društvenim mrežama, cilj je izraditi rješenje koje korisnicima omogućuje privatnost, sigurnost i vlasništvo nad vlastitim podacima. Aplikacija koristi blockchain Ethereum za upravljanje identitetom i interakcijama korisnika i Metamask za autentikaciju. Sadržaj se pohranjuje distribuirano putem sustava IPFS i mreže istorazinskih dionika Gun. Implementirane su funkcionalnosti poput objavljivanja sadržaja, spremanje objava, označavanje objava sa "sviđa mi se", komentiranja, slanja zahtjeva za prijateljstvo i drugih interakcija. Uz sve navedeno, aplikacija uključuje izravni (peer-to-peer) chat, te sustav za nagrađivanje korisnika putem ERC-20 tokena za aktivnosti, interakciju i kvalitetan sadržaj. Sustav je implementiran lokalno pomoću IPFS i GUN čvorova na dva uređaja. Postavljen je temelj za daljnju optimizaciju i širenje funkcionalnosti, kako bi se ostvarila stvarna, sigurna i decentralizirana mreža.
Ovaj rad prikazuje dizajn i implementaciju decentralizirane aplikacije za kvizove koja spaja prednosti blockchain tehnologije s praktičnošću Web2 tehnologija. Koristeći hibridnu arhitekturu on-chain i off-chain obrade podataka. Korišteni su Angular, Ethers.js, MetaMask na frontendu, Node.js/Express i MongoDB na backendu te Solidity pametni ugovori na ethereum virtual machine (EVM)-kompatibilnoj mreži (Polygon Amoy za testiranje). Arhitektura uključuje QuizFactory za kreiranje ins- tanci, osnovni Quiz za besplatne sesije i proširivi QuizWithFee koncept za nagradni fond. Testiranjem je utvrđena funkcionalnost sustava, ali i ukazan je linearni porast troškova s porastom broja igrača i pitanja. Rezultat je na kraju funkcionalna apli- kacija za live kvizeve u kojem sudionici nemaju on-chain troškove, ključni ishodi su javno provjerljivi na blockchain-u, a visoko-frekventne interakcije ostaju izvan lanca radi boljeg korisničkog iskustva i nižih troškova; sustav je modula
The agricultural sector faces challenges in managing dynamic data during transactions, particularly price quotations between farmers and buyers. Traditional smart contract systems often lack the flexibility to handle real-time data changes. This research proposes a customized logging system that integrates smart contracts with the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) within a web application. By storing data references (hashes) on the blockchain and actual logs on IPFS, the system ensures reliable data recording, flexibility in updating transaction logs, and improved storage efficiency. This integration enhances the system's ability to manage fluctuating agricultural transactions. The proposed method aims to create a robust framework for managing price quotations, which can be extended to other industries with similar requirements.
In order to improve functionality, security, and user experience, this chapter examines the design and implementation of a Web3 mobile platform that combines blockchain technology with artificial intelligence (AI). The methodology addresses major issues in usability, security, and scalability by employing an exploratory and developmental approach that prioritizes user-centered design principles and iterative feedback loops. The results show that greater trust and uptake of decentralized technologies are fostered by Web3 applications that are easy to use, safe, and scalable. The chapter emphasizes that in order to remove obstacles and build a strong Web3 ecosystem, stakeholders—including developers, investors, regulatory agencies, and users—must work together. The work's ramifications highlight how crucial it is to resolve present issues in order to fully utilize Web3 technologies' promise to transform digital interactions.
Asset fragmentation across multiple blockchains makes it difficult for users to get a clear overview of their complete portfolio, especially when holdings are spread across multiple wallets. This thesis details the creation of NextNonce, a mobile application designed to solve this specific problem. NextNonce provides an intuitive interface for users to add multiple wallet addresses and monitor all their tokens in one place. A key feature simplifies portfolio management by aggregating the balance of the same token from different blockchains into a single, unified view. The project resulted in a mobile application for both Android and iOS that offers a simple and secure way to track a multi-wallet, multi-blockchain cryptocurrency portfolio.
Данная работа посвящена решению проблемы фрагментации и быстрого устаревания информации в экосистеме Web3. Задачи, которые решались в ходе исследования: 1. Выбор источников данных, инструментария. 2. Реализация получения и обработки большого количества данных. 3. Реализация ассистента на базе искусственного интеллекта для ответов на вопросы пользователей. 4. Сопровождение, тестирование и анализ качества приложения. В рамках исследования был осуществлён выбор проверенных источников информации, таких как: официальные руководства, научные труды, онлайнфорумы, блоги и хранилища кода, произведён анализ различных инструментов, предназначенных для автоматизированного получения и обработки данных, включая методы веб-скрейпинга и парсинга и обозначен технологический стек, включающий выбор языков программирования и платформ для развёртывания. Было разработано решение для сбора базы знаний, на основе которого системы был создан ИИ-ассистент, способный отвечать на вопросы, касающиеся Web3. Система реализована в соответствии с принципами DevOps. Данная разработка способствует расширению доступа к знаниям о Web3, автоматизируя процесс сбора информации и предоставляя эффективный инструмент. Для достижения данных результатов в работе были использованы/разработаны следующие информационные технологии, в том числе программное обеспечение, облачные сервисы, базы данных и прочие: AWS, Serverless, TypeScript, VS Code, DynamoDB, ECS, Lambda, OpenAI, CloudWatch, GitHub, SNS.
Završni rad opisuje izradu web3 aplikacije za vođenje projekata unutar tvrtke koja pruža sigurno pohranjivanje dnevnih zadataka i poruka zaposlenika na blockchainu. Rad istražuje primjenu blockchain tehnologije i njene prednosti, kao što su sljedivost i transparentnost podataka. Korištenjem Node.js platforme, Express.js okvira te Solidity pametnih ugovora, aplikacija omogućuje administraciju projekata i praćenje zadataka na Volta testnoj mreži. Opisane su ključne funkcionalnosti aplikacije, uključujući mogućnost postavljanja projekata na blockchain te pohranjivanje komunikacije između zaposlenika pomoću Metamask sučelja. Rad također ističe sigurnosne aspekte pohranjivanja podataka na blockchain te potencijalne nedostatke kao što su sporost zapisivanja i troškovi transakcija. Kroz rad je demonstrirana implementacija web3 tehnologija te prikazana njihova primjena u stvarnom poslovnom okruženju.
As the digital landscape evolves, the rise of Web3 and decentralized applications (dApps) is reshaping the future of web development. At the center of this transformation is JavaScript, a programming language that has remained a cornerstone of web development for decades. In the context of Web3, JavaScript continues to play a critical role by enabling seamless interaction with blockchain networks and smart contracts. This article explores the importance of JavaScript in the development of decentralized applications, its integration with blockchain technologies, and its continued adaptability in the ever-growing Web3 ecosystem. From popular libraries like Web3.js and Ethers.js to emerging trends such as decentralized finance (DeFi) and NFTs, JavaScript proves to be a versatile tool in the decentralized web revolution. However, the shift to Web3 also presents challenges for JavaScript, including scalability, security, and performance concerns. This article provides a comprehensive overview of JavaScript’s role in the future of web development, offering insights into both its opportunities and limitations in the decentralized era.
Diplomski rad detaljno opisuje razvoj Crypto Dashboard aplikacije s naglaskom na integraciju s Bitcoin mrežom i novčanikom (engl. wallet). Glavni cilj rada je implementacija blockchain explorera koji omogućuje korisnicima detaljan uvid u kriptovalute, transakcije, bitcoin novčanik i trenutno stanje na mreži. Korištene tehnologije uključuju ReactJS za frontend sučelje, TypeScript za sigurnost tipova podataka, NodeJS za implementaciju poslužiteljske logike te PostgresSQL kao bazu podataka za pohranu podataka. Kroz ovaj rad demonstriran je proces dizajna i implementacije različitih funkcionalnosti aplikacije, uključujući registraciju i prijavu korisnika, pregled kriptovaluta, interaktivne grafove i grafikone, vijesti i analize, konverziju valuta te specifične informacije o Bitcoinu i njegovom mempoolu. Detaljno je objašnjena i struktura projekta, uključujući organizaciju korisničkog sučelja i backend komponenti te način korištenja testnet poslužitelja za razvoj i testiranje aplikacije. Jedan od ključnih dijelova aplikacije je implementacija sustava za slanje transakcija. Korištenjem Bitcoin testnet mreže simulirane su stvarne transakcije, a sustav koristi Bitcoin Core API biblioteku za upravljanje ključevima, stvaranje transakcija te njihov prijenos unutar mreže.
The Internet has become one of the main media, especially e-commerce transactions, which are increasingly popular and play an important role in the growth of online businesses. The RestLyfe store uses the Itemku platform, which uses a Business to Customer (B2C) and Customer to Customer (C2C) model, to sell digital products such as digital vouchers and game keys. However, some of the issues faced when using the platform include high costs, limited market reach, and payment methods that can only be used by certain customers. Building an e-commerce website and adding a cryptocurrency payment gateway will hopefully solve these problems. To achieve this goal, an e-commerce website based on the WordPress content management system (CMS) with the WooCommerce plugin will be built. This plugin will incorporate a cryptocurrency payment gateway and facilitate transaction design. To collect related data, observation and literature review were conducted. The waterfall model System Life Cycle Development (SDLC) method will be used to build the e-commerce website. The results and conclusions of this study show that the website built can solve the problem with implementation results that meet the needs of the initial analysis, and the results of black box testing conducted on the website show good results. In addition, this study demonstrates the use of modern sales strategies for cryptocurrencies and the optimization of the latest technologies. Thus, the e-commerce site offers more opportunities to reach the target market and meet the needs of an increasingly digitized market.
Web3 predstavlja revolucionarnu promjenu internetskog okruženja, s fokusom na decentralizaciji, sigurnosti i korisničkoj kontroli. Ovaj rad istražuje osnovne aspekte Web3, uključujući glavne tehnologije, vrste aplikacija koje se razvijaju, trenutne zabrinutosti i izazove. Analizom tih elemenata, rad će osvijetliti kako Web3 oblikuje budućnost interneta i kako može poboljšati digitalna iskustva, ali i istražiti potencijalne rizike i izazove.
Blockchain tehnologija temeljena na distribuiranim sustavima omogućava postizanje vrlo visokog stupnja povjerenja, a u njezinoj pozadini leže kriptografski mehanizmi. Najbitniji od njih su simetrična enkripcija, asimetrična enkripcija, kriptografske hash funkcije i digitalni potpisi. Izmjena kriptovaluta, kao što su Bitcoin i Ether, temelji se na pametnim ugovorima koji omogućuju uspješno izvršavanje transakcija, a svaka transakcija iza sebe krije resurse potrebne za njezino pokretanje i postavljanje na mrežu za kojeg se mora plaćati naknada. U okviru završnog rada razvijena je web aplikacija koja omogućuje izvršavanje transakcija na Ethereum mreži, a povezana je na e-novčanik MetaMask koji se dodaje kao ekstenzija internet preglednika Google Chrome. Programski jezik Solidity korišten je za razvoj i provođenje pametnih ugovora, a biblioteka React poslužila je za kreiranje komponenti koje grade interaktivno korisničko sučelje.
Crowdfunding is a popular method for raising funds for projects, businesses, and social causes.However, traditional crowdfunding platforms are often centralized, opaque, and inefficient.In recent years, Blockchain technology has become a potentially effective remedy to these problems.By leveraging the benefits of blockchain, such as transparency, security, and efficiency, we can create a new paradigm for crowdfunding that is decentralized, transparent, and efficient.In this paper, we explore the use of blockchain in crowdfunding and describe a prototype crowdfunding platform that uses Solidity, Next.js,Node.js,Polygon, Metamask, IPFS, and Infura to provide a secure, efficient, and transparent way for users to create and donate to campaigns on the Ethereum blockchain.The use of smart contracts ensures that the funds are securely and efficiently allocated, while the integration of IPFS and Infura allows for decentralized storage of data and access to the Ethereum network.Our prototype demonstrates the potential of blockchain-based crowdfunding to transform the way we fund projects and causes.
Buyers have a lot of options these days with the rapid advent of modern centralized marketplaces which harness the internet as their main infrastructure. While convenience is provided in abundance, some major concerns with these platforms are the lack of data privacy, its power to obstruct vendors/merchants and the expenses for arbitrary reasons related with posting and selling of the items. In this work, the framework for an application is put forward by us, which benefits off of the Ethereum blockchain to address these issues. After the abstract is read by the user through the medium of a web interface, their input is sent to the Ethereum network using the web3.js API. Resolution of these security issues can be attempted by leveraging the blockchain technology and executing a DApp(Decentralized application) which will act as a virtual commercial centre wherein consumers will actually be able to trade digital resources or NFT's utilizing crypto tokens.
Web3 is leading a wave of the next generation of web services that even many Web2 applications are keen to ride. However, the lack of Web3 background for Web2 developers hinders easy and effective access and transition. On the other hand, Web3 applications desire for encouragement and advertisement from conventional Web2 companies and projects due to their low market shares. In this paper, we propose a seamless transition framework that transits Web2 to Web3, named WebttCom, after exploring the connotation of Web3 and the key differences between Web2 and Web3 applications. We also provide a full-stack implementation as a use case to support the proposed framework, followed by interviews with five participants that show four positive and one natural response. We confirm that the proposed framework WebttCom addresses the defined research question, and the implementation well satisfies the framework WebttCom in terms of strong necessity, usability, and completeness based on the interview results.
Blockchain je popularno i traženo područje sa obećavajućom budućnošću. Jedan od najboljih pristupa području je pomoću pametnih ugovora. Za dovoljno dobro shvaćanje pametnih ugovora potrebno je prvo upoznati se s pojmovima blockchaina i Ethereum protokola. Potrebno je i naučiti koristiti blockchain novčanik, osnove Soliditija i pretraživati blockchain. Nakon toga se može kreirati pametan ugovor te se testirati pomoću lokalnih instanci i testnih mreža te nakon što jest istestiran i ispravno radi, može se prenijeti na mrežu. Da bi se olakšao korištenje pametnog ugovora potencijalnim korisnicima, kreira se sučelje za interakciju s ugovorom pomoću web3.js JavaScript biblioteke. Za kreaciju ugovora koji već imaju širu primjenu, mogu se koristiti šablone ugovore definiranih različitim ERC standardima. Pri kreaciji projekta koji će imati neku monetarnu vrijednost, treba razmotriti više opcija različitih blockchainova.