The reliable delivery of temperature-sensitive pharmaceuticals depends on an unbroken cold chain governed by Good Distribution Practice (GDP). As biologics, vaccines, plasma-derived products, and advanced therapy medicinal products expand their share of the global medicines market, the clinical and economic consequences of thermal excursions have intensified. This paper reviews recent advances in cold chain integrity and GDP across the regulatory and scientific foundations of temperature control, the engineering of thermal protection and monitoring, the digital transformation of distribution networks, and the systemic dimensions of equipment reliability, sustainability, economics, and equitable access. It examines how passive and active thermal protection systems have improved through vacuum insulation and engineered phase change materials, how real-time monitoring built on connected sensing has displaced retrospective data capture, and how predictive analytics, distributed ledgers, and digital twins are reshaping visibility and traceability. Focused attention is given to the ultra-cold and cryogenic chains that support messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines and cell and gene therapies, where chain of identity and chain of custody requirements compound the demands of thermal control. The paper also considers quality risk management and validation, the reliability of refrigeration assets and the role of predictive maintenance, sustainability pressures such as refrigerant phase-down and single-use packaging waste, the economics of failure and of investment in monitoring, the persistent last-mile gaps in low- and middle-income settings, and the lessons drawn from the pandemic deployment of temperature-sensitive vaccines. The central finding is that cold chain assurance is shifting from a document-centric, compliance-driven discipline toward a data-driven, predictive, and risk-based model. Integrating continuous monitoring with analytics and product specific stability budgets offers the clearest path to reducing wastage while preserving patient safety, although interoperability, validation, cybersecurity, and equitable access remain unresolved challenges.
Abstract This study explores the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in transforming agricultural supply chain management in Bangladesh through a systematic comparative analysis of existing literature, institutional reports, and global case studies. AI technologies including predictive analytics, machine learning, blockchain, and precision agriculture are examined for their potential to address longstanding inefficiencies in Bangladesh’s agri-supply chain. The study finds that AI-driven demand forecasting models using LSTM and ARIMA achieved 89–92% crop yield prediction accuracy, representing a 37% improvement over traditional methods. Smart warehousing systems reduced operational costs by 25% and increased order processing speed by 40%, while blockchain integration cut payment cycles from 15 days to 2.3 days and increased smallholder farmer incomes by 22–25%. Precision agriculture technologies achieved 25% yield growth with 15–20% water savings and 30% fertilizer efficiency gains. Despite these promising outcomes, Bangladesh’s AI adoption rate remains at only 18%, significantly behind India (35%) and Vietnam (28%), primarily due to insufficient infrastructure, lack of digital literacy, and high implementation costs. The study proposes targeted policy interventions including IoT subsidies, farmer training programs, and public-private partnerships to enable inclusive and sustainable AI integration across Bangladesh’s agricultural sector.
Scaling Up the Internet of Things (IoT) Safely Using Smart Cryptography The Big Picture Problem: The Traffic Jam of Smart Devices Imagine a world where your smart fridge, your fitness watch, your car, and the security cameras at your local hospital all need to talk to each other securely. To trust each other, they use a Blockchain—a digital, un-hackable ledger that keeps track of every device's true identity. Here is the catch: traditional blockchains are notoriously slow. If thousands of smart devices try to log in, update their status, or check their permissions at the exact same second, the system gets clogged. It creates a massive digital traffic jam. The Proposed Solution: "The Digital Carpool" (ZK-Rollups) This research introduces a framework that fixes this traffic jam using two concepts: Rollups and Zero-Knowledge Proofs. What is a Rollup? Instead of every single IoT device sending its identity data directly to the main blockchain one by one, a Rollup groups thousands of these transactions together off the main chain, bundles them into a single neat package, and sends just that one package back to the main blockchain. It’s like forcing 50 individual drivers to get into a single bus—suddenly, the highway clears up. What is Zero-Knowledge (ZK)? When you bundle all those devices together, how does the main blockchain know nobody cheated or snuck a fake device into the bundle? Usually, the blockchain would have to unpack the bundle and check everything, which defeats the purpose of saving time. A Zero-Knowledge Proof is a mathematical certificate attached to the bundle. It proves mathematically that every single transaction inside the bundle is valid, without actually revealing the private data of the devices inside. How the Framework Works (Step-by-Step) Device Action: Your smart smartwatch or factory sensor wants to verify its identity. Off-Chain Bundling: Instead of bothering the main blockchain, the device sends its request to a side-processor (the Rollup). The Rollup collects thousands of these requests. Generating the Proof: The system creates a ZK-Proof—a cryptographic receipt that says: "We checked all 1,000 devices, they are all authentic, and here is the math to prove it." Final Verification: The main blockchain receives just the receipt. Because the math is undeniable, the blockchain approves all 1,000 devices instantly in a fraction of a second. Why This Matters Massive Speed (High Throughput): Instead of handling maybe 15 device checks per second, the system can now handle thousands per second. The traffic jam is gone. Bank-Grade Security: Because it relies on advanced mathematics (Zero-Knowledge), hackers cannot forge a device identity or trick the system, even though the heavy lifting is done off the main blockchain. Low Cost: Smart devices usually have weak batteries and low computing power. By moving the heavy math away from the devices and onto the Rollup system, the devices save energy and operational costs. Conclusion So, we don't have to choose between speed and security. By bundling IoT data and verifying it with modern mathematical shortcuts, we can build a future where billions of smart devices connect instantly, safely, and without crashing the system.
Prof. Suvarna A. Bahir, Tejas Vaidya, Ranjeet Waghmode, , Abhishek Gavand, · 5 authors
Electronic voting systems have gained significant attention due to their ability to improve the efficiency and accessibility of elections. However, traditional voting methods and centralized electronic voting systems face challenges such as vote tampering, lack of transparency, unauthorized access, and delayed result generation. Blockchain technology offers a decentralized and secure solution to address these limitations. This paper presents a Secure Blockchain-Based E-Voting System Using Smart Contracts that leverages Ethereum blockchain technology to provide transparent, secure, and tamper-resistant elections. The proposed system integrates voter authentication, election management, candidate registration, vote recording, and real-time result monitoring within a single platform. Smart contracts developed using Solidity are used to automate election operations and ensure the integrity of voting transactions. The system is implemented using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, FastAPI, MySQL, Ethereum, Ganache, and MetaMask. Votes are securely recorded on the blockchain, preventing unauthorized modifications and improving election transparency. The proposed framework enhances voter trust, reduces dependency on centralized authorities, and simplifies election management. This solution can be effectively used for academic institutions, organizations, and small-scale election environments requiring secure and reliable voting processes. Keywords: Blockchain, Electronic Voting, Ethereum, Smart Contracts, Solidity, Decentralized Voting.
B. G. Anand kumar, M. Nikhil Kumar, T. Sravan Kumar, G. Janaki Ram · 6 authors
Explore the article titled A Trustworthy Voting Framework Using Aadhaar and Distributed Ledger Technology from IJIRT Volume 12, Issue 10. This study evaluates the effectiveness of teaching programs on waste management knowledge among women.
Climate change, driven by global warming and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, poses a significant global challenge. International organizations and governments are actively pursuing emission reduction strategies, yet these efforts are often constrained by the direct relationship between emissions and national economic activity. This paper proposes a blockchain-based carbon footprint (CF) management system named P u r e C a r b o P r i n t , that leverages data from IoT devices, and security is ensured by zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP) to track and reduce CF at the individual level. Individual data is collected and converted into carbon coin, a hybrid (online-offline) crypto coin operating on the Pure Chain network. A smart contract, deployed on the Pure Chain network using the Pure Chain coin, governs the proposed system. Additionally, zk-SNARK is applied to implement ZKP for the validity and integrity of the information verification without revealing private information. Based on theoretical models and previous studies on behavior-based carbon reductions, it is expected that the system can achieve up to a 30% reduction in CF per user within the first year.
Voting is a critical process in any democratic country, but traditional methods like ballot papers and Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) face several issues. These include a lack of transparency, low voter turnout, vote tampering, mistrust in the election process, voter ID forgery, delays in announcing results, and major security concerns. When it comes to digital voting, ensuring security is one of the biggest challenges, as the system must be capable of protecting data and preventing cyber-attacks. Blockchain technology offers a potential solution to these problems. It is a decentralized system that allows transactions to take place in a secure, peer-to-peer network. Blockchain key feature search as immutability, decentralization, security, transparency, and anonymity make it a strong option for developing secure and reliable e-voting systems. By using smart contracts, blockchain can further enhance the security and transparency of digital voting. This paper presents a sample e-voting application implemented as a smart contract on the Ethereum blockchain using Solidity. The system uses wallets with limited tokens (gas) that are consumed during voting, ensuring that each voter can only vote once. The paper also discusses the pros and cons of blockchainbased voting and demonstrates a basic web application to show its functionality and limitations.
Agriculture is constantly struggling with pests, water shortages, and poor management of other resources, and these directly affect crop production and sustainability. Conventional pest surveillance and irrigation techniques typically boil down to manual detection and programmed actions, which result in delays in reactions, waste, and an overuse of pesticides. This study offers a hybrid platform of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Ethereum blockchain that can be used to conduct real-time pest surveillance and optimize irrigation intelligently to address these constraints. IoT devices such as soil moisture sensors, environmental sensors, and pest detectors are camera based and collect and send real-time field information. Ready-to-use data are safely kept on the Ethereum blockchain, which ensures permanence, transparency, and inaccessibility to manipulation. Smart contracts are used to automate irrigation and provide pest control alerts at pre-defined thresholds, minimizing human intervention and increasing responsiveness. Experimental analysis shows great efficiency in irrigation (saving up to 24% of water), pest detection of 92% accuracy, and data integrity 99% impervious to tampering. IoT and blockchain integration also improve the level of productivity, as well as sustainability through reduced wastage of resources and creation of trust among the involved parties. This paper illuminates the role of decentralized, data-driven platforms in promoting climatesmart, and resilient agriculture.
Modern precision agriculture depends on safe and effective fertilizer management. However, existing systems lack real-time decision-making capabilities, rarely incorporate secure traceability methods, and mainly concentrate on nutrient prediction without determining the type of soil fertilizer utilized for a specific crop. To classify fertilizer types (organic vs. inorganic) in real-time based on soil nutrient parameters (temperature, pH, EC, N, P, and K), this investigation suggests an innovative, lightweight self-attention transformer neural network (TNN) based Fertilizer class contract network (FCCN) model. The proposed research is one of the first to combine secure blockchain recording, fertigation, and fertilizer-type detection into a single edge-based pipeline that operates in real time. The process integrates blockchain-based transaction logging and IoT-edge computing for recording transparent and secure agricultural activity. Whenever deficits emerge, the suggested method uses Venturi irrigation to automatically activate fertigation after processing real-time sensor data at the edge to determine the types of fertilizer utilized and the nutritional status. This work uses a decentralized and scalable architecture compared to cloud-dependent or AI-based-only models. Fertilizer classification and fertigation actions based on the real-time nutrient level recommendation are recorded as immutable transactions on an Ethereum blockchain using a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus. Before the final on-chain recording, validator logic confirms the accuracy of field data, fertigation events, and real-time soil nutrient levels. Real-time blockchain measurements reveal transaction completion speeds of less than 0.03 seconds, gas consumption of less than 62,000 units, and throughput of 15-35. Experimental findings show that FCCN categorization accuracy surpasses 98.85%.
B Sreedevi, J Thirunavukkarasu, Sridhar A, Sabareesh CS · 5 authors
In the realm of today's healthcare systems, data security leads to inefficiency & counterfeits drug supply chains have big issues. Counterfeit drugs is a threat to patient safety & public society. Existing healthcare systems don't connect all of these medical tasks well this leads to vulnerabilities in the supply chain management, drug misuse & issues with tracking and verifying pharmaceuticals. This paper proposes a solution using blockchain by integrating smart contracts, we can build a secure transparent & efficient drug supply chain management system. This project plan will connect all parts of the pharmaceutical supply chain - from research and development to delivery to patients - on one platform. It ensures that the drugs can be verified for authenticity at every stage in Supply chain management with the blockchain's decentralized & im-mutable ledger the application will promote transparency & traceability in the pharmaceutical supply chain which will increase trust & safety while trying to speed up & efficiency of healthcare services.
Digital systems increasingly rely on user location data, raising significant privacy concerns. This study proposes a privacy-preserving location data utilization system that eliminates the need for dedicated base stations by integrating blockchain technology with zero-knowledge proof scheme. Our system converts data from smartphone trajectory data into zero-knowledge proof values and records only these proof values on the blockchain. Thus, the system enables verification of user movement without revealing sensitive information. By integrating the entire process with smart contracts on the blockchain, our system automates transaction processing and monetary transfers without relying on any specific organization. We conduct an experimental evaluation on the blockchain using trajectory data collected from a smartphone application.
Smart contracts, as self-executing code on blockchain platforms, are transforming digital agreements across multiple industries. This paper reviews the technical foundations, applications, security challenges, and emerging directions of smart contract technology through an analysis of recent academic literature and real-world implementations. While smart contracts demonstrate significant potential in decentralized finance, supply chain management, and healthcare, they face critical challenges, including security vulnerabilities, ecosystem centralization risks, and legal uncertainties. Layer-2 scaling solutions, cross-chain interoperability protocols, and AI-assisted security auditing represent promising directions for addressing these challenges. Our analysis reveals that despite technological advances, fundamental issues in security verification and regulatory frameworks require continued research attention.
GOWTHAMANI R. GOWTHAMANI R., J. Granty Regina Elwin, Kavin A, Rahul A · 6 authors
Elections are the base for a democratic society, but there are problems like fraud tampering, slow result processing in the current voting systems. To solve these problems, this project introduces a Blockchain-Based Voting System as a scalable solution. This system uses IOTA's Tangle (a Directed Acyclic Graph model) to provide fast, scalable, and feeless transactions, making it suitable for large-scale voting. The personal details are kept secret by using Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs). A Hybrid Cloud Model is used, where sensitive data is stored securely on private servers, while the public network ensures transparency. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) adds an extra layer of security by blocking unauthorized access. By combining these technologies, the system makes voting tamper-proof, keeps voters anonymous, allows real-time result announcements, and protects against frauds. Overall, this solution shows how blockchain can improve the trust, fairness, and accessibility of democratic participation.
The scarce resource in agriculture needs to be managed efficiently, and we are developing new solutions to meet our need to manage resource scarcity and to improve irrigation methods. This research proposes the blockchain-enabled Decentralized Water Management System (BD-WMS) based on Blockchain, Smart Contract, Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) for sustainable irrigation. On a real-time basis, and to see that the data collected is accurate, the BD-WMS is loaded with IoT sensors to measure the soil moisture, pH levels, and weather conditions. Firstly, it records the data in a ledger on blockchain to ensure that there is no corruption of data and that the data cannot be changed in any way. Using smart contracts, dynamic water requirements are complied with to autonomously control irrigation valves according to dynamic water requirements. I also put forth a Tokenized Water Conservation Incentive Model (TWCIM) that distributes blockchain-based tokens to the farmers in exchange for their adoption of water-saving practices that are convertible into a subsidy amount or can be spent on agricultural resources. An AI-powered predictive analytics module plays its part in the further development of the system efficiency, and it predicts the water demands based on the historical data and environmental conditions. In the greenhouse tomato, the studies show up to 40% water savings and about 25% increase in crop yield when compared to conventional water management. It offers a unique solution to the problems that occur in the traditional irrigation model owing to the decentralized control, along with the criteria of incentive-driven conservation. It was proposed as a scalable, secure, and efficient solution to support sustainable agriculture that optimizes efficient water governance and resource preservation.
M. Kavitha Margret, G Vijayaprabha, Swetha Namburu, Nithya Lakshmi M
Ensuring the authenticity, security, and traceability of drug distribution in healthcare is a critical challenge. This project presents a decentralized drug allocation system leveraging blockchain technology to securely allocate and track medications. The system employs smart contracts on a permissioned Ethereum-based blockchain, ensuring tamper-proof records while maintaining strict role-based access control for doctors and patients. Patients and doctors authenticate using decentralized identity (DID), and sensitive data is stored securely using IPFS and Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZK-SNARKs). The frontend is developed using React with TypeScript, integrating Wagmi and ethers.js to interact seamlessly with the blockchain. By eliminating centralized points of failure, this system enhances drug traceability, prevents fraud, and ensures secure and transparent transactions in the healthcare sector.
Muhammad Tayyab Naqash, Toqeer Ali Syed, Saad S. Alqahtani, Muhammad Shoaib Siddiqui · 6 authors
Sustainable urban water management is essential to handle water scarcity, leakage, and inefficient distribution. This paper covers water management in urban areas, including an introduction, an overview of water management practices, the characteristics and functioning of water distribution systems, monitoring and control systems for efficient distribution, smart systems for optimization, strategies for water conservation and waste management, per capita water demand analysis, and desalination plant overviews. The article proposes a blockchain-based water management architecture with IoT sensors for accurate reporting. The framework uses blockchain technology to authenticate and share real-time data between sensors and the water distribution dashboard. It also has a modular API for water leakage detection and flow control to decrease water waste and enhance distribution. The suggested approach might enhance water management; however, its execution is complex. Maintaining the framework’s efficacy is advised. The research provides insights into water management and proposes a technology solution employing blockchain and IoT sensors for trustworthy data reporting and effective water distribution to promote sustainable urban water management.
In this paper we are going to go through blockchain technologies. No matter which blockchain you're developing on blockchain engineers are in extreme demand. Protocols like Aave, Yearn Finance and Synthetix have huge sums of monetary value locked in them allowing people to engage in decentralized finance (DeFi), which allows people to make censorship resistant moves. Some of these protocols are less than a year old. Blockchain and solidity applications are building a world of more trust and accountability with smart contract engineering skills becoming the most sought after in the world.
Bogdan Pahonțu, Diana Arsene, Alexandru Predescu, Mariana Mocanu
The demand for water continues to increase day by day and therefore measures must be established to be able to manage water resources more efficiently. Recently, various intelligent systems have been developed with the common goal of ensuring efficient water management and integrating modern technologies such as Internet of Things, Blockchain, Decision Support Systems and Artificial Intelligence. Nowadays, technological advancements allow collecting, processing and analyzing data from water distribution networks to optimize resources and improve decision making for all parties involved. This article presents a complex architecture, in the form of an integrated platform for real-time control and monitoring for residential networks, with secure data management based on Blockchain technology. A Blockchain network based on Hyperledger Fabric was developed in order to evaluate the possibilities of storing the real-time data into a distributed ledger.
Industries, household communities consume a lot of water on regular basis, thereby increasing water crisis. There is continuous increase in water consumption by industries. Reusing wastewater can reduce water withdrawals from local water sources thus increasing water availability, lowering wastewater discharges and their pollutant load, reducing thermal energy consumption and, potentially, processing cost. Various ways have been implemented for recycling the generated wastewater. Wastewater must be reused for the benefit of mankind. In this paper we propose a wastewater recycle control system to efficiently manage the wastewater and coordinate it among the industries and the government. Blockchain technology has been deployed for storing data and developing an incentive model to encourage wastewater reuse. Tokens are provided to industries in proportion to quantity and quality of reused wastewater. Rules for issue and trade of these tokens are written as a smart contract. Unfortunately, providing such incentives also provides a motive for tampering the data on which these tokens are awarded. Anomaly detection algorithms are used to detect the potential frauds which take place in the system upon IoT meter data tampering. The system uses IoT meters that measure volume of wastewater generated and reused, along with quality metrics such as pH, hardness and oil content. Multiple machine learning algorithms are used to detect tampering- polynomial regression, DBSCAN, autoencoders and LSTM networks. Their performance has then been compared. A first implementation of this system and an evaluation of the system's performance are also presented.