Carpooling System (CS) is traveling in a carpool where many people travel in one car. It provides users with a number of vehicles spread across the city. Sensitive information, such as the Ride Sharing (RS) user’s identity, zone, access code, etc., is transmitted through public CS. Due to data breaches, it is necessary to maintain data confidentiality and adequately secure ridesharing users’ data. Criminals use this information to steal information from the CS. Therefore, since attackers can access RS users’ details for illegitimate purposes, developing secure authentication protocols is critical. Traditional car-sharing systems also follow a centralized structure for data sharing. Yet, car-sharing systems also have security challenges. To address this problem, this paper suggests using the Blockchain-based Decentralized Secret Ride Communication System (BDSRCS) for secure data transmission in CS. First, the Proxy Attribute-based Encryption (PAE) approach is utilized to encrypt the RS user’s details in an unreadable format. Subsequently, the BDSRCS approach is used for secure chain link-based communication in the network. This method prevents unauthorized access to data and decentralized data sharing in the network. Thereafter, the Delegated Proof of Stake Key Validation (DPSKV) technique is used to check the primary keys for peer-end verification to hand over the encrypted data. Numerical outcomes establish that the proposed BDSRCS-PAE model enhances the detection rate of suspicious manners and increases the security performance compared with other approaches.
Korean Humanities and Social Science Solidarity, seongmin Hong
This study analyzes the structural causes and social impacts of fare evasion in public transportation systems and proposes comprehensive improvement measures for ticketing systems. Fare evasion, defined as intentionally avoiding or underpaying fares, threatens the sustainability and fairness of city rail transit, leading to significant financial losses, which have been estimated in prior studies to reach tens of billions of KRW annually. As evasion methods become increasingly sophisticated through technology such as mobile card sharing and data manipulation, existing automated systems show clear limitations due to the lack of real-time identity verification. To address these issues, this research suggests a phased strategic roadmap consisting of short, medium, and long-term solutions based on case studies from leading global cities like London, Tokyo, and Singapore. First, as a short-term measure, the introduction of real-name ticketing and improvement of physical gate structures are proposed. By requiring personal identification for the issuance of single-use and concessionary cards, the unauthorized transfer or lending of tickets can be prevented. Furthermore, the transition to a closed-gate system is essential to eliminate verification blind spots and ensure accurate real-time fare calculation. Second, as a medium-term measure, the adoption of NFT (Non-Fungible Token) based tickets and AI-driven enforcement systems are highlighted. NFT technology ensures the uniqueness and authenticity of tickets through blockchain, significantly reducing the risk of duplication. Simultaneously, AI-based video analysis can support the detection of physical evasion behaviors like 'tailgating' in real-time, improving operational efficiency. Third, as a long-term strategy, the implementation of biometric authentication systems (facial, fingerprint, or iris recognition) is suggested. This “Post-ticket” approach uses non-fungible physical characteristics for verification, substantially mitigating ticket-related fraud. However, the study emphasizes that technological implementation must be accompanied by robust legal and regulatory frameworks for data privacy protection, as well as sufficient social consensus.
Efficient management of vehicle fleets is nial for modern transportation networks, but old-fashioned centralized systems often face issues like data changes, lack of transparency, and inefficient processes. This paper presents a blockchain-based Fleet Management System that combines Distributed Ledger Technology with IoT devices to ensure secure, transparent, and tamper-proof operations. The system uses a multi-layered design that includes client, application, blockchain, consensus, and database layers, making it flexible and easy to expand. Smart contracts help automate tasks like checking drivers, planning vehicle maintenance, and handling payments, reducing the need for manual work and increasing accuracy. Real-time vehicle tracking using IoT sensors and GPS improves monitoring, while blockchain's ability to keep data unchanged builds trust and ensures reliability among all users. A comparison shows this system offers better reliability, lower costs, and more trust than traditional methods. The results show that using blockchain for fleet management provides a sustainable, efficient, and future-ready solution for smart transportation systems.
This paper presents the design and implementation of a blockchain-secured system for monitoring driver sobriety and real-time geolocation. The proposed platform integrates a Modular Sensor Battery (MSB) for detecting alcohol concentration in exhaled air, a centralized Data Collection Platform (DC Platform) for real-time data visualization and storage, and a complementary physiological monitoring device—the IoT Fit-Bit Smart Band (IFSB)—which captures heart rate and blood oxygen saturation as alternative indicators when breath-based sensing may be compromised. The MSB, the DC Platform, integration with the IoT FitBit Smart Band, and the blockchain-based data management architecture represent the authors’ direct contribution to both the conceptual design and technical implementation. These elements are introduced as part of a unified, fully integrated system designed to enable non-invasive sobriety monitoring and secure data integrity in vehicular contexts. To ensure data authenticity, a custom Ethereum smart contract stores cryptographic hashes of sensor readings, enabling decentralized, tamper-evident verification without exposing sensitive medical information. The system was validated in a controlled experimental environment, confirming its operational robustness and demonstrating its potential to improve road safety through secure, real-time sobriety detection and geolocation tracking.
Kazi Hassan Shakib, Mizanur Rahman, Mhafuzul Islam, Mashrur Chowdhury
Blockchain-based Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is widely considered a secure communication architecture for a connected transportation system. With the advent of quantum computing, there are concerns regarding the vulnerability of this architecture against attack algorithms implemented in a quantum computer. In this study, a potential threat is investigated in a blockchain-based VANET with an impersonation attack utilizing Shor’s algorithm implemented in a quantum computer. Specifically, the impersonation attack using Shor’s algorithm is created by compromising the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) encrypted digital signatures of VANET, and thus a threat to the trust-based blockchain scheme of VANET is successfully established. We implemented an integrated simulation platform combining OMNET++, vehicles-in-network simulation (VEINS), and simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) traffic simulator. In addition, we incorporated vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication in OMNET++ using the extended INET library. An impersonation attack on a blockchain-based VANET is implemented using IBM Qiskit, which is an open-source quantum software development kit. The findings reveal that an impersonation attack is feasible on the Blockchain-based VANET, which compromises the trust chain of a blockchain-based VANET. This research highlights the need for a quantum-secured blockchain for VANET.
Manjula Selvam, G. Karthikeyan, C. Kalaivanan, S Vijay Shankar
Current research has engrossed on the potential of the blockchain system to resolve security concerns in the IoT net. However, blockchain's intrinsic scalability problems become noticeable in environments with a high volume of data created by a significant number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In this work, researchers used an efficient consensus technique to overcome these challenges. For the management of data generated by the Internet of Things, we propose a scalable solution based on blockchain technology. This framework ensures enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in Internet of Things networks using constrained resources by using the delegation Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus approach. To lessen the load on blockchain-based IoT networks, DPoS allows just a select group of chosen delegates to verify and approve transactions. To facilitate distributed storage, the investigators in this study constructed the Interplanetary File System (IPFS), and they also developed a Docker system to gauge net presentation in terms of latency, productivity, and source use. Distributed stored latency, throughput, utilisation of resources, and file upload length and speed were the four areas that researchers examined in our inquiry. Empirical results from researchers show that our approach has a minimal latency of less than 0.977 Ms the suggested method works better than Proof of Stake (PoS), which is considered to be the most advanced consensus method. Researchers further show that the suggested method might be helpful in Internet of Things applications that need to be resource-efficient or low latency.
Mohammed Mujeer Ulla, Preethi Preethi, Md. Sameeruddin Khan, L Shakkeera · 5 authors
Strobe appears to be a promising solution to address some of the challenges associated with securing IoT devices. Its lightweight nature and flexibility make it well-suited for deployment in resource-constrained environments such as microcontrollers and small hardware devices. By providing support for cryptographic primitives and network protocols, Strobe offers a comprehensive framework for securing IoT ecosystems. The support for Schnorr signature variant with an elliptic curve or other group primitives further enhances the security features of Strobe, making it suitable for applications where authentication and integrity are crucial. Furthermore, the lightweight implementation of Strobe is particularly noteworthy, as it addresses the constraints imposed by microcontrollers and small hardware devices. By optimizing resource usage and maximizing efficiency, this implementation ensures that Strobe can be deployed effectively in a wide range of IoT devices without compromising performance or reliability. NFTs have been widely used in blockchain systems to represent unique and irreplaceable assets. Traditional NFTs typically have one identifier representing an asset and ownership by a single entity. This work introduces smart NFTs, tagging IoT devices as Tangible Smart Assets. These devices have blockchain account addresses, establish secure communication channels, and operate in different modes based on their token states. By using Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs), each smart NFT is securely linked to its IoT device, enabling private key recovery and corresponding blockchain address recovery. This secure pairing ensures trusted hardware and software throughout the device's lifecycle. We will demonstrate this concept using ESP32-based IoT devices and the Ethereum blockchain, utilizing the ESP32's SRAM as the PUF.
This research paper delves into the creation, implementation, and assessment of an extensive monitoring system tailored for cryptocurrency mining farms, utilizing ESP32 microcontrollers. The system’s architecture is bifurcated into two primary modules: Cryptocurrency Mining and Monitoring. The Cryptocurrency Mining module utilizes Proof of Work (PoW) algorithms to execute mining tasks effectively, compensating miners with newly minted cryptocurrency coins. Previous studies have introduced monitoring systems for cryptocurrency mining farms, but they frequently fall short in incorporating comprehensive environmental data collection and real-time monitoring features. Meanwhile, the Monitoring module employs various sensors integrated with the ESP32 microcontroller to gather environmental data such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and UV index. This data is stored in InfluxDB, a time-series database, and is visualized using Grafana dashboards for real-time monitoring and analysis. The paper further explores potential improvements to enhance system reliability and optimize mining farm operations. The findings highlight the system’s efficacy in equipping farm managers with actionable insights to optimize operations, mitigate downtime, and maximize profitability in the cryptocurrency mining sector.
The Secure Women Safety Platform envisions a decentralised application on the Ethereum blockchain, merging AI, IoT, and blockchain technologies to tackle societal safety challenges. Through Ethereum’s blockchain, it ensures tamper-proof identity management, empowering users with control over their data. IoT wearables equipped with GPS and sensors enable real-time tracking and swift response to emergencies, while AI-driven anomaly detection analyses user behaviour patterns for proactive threat identification. An emergency alert system triggers timely notifications to contacts and authorities, enhancing user safety. User-centric data management safeguards privacy, with Ethereum’s blockchain facilitating secure access permissions. Crowdsourced safety ratings and incident reporting foster a collaborative ecosystem, with blockchain’s immutability ensuring data integrity. This holistic solution advances women’s safety, setting a precedent for future innovations in personal security by combining AI, IoT, and cloud computing within a decentralised framework.
This research possesses the potential of two emerging technologies – Machine Learning and Blockchain, to tackle the challenges in the educational sector. Our main objective is to establish an optimized and secured system for career recommendations for student based on their educational data, ensuring the data management and storage is done through blockchain technology. The paper envisions a ecosystem that has capability to guide students toward career pathways precisely aligned with their unique skill sets and aspirations.
<title>Abstract</title> The volume of automobiles on roadways keeps growing and crashes increase in frequency, managing traffic routes gets increasingly crucial. Real-time messages are delivered through wireless connections in Intelligent Transport Systems(ITS), although this might raise safety and confidentiality issues. Safety flaws, hefty data processing and transmission costs, and safety vulnerabilities plague current traffic route management ideas. With fog-based ITS's, a simple congestion routing management system was developed to overcome these problems. In this system, automobiles encrypted their travel courses using homomorphic encryption and transfer the secured data onto a fog node. Despite being aware of what specific path was taken by every automobile, Traffic Control Centre (TMC) decodes the received ciphertexts which have been collected by the fog node and manages congestion based on the decoded data. Additionally, the plan makes utilization of the blockchain system to maintain the vehicle's public key. This makes it possible to manage individual vehicle's public key securely and impenetrably, guaranteeing that only authorized cars may join the ITS. The idea was put into operation via the Rinkeby test network based on Ethereum to show that it is feasible. According to the results of the study, this aforementioned approach outperforms other pertinent representative schemes. This lightweight traffic route management system offers a safe and effective method for controlling travel routes in ITSs by utilizing homomorphic encryption and blockchain technology. By addressing the safety and confidentiality concerns raised by sending real-time communications via wireless methods, also lowers the computation and transmission costs of previous ideas. This approach has the potential to improve traffic safety and ease congestion in ITS's.
Hamza Farooq, Ayesha Altaf, Faiza Iqbal, Juan Castanedo Galán · 6 authors
Traffic accidents present significant risks to human life, leading to a high number of fatalities and injuries. According to the World Health Organization's 2022 worldwide status report on road safety, there were 27,582 deaths linked to traffic-related events, including 4448 fatalities at the collision scenes. Drunk driving is one of the leading causes contributing to the rising count of deadly accidents. Current methods to assess driver alcohol consumption are vulnerable to network risks, such as data corruption, identity theft, and man-in-the-middle attacks. In addition, these systems are subject to security restrictions that have been largely overlooked in earlier research focused on driver information. This study intends to develop a platform that combines the Internet of Things (IoT) with blockchain technology in order to address these concerns and improve the security of user data. In this work, we present a device- and blockchain-based dashboard solution for a centralized police monitoring account. The equipment is responsible for determining the driver's impairment level by monitoring the driver's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and the stability of the vehicle. At predetermined times, integrated blockchain transactions are executed, transmitting data straight to the central police account. This eliminates the need for a central server, ensuring the immutability of data and the existence of blockchain transactions that are independent of any central authority. Our system delivers scalability, compatibility, and faster execution times by adopting this approach. Through comparative research, we have identified a significant increase in the need for security measures in relevant scenarios, highlighting the importance of our suggested model.
As technology continues to evolve, our society is becoming enriched with more intelligent devices that help us perform our daily activities more efficiently and effectively. One of the most significant technological advancements of our time is the Internet of Things (IoT), which interconnects various smart devices (such as smart mobiles, intelligent refrigerators, smartwatches, smart fire alarms, smart door locks, and many more) allowing them to communicate with each other and exchange data seamlessly. We now use IoT technology to carry out our daily activities, for example, transportation. In particular, the field of smart transportation has intrigued researchers due to its potential to revolutionize the way we move people and goods. IoT provides drivers in a smart city with many benefits, including traffic management, improved logistics, efficient parking systems, and enhanced safety measures. Smart transportation is the integration of all these benefits into applications for transportation systems. However, as a way of further improving the benefits provided by smart transportation, other technologies have been explored, such as machine learning, big data, and distributed ledgers. Some examples of their application are the optimization of routes, parking, street lighting, accident prevention, detection of abnormal traffic conditions, and maintenance of roads. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed understanding of the developments in the applications mentioned earlier and examine current researches that base their applications on these sectors. We aim to conduct a self-contained review of the different technologies used in smart transportation today and their respective challenges. Our methodology encompassed identifying and screening articles on smart transportation technologies and its applications. To identify articles addressing our topic of review, we searched for articles in the four significant databases: IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Science Direct, and Springer. Consequently, we examined the communication mechanisms, architectures, and frameworks that enable these smart transportation applications and systems. We also explored the communication protocols enabling smart transportation, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks, and how they contribute to seamless data exchange. We delved into the different architectures and frameworks used in smart transportation, including cloud computing, edge computing, and fog computing. Lastly, we outlined current challenges in the smart transportation field and suggested potential future research directions. We will examine data privacy and security issues, network scalability, and interoperability between different IoT devices.
Vehicular adhoc networks (VANETs) are an interesting area of exploration among the intelligent transportation research community.Communication among vehicles with infrastructure units is an essential component.Thus, trust and privacy are important concerns in addition to dynamic topology, which is the main characteristic of VANETs.Ensuring the vehicles do not broadcast false information as well as protecting the identity of vehicles against tracking attacks are the objectives of this article.Here, a blockchain-based solution has been proposed to establish an identity-preserving trust model for VANETs.It preserves the real identities of vehicles with the utilization of Ethereum blockchain technology.A trust evaluation algorithm has been implemented to stop the dissemination of fraudulent messages.Validation of the algorithm has been conducted by running the algorithm in different VANET scenarios.
Student Attendance is part of the academic curriculum, student needs to attend classes for lectures which is part of the major reason for coming to school for study. Keeping the attendance record safely, transparent, immutable and easily accessible is very essential. This study aims at designing a Wi-Fi attendance system that can allow a student to mark attendance with their phone or laptop, the record will be saved on distributed and decentralized blockchain. This attendance system is implemented in such a way that students will mark their attendance by inputting their unique student number on a webpage after they have initiated a connection with the Wi-Fi microcontroller module installed in the classroom, This record is been logged and arranged on a server database with time in and time out, the student name, student number, date, course ID and it can be generated for every registered student. The generated attendance can be uploaded to a node in a blockchain via the internet. The generated attendance record can easily be accessed with data reliability, and transparency with the aid of peer-to-peer features of distributed ledger to be available to other parties such as a parent, student or anyone on the network.
Yi Yang, Debiao He, Pandi Vijayakumar, Brij B. Gupta · 5 authors
Maritime transportation has ushered in a period of vigorous development and has been the most critical mode of transport in international trade. Maritime communication is also becoming increasingly complex. This trend needs the IoT-enabled Maritime Transportation System (IMTS) to enhance its ability of privacy-preserving, performance continuously, and add the function of joint management. Although many aggregate signcryption (ASC) schemes have been presented to satisfy this requirement, they still suffer from performance deficiencies or security weaknesses. To address these issues, we design a more practical “Perception-Network-Application” IoT-enabled MTS (PNA-IMTS) network structure. Then, we propose an efficient Identity-based aggregate signcryption scheme with blockchain (B-ID-ASC) for PNA-IMTS based on this network model. The security analysis shows that the B-ID-ASC scheme is capable of providing confidentiality and unforgeability. It also can resist existing known attacks (impersonation attack, modification attack, man-in-the-middle attack). The performance analysis indicates that our B-ID-ASC scheme, having lower computation and communication costs than current ASC schemes, is more applicable for PNA-IMTS.
A. Sivasangari, Upendher Rao Polishetty, Ajitha, Anandhi · 5 authors
In city zonsiimproper manner prompting duplicating of germs that can cause ailment. There is a distinction in how as often as possible they utilize these litter canisters in different locales. Intermittent checking with timing holes doesn't help. They may flood at times significantly sooner than anticipated. To evade this and to improve the cleaning, a shrewd trash observing technique to discover when the trash bin is full is proposed in this paper. The strategy's plan assembles such data just as communicates it by means of an organization of remote sort. In this proposed technique, detecting of the dustbin's refuse level is finished by sensors just as data is sent to the authority portable station by means of GSM and GPS module. On the web observing of the trash level at control room is made utilizing a WiFi Module. Arduino processor interfaces the arrangement of sensors with the organization modules. This information helps contracted cleaners as well as the individuals who give trash bins, speedily void to keep up the territory perfect.
There are large numbers of vehicles in the populated country like India. It's a very common scenario that traffic police came across some vehicle random vehicle and had some doubt in mind but do not have in hand information about that vehicle and end up leaving that thought. Sometimes this may result in some disaster. With the advent of technology, there are mobile applications and web based systems are available to ease up the process by which traffic police can fine the vehicle owner or people can pay the fine online. But yet there is no system is available through which traffic police can get all the details about the particular vehicle. This motivated us to design and developed an application thorough which traffic police can get all the information right from owner of the vehicle to its RC book and insurance status on just one click. Looking at the chances of data tampering, we have also played an attention to the data security and used blockchain for creating distributed, robust and tempered proof system. In this paper we have discussed traffic police assistance system, which can scan the vehicle number plate, identify the number and provide the all the information and documents stored against that vehicle number. To address the issue of data security and alteration of sensitive data blockchain is used so that any alteration can be monitored. As the complete information process is dependent on how correctly the vehicle number is identified, so the number plate recognition module is tested thoroughly under various conditions. Finally user feedback is taken and analyzed to evaluate the feasibility and usability of the proposed application.
A passport is an official document issued by a government, certifying the holder's identity and citizenship and entitling them to travel under its protection to foreign countries. This service requires to be of utmost importance on a global scale inorder to ensure basic safety for the immigrants in any country. With the introduction of online Passport application services, the system has become far more effective than the primitive procedure. But, on the other hand, it is now more vulnerable to threats like data breaches, identity thefts, etc. This paper is done with a vision of improving the security standards of the online Passport application process. For such a scenario, a solution based on distributed ledger for storing and retrieving information would work better than the trivial database. The main objective of integrating blockchain technology in the existing passport e-seva portal is to provide maximum security, transparency and immutability. Every level of verification in this process, which is backed by blockchain transactions, is carried out only after the verification and signing by all the authorities involved. Blockchain-based distributed ledger implementation will make the services more streamlined, improving efficiency and potentially lower costs at all levels.