In recent decades, the challenges of sustainable development and the urgency of accelerating the transition to cleaner energy matrices have renewed interest in the concept of Mission-Oriented Policies (MOP). Within this context, nuclear energy has regained legitimacy due to the emergence of a new generation of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). This paper proposes a characterization of the main national strategies currently underway for the development of these reactors and provides a comparative analysis of how they align with the MOP approach. The analysis identifies two general models of technological and industrial policy related to the promotion of the nuclear industry: the centralized-autonomous model and the decentralized-associative model. The POM schemes differ in the role of the state in technological and energy planning, the degree of concentration and centralization of technological capacities and decision-making, and the coordination and organization of actors and innovation projects, among other aspects. Finally, the implications for semi-peripheral countries with emerging nuclear sectors, such as Argentina, are discussed, highlighting the importance of proposing hybrid models tailored to the characteristics of the national environment.
Science, Technology, and Education in Latin America
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Notwithstanding the general acknowledgment of its importance, there are still uncertainties and ambiguities as to the precise meaning and actual application of the precautionary principle in international environmental law. In the context of decision making at the interâState level, it has been explained that one of the interpretations of this principle means a âshiftâ in the allocation of the burden of proof. Unsurprisingly, a similar effect of the principle can be, and has been, claimed in dispute settlement. Given these claims, the general aim of this article is twofold: first, to define what a âshiftâ in the allocation of the burden of proof actually means; and second, to explore and assess whether this theoretical/conceptual understanding of the âshiftâ is applied when the precautionary principle is at stake, and whether there are good reasons to apply it in dispute settlement and decisionâmaking processes.
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