The Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework is widely applied in organizational technology adoption research, yet its measurement practices remain fragmented. Across studies of EDI, cloud computing, blockchain, AI, and other contexts, researchers routinely rename, adapt, or recombine constructs without documenting how their operationalizations relate to prior work, producing a literature that is empirically rich but difficult to accumulate. This study addresses that problem by developing a measurement catalog of 14 reusable TOE constructs drawn from 45 empirical anchor studies. Using a targeted construct-selection approach, the study retained constructs that were peer-reviewed, tested at the firm level, statistically validated, and generalizable across technology domains. Related aliases were consolidated under canonical names through three documented rules based on shared theoretical mechanisms, item-level overlap, and functional equivalence. The catalog organizes constructs across the technological, organizational, and environmental contexts, provides core definitions with recommended measurement facets, and includes representative survey items with reported reliability coefficients. Beyond consolidation, this study identifies persistent gaps, including limited post-adoption measurement, weak readiness-capability differentiation, and underdeveloped governance constructs for emerging technologies. The catalog serves as a practical starting point for researchers designing TOE-based survey instruments and conceptual models, strengthening construct consistency while preserving the framework’s flexibility.
Faculty governance in higher education depends on transparent participation, reliable quorum enforcement, accountable record keeping, and strict alignment with institutional regulations. Conventional departmental council processes provide formal authority and academic deliberation, but they often rely on manual documentation, fragmented records, and procedural enforcement that is difficult to verify after the fact. This work presents an integrated hybrid Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) framework for faculty governance that combines regulatory alignment analysis, a working smart-contract prototype, and scenario-based simulation. The framework is designed for university departmental councils and is structured across three layers: off-chain community governance, on-chain protocol governance, and off-chain execution governance. It expands prior conceptual work by incorporating governance dimensions related to roles, incentives, membership, communication, decision-making, identity, auditability, conflict-of-interest handling, and institutional ratification. The evaluation simulates 1488 proposals across twelve scenarios covering four faculty sizes (15, 30, 50, and 100 members) and three adoption levels (low, moderate, and high). Scenario results indicate that adoption intensity is the dominant driver of governance performance: mean participation increases from about 33% under low usage to about 85% under high usage, quorum achievement rises from about 6% to about 96%, and execution rises from about 19% to about 70%. Relative to a modeled conventional workflow baseline, the DAO-supported process reduces decision-cycle time by about 76%, improves audit completeness by about 30%, and increases traceability from about 0.63 to 1.00. The results indicate that DAO-assisted faculty governance can strengthen transparency, procedural consistency, and auditability while preserving legally mandated university authority, but its practical value depends on sustained participation, privacy safeguards, cost control, and clearly defined hybrid control points.
Abstract Web3 governance systems have expanded the visibility of institutional processes through on-chain records of votes, proposals, and token balances. Yet the availability of governance data does not necessarily ensure that governance structure or decision dynamics remain interpretable. This paper introduces governance observability as a distinct analytical layer within Web3 systems — concerned not with data availability, but with the capacity to relate observable governance activity to the institutional structures and processes that give it meaning. Building upon previous work on VCS governance geometry, the paper defines governance observability through two complementary dimensions: structural observability, which concerns the visibility of governance configuration and role relationships; and flow observability, which concerns the traceability of decision processes as they move through governance structures over time. Together, these dimensions provide a framework through which governance systems may be examined as both structural and dynamic phenomena. The paper further introduces structural invariants as continuity conditions supporting coherent interpretation of governance structure across institutional change, and flow concentration detection as a means of examining how operational patterns may gradually shape the exercise of authority differently from formal governance design. Web3 infrastructure is examined as an enabling environment for such observability, while remaining distinct from the interpretive frameworks through which governance conditions become institutionally meaningful. Governance observability is throughout distinguished from governance automation. The framework does not prescribe intervention or establish universal governance standards. Rather, it proposes that governance systems may benefit from maintaining the capacity to sense and interpret their own structural and operational conditions as governance evolves — contributing an interpretive layer that supports institutional discernment without replacing institutional judgment. Keywords: Web3 governance, governance observability, structural audit, flow observability, VCS governance geometry, institutional design, decentralized governance
Este artigo apresenta um esboço estruturado sobre “Análise de Custo de Deploy em Diferentes EVMs.”. O objetivo é analisar os fundamentos técnicos e econômicos do custo de implantação de contratos inteligentes em Ethereum L1, diversas Layer‑2 (rollups) e outras chains EVM‑compatíveis, discutindo implicações para o ecossistema Web3 e tendências de mercado. A metodologia baseia‑se em revisão bibliográfica e análise de casos práticos, com foco na decomposição do custo de deploy em componentes de gas (execução, armazenamento de código, dados de transação) e em como upgrades recentes – como Cancun/Deneb e a introdução de blobs de dados – alteram a estrutura de custos, especialmente para rollups que publicam dados em L1. Estudos mostram que, enquanto o gas é uma unidade abstrata consistente, o custo econômico por byte de código e por transação varia significativamente entre L1 (onde picos históricos chegaram a dezenas de dólares por transação) e L2s, onde taxas médias frequentemente ficam abaixo de centavos, especialmente após a redução em até 94% do custo por byte de dados com blobs. Ao mesmo tempo, análises de mercado indicam que L2 fees são estruturalmente compostas por uma parcela L1 (custo de dados e liquidação) mais uma parcela L2 (execução local), de modo que mudanças na economia de gas da L1 impactam indiretamente o custo de deploy e operação nas L2s. Conclui‑se que decisões de arquitetura e de escolha de EVM para deploy devem considerar não apenas o custo imediato de gas, mas também a herança de segurança, a volatilidade das taxas e a dependência em upgrades de protocolo que alteram a economia de dados e execução.<br>
O presente artigo discute como blockchains e protocolos Web3 vêm estruturando mecanismos de upgrade sem recorrer a hard forks disruptivos, combinando governança on-chain, parametrização dinâmica e padrões de upgradabilidade de contratos inteligentes. Em vez de depender exclusivamente de coordenação social off-chain e de atualizações voluntárias de clientes, modelos mais recentes incorporam processos formais por meio dos quais detentores de tokens, validadores ou representantes eleitos votam em propostas de alteração de parâmetros de rede, regras de consenso ou lógica de contratos, permitindo que upgrades sejam aprovados, testados e implantados de maneira coordenada no próprio protocolo. Exemplos relevantes incluem a governança on-chain da Tezos, que possibilita modificar o próprio protocolo em ciclos estruturados de proposta, exploração, teste e adoção sem fragmentar a cadeia, e mecanismos de mudança de parâmetros por meio de governança no Cosmos Hub, em que módulos do Cosmos SDK podem ter configurações alteradas por propostas aprovadas, dispensando forks manuais em grande número de cenários. Paralelamente, organizações autônomas descentralizadas (DAOs) e aplicações em ambiente EVM vêm adotando padrões de contratos atualizáveis, a exemplo de proxies e do Diamond Pattern, que permitem evolução modular da lógica de negócio com manutenção de endereço e de estado, governados por votos on-chain que autorizam ou vetam mudanças. A metodologia deste artigo apoia-se em revisão bibliográfica sobre governança de camada 1, documentação técnica de protocolos e análise de estudos de caso (Tezos, Cosmos, Cardano, DAOs em EVM). Conclui-se que upgrades sem hard fork reduzem risco de fragmentação e custos de coordenação, mas exigem desenho cuidadoso de governança técnica para mitigar captura, evitar abuso de privilégios de atualização e equilibrar imutabilidade com adaptabilidade ao longo do ciclo de vida dos protocolos.
Paul van Vulpen, Sub Software Production, Slinger Jansen, Sjaak Brinkkemper
The rise of Big Tech has created unprecedented concentrations of power. The scaling potential of the modern IT industry is leading to widespread monopolies. For technologies that serve society, a monopoly brings structural dependence, and gives their owners an almost unchallengeable power. To counteract this societal dependence, academia, industry, and society at large proposed various countermeasures to limit the power of technology providers. In this thesis, Paul van Vulpen compares these approaches. The goal is to maintain the benefits of technology while reducing societal dependence on a few powerful actors. This book investigates three approaches. First, software ecosystems outline the collaboration between various interrelated software actors. Second, blockchain and decentralized autonomous organizations offer radical approaches to rethink and decentralize IT governance structures. Finally, digital platform regulations address urgent societal issues that arise from concentrated platform power. The final section concludes that a delicate and organic approach is needed to IT governance. Excessive centralization creates structural risks, but full decentralization is neither practical nor beneficial. The thesis proposes a middle road: Federated Technology Governance (FTG). In FTG, central authority defines architecture, interoperability standards, and maintains the long-term vision. A wide variety of actors handle user interaction, implementation, and collaboration. This framework helps technology providers to create software ecosystems and safeguard the provision of societal benefit for public digital infrastructure. FTG supports the creation of sovereign cloud services, secure operating systems, and public large language models. Could it also be a road to enable technology to serve society and the common good?
The rise of Big Tech has created unprecedented concentrations of power. The scaling potential of the modern IT industry is leading to widespread monopolies. For technologies that serve society, a monopoly brings structural dependence, and gives their owners an almost unchallengeable power. To counteract this societal dependence, academia, industry, and society at large proposed various countermeasures to limit the power of technology providers. In this thesis, Paul van Vulpen compares these approaches. The goal is to maintain the benefits of technology while reducing societal dependence on a few powerful actors. This book investigates three approaches. First, software ecosystems outline the collaboration between various interrelated software actors. Second, blockchain and decentralized autonomous organizations offer radical approaches to rethink and decentralize IT governance structures. Finally, digital platform regulations address urgent societal issues that arise from concentrated platform power. The final section concludes that a delicate and organic approach is needed to IT governance. Excessive centralization creates structural risks, but full decentralization is neither practical nor beneficial. The thesis proposes a middle road: Federated Technology Governance (FTG). In FTG, central authority defines architecture, interoperability standards, and maintains the long-term vision. A wide variety of actors handle user interaction, implementation, and collaboration. This framework helps technology providers to create software ecosystems and safeguard the provision of societal benefit for public digital infrastructure. FTG supports the creation of sovereign cloud services, secure operating systems, and public large language models. Could it also be a road to enable technology to serve society and the common good?
This article explores the process of building a digital state and the role of public administration digitalization in that context. The relevance of the study lies in the need to enhance governance efficiency through the integration of information technologies. The research aims to provide a comparative analysis of the theoretical foundations of digital governance, international best practices, and their practical applicability. The methodology combines systems analysis with comparative research tools. Findings reveal that digital instruments significantly improve transparency, operational efficiency, and citizen engagement. The scientific novelty of the study is the proposed structural model of interaction between digital governance mechanisms and public institutions. The article also offers practical recommendations for designing and implementing digital strategies in Armenia’s public administration system. The results are applicable to state policy formulation, strategic IT planning, and higher education curricula in the field of public governance and digital transformation.
Syifa Maulida Akmalia, Kodrat Mahatma, Gusti Muhamad Sardana
In today's digital economy, the web has transcended its original role as a communication medium to become a foundational infrastructure for digital transformation. This chapter examines the strategic role of web technologies in enabling scalable, agile, and interoperable systems that support innovation across sectors. It integrates conceptual insights with real-world case studies in government, retail, education, and healthcare to illustrate how the web empowers organizations to enhance customer experience, streamline operations, and enable rapid prototyping. The discussion covers core web technologies—cloud platforms, APIs, frontend frameworks, and backend architectures—and future trends including Web3 and Web 5.0. It also addresses challenges such as legacy integration, cybersecurity, and digital inequality, offering frameworks such as digital maturity models and agile-DevOps approaches for mitigation. By aligning web capabilities with organizational strategy, institutions can create resilient, user-centered ecosystems essential for long-term competitiveness in a connected world.
The paper assesses the success of the Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs) through the DeLone and McLean Information Systems Success Model. To evaluate the performance of DEXs, six dimensions, system quality, information quality, service quality, use, user satisfaction, and net benefits are used. A comparative analysis with the existing exchange models indicates that adoption is primarily due to transparency and user satisfaction and scalability is a challenge. The originality of the work is the adaptation of the Information System (IS) Success Model to the decentralized finance (DeFi) setting and the suggestion of both theoretical and practical implications of the sustainability and expansion of the DEXs. Findings indicate that transparency and security drive user satisfaction and adoption. Key stakeholders include users, developers and regulators.
Effective ICT governance is essential in the public sector to drive digital transformation and improve service delivery. This research investigates the corporate governance of ICT Policy Framework (CGICTPF) and Public Finance Management Act (PFMA) and State Information Technology Agency (SITA) Act governs the operational activities and strategic directions of Government Information Technology Officers (GITOs) in Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Free State provincial administrations in South Africa. Using a comparative case study, the research draws on policy analysis and interviews to reveal governance obstacles in procurement and executive ICT engagement. KwaZulu-Natal shows progress due to strong leadership, while Eastern Cape and Free State face delays from compliance-driven cultures and bureaucracy. The study urges a balance between regulation and agility, recommending GITO empowerment through decentralized procurement and leadership development. It advances ICT governance theory by exposing multi-level implementation challenges.
Faozi A. Almaqtari, Ali Thabit Yahya, Nahad Al-Maskari, Najib H.S. Farhan · 5 authors
In a digitalized business, blockchain technology, fintech, AI, and IT governance are crucial for reducing risks and aligning with organizational goals. IT governance ensures smooth and efficient adoption of fintech solutions and AI. Blockchain introduces trust and security through smart contracts, enhancing sustainability performance. Thus, in today’s rapidly evolving digital environment, the integration of these technologies has become critical to organizational resilience in the long-term. The present study aims to explore how the integrated role of IT governance, fintech, and blockchain technologies can enhance sustainability practices to mitigate organizational risks. The study utilized a questionnaire survey to assess the impact of IT governance, fintech, and blockchain technologies on sustainability performance in Oman. The sample included commercial, industrial, and service companies, including banks. A non-probability sampling approach, including convenience and snowball sampling, was used. Software tools such as SPSS and Smart PLS were used to estimate quantitative data analysis and structural modeling results. The study concludes that IT governance dimensions alone have an insignificant impact on sustainability. Importantly, the integrated effect of IT governance (alignment, policies, and committees) improves sustainability. The results also report that IT governance significantly enhances fintech adoption, but it has an insignificant influence on blockchain adoption in organizations. The results reveal that the respondents perceive that sustainability is positively and significantly improved by IT governance strategic alignment and the steering committee. The study offers a unique perspective on the impact of blockchain, IT governance, and fintech technologies on sustainability, filling existing literature gaps and urging policymakers to achieve the Omani Vision 2040.
Enterprise cybersecurity is undergoing significant transformation due to the widespread adoption of agile development and self-steering teams, particularly in large organizations. Traditionally, cybersecurity governance has been centralized, relying on structured coordination across people, processes, technologies, and compliance mechanisms. However, agile methodologies—marked by decentralized, autonomous teams—have shifted organizational dynamics from hierarchical to distributed models. While this enhances responsiveness and innovation, it also introduces fragmentation in cybersecurity responsibilities, complicating unified decision-making and the enforcement of security controls.This study explores how large agile enterprises can effectively manage cybersecurity, with a specific focus on ransomware threats. Through qualitative interviews with nine cybersecurity professionals from a highly digitalized public organization in the Netherlands, the research identifies two core organizational tensions: (1) balancing agility and cyber security in decision making about security controls and risk management, and (2) balancing operational business requirements with cybersecurity improvement.The first tension stems from the fragmentation of cybersecurity responsibilities across agile teams. Respondents reported weakened accountability, inconsistent policy enforcement, and an over-reliance on tools to bridge communication gaps. These challenges are linked to mechanistic thinking—an outdated organizational mindset that views departments as isolated units. This leads to siloed operations and a narrow focus on technical solutions. To address this, the study advocates for a systems thinking approach, which views organizations as dynamic networks of interdependent elements. Systems thinking emphasizes holistic understanding, collaboration, and feedback loops.A key recommendation is the introduction of boundary spanners—individuals who bridge communication gaps between teams and align local actions with enterprise cybersecurity goals. These roles facilitate cross-team coordination, support unified decision-making, and help integrate cybersecurity efforts across the organization.The second tension involves the misalignment between the steady rhythm of operational teams and the dynamic pace of cybersecurity innovation. Operational teams prioritize stability, while innovation efforts require flexibility and rapid iteration. This mismatch is exacerbated by Out-Group Bias, where teams resist adopting solutions developed externally, leading to inconsistent security practices and delayed implementation of improvements.To overcome these challenges, the study proposes a programmatic approach to cybersecurity improvement. A program, defined as a coordinated set of related projects, ensures strategic alignment, resource allocation, and effective decision-making. The approach incorporates short-cycled project phases—explore, experiment, pilot, and scale—each with clear objectives and standardized methods. This structure accommodates operational constraints while ensuring timely progress and shared ownership.A successful example of this method is found in the Dutch financial sector, where the Partnership for Cyber Security Innovation (PCSI) implemented a four-month cycle with joint steering committees. This setup promoted inclusivity, countered Out-Group Bias, and enhanced cross-organizational cybersecurity awareness.In conclusion, the study underscores the need for systemic thinking and structured program management to align agile practices with robust cybersecurity strategies. By addressing internal tensions and fostering collaboration across teams, organizations can enhance their resilience against complex cyber threats while maintaining the benefits of agility. Future work will involve field-testing these models, including training boundary spanners and implementing short-cycled programs, with a one-year implementation horizon recommended for optimal impact.
In China's Internet finance industry, companies face a complex and uncertain environment that poses significant adaptive challenges. The strictness of regulatory policies, the rapid development of technological innovation, and the sharp changes in consumer preferences have profound implications for the survival and development of enterprises. Many Internet finance companies have struggled to cope with these challenges, leading to hindered business development, a significant decline in profits, and even withdrawal from the market. This thesis focuses on how Internet finance companies make strategic adjustments to adapt to the complex and variable external environment and investigates the role of dynamic capabilities in this process. The research categorizes the strategic adjustment process into three phases: strategic analysis, strategic planning and selection, and strategic implementation and evaluation. Throughout this process, the three components of dynamic capabilities - sensing capability, seizing capability, and transformation capability - have been identified as crucial success factors. Sensing capability assists the company in rapidly and accurately identifying changes in the external environment. Seizing capability enhances decision-making and execution efficiency through decentralized management and resolution mechanisms. Transformation capability mitigates the challenges of resource acquisition by facilitating flexible resource allocation and effective training mechanisms, expediting the deployment of new strategies. The findings indicate that Internet finance enterprise, through effective strategic adjustments, has sustained business growth and core competitiveness despite the impact of external environmental changes and regulatory policies. This study also reveals how dynamic capabilities ensure the success of the strategic adjustment process and their indispensable role throughout it.
Open access
Innovation and Knowledge Management
Organizational Leadership and Management Strategies
Johannes Rude Jensen, Nina-Birte Schirrmacher, Michel Avital, Omri Ross
In the span of just a few years, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) have grown into a high-value form of organization. A growing body of IS literature examines the decentralized, transparent, and equitable design of these organizations. DAO governance is commonly mediated using ‘governance tokens’ in a one-token-one-vote system. However, the inconspicuous role of tokens for DAO governance is rarely investigated. We present preliminary findings from a netnographic study of controversial decision-making processes in two large DAOs. Our cases reveal how top holders of tokens leverage their favorable position to enact unpopular decisions unilaterally. The findings indicate a discrepancy between the espoused values and enacted practices of DAO governance, as economic capital rather than social capital investment becomes the primary determinant of voting power. We examine emerging alternative voting systems and offer a framework for parsing these new initiatives. Contributions to the literature and future work are discussed.
Abstract The current, fast market changes require enterprises to dynamically adapt the way they conduct their business. This poses many challenges for information technology. Market requirements for immediate response to business changes became the basis of the idea of a real-time information processing (RTE) company. RTE provides real-time information to employees and business partners. Integrated IT systems supporting management constitute a common platform – the foundation of a real-time enterprise. The aim of the article is to present the basic problems of building an IT system that is the basis of a real-time information processing (RTE) company. It is a summary of our work on this type of system. The article justifies the thesis about the need to build a system for the RTE's requirements and the conditions of its implementation. Such a system is designed to provide employees and business partners with the information they need in real time. The use of integrated systems such as ERP, CRM, SCM, and so on provides the ability to implement the main business processes of a real-time enterprise. The article presents both literature analysis and the characteristics of own work on designing IT systems for RTE. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of success factors (determinants) in system design and the use of MUST methodology (MUST is a Danish acronym for theories of and methods for design activities). The final part of the article presents a proposal for further work on IT systems for RTE in the context of existing trends such as DARQ technology (Distributed Ledger, Artificial Intelligence, Extended Reality, Quantum computing).
Interplays between organizations and technologies are crucial to companies’ sustainable success. Like two pivotal threads in a woven fabric, companies must tie and interlace both in their organizational design and decision-making (Zammuto et al. 2007). The research has looked into aspects of this interplay for several decades and has specifically acknowledged IT’s importance to foster competitive advantages (see e.g. Hickson et al. 1969; Mata et al. 1995). Companies now face the paradigm shift of digitalization, which offers extensive opportunities but also poses new challenges and threatens companies’ existence (Sebastian et al. 2017). Thus, our assumptions, practices, and underlying concepts of IT in organizations are changing drastically (Baskerville et al. 2020). Emerging digital technologies such as cloud computing, mobile computing, extended reality, artificial intelligence, and distributed ledger technology require and enable business model innovations (Nambisan et al. 2017). Thus, the paradigm shift of digitalization is forcing companies to reconsider common practices for organizational design and decision-making to remain viable in times of such environmental turbulence (Pavlou and El Sawy 2010; Sambamurthy and Zmud 2000). As an effort to cope with digitalization’s new requirements, companies often engage with digital transformation to reconfigure their deep structures, i.e. their prior choices on organizing and routines (Besson and Rowe 2012; Gersick 1991). However, digital transformation entails an entirely new organizational identity, requiring a profound understanding and appropriate responses to be successful (Wessel et al. 2020). In this thesis, I pursue the overarching research aim to elucidate the challenges and choices in organizational design and decision-making for companies engaging with digital transformation. Contributing to its overarching research aim, this thesis consists of six individual essays. These use digital transformation, organizational design, ambidexterity, and IT governance as their locus and primary theoretical lenses. Further, I structure the essays in three research fields, with corresponding research goals: First, I seek to conceptualize organizational change in the digital age. In this regard, Essay 1 identifies five perspectives on continuous change that foster a successful digital transformation and extend the literature’s prior focus on episodic change models. Essay 2 unveils the changes to organizations’ assumptions and practices in digital transformation as well as the distinct differences between organizing for IT and organizing for digital. Second, I seek to foster the understanding of ambidextrous IT organizations’ design as a common organizational response to digital transformation. Thus, in Essay 3, I identify relevant design options for agile IT setups and seven salient archetypes of organizational design. In Essay 4, I address the challenges and IT governance mechanisms in ambidextrous IT organizations and posit five managerial paradoxes. Third, I seek to provide guidance for organizational decision-making for the management of digital technologies. In Essay 5, I provide a process framework to successfully manage client-provider relationships in cloud computing. In Essay 6, I transfer a risk quantification approach from the automotive industry to technology platforms in the Internet of Things so as to derive implications for security governance. Considering each essay’s distinct questions and approaches, this cumulative thesis follows a multi-methodological research approach to study different facets of organizational design and decision-making (Goldkuhl 2012; Kaplan and Duchon 1988; Mingers 2001). In sum, with this thesis, I provide a thorough and multifaceted investigation of digital transformation. Further, I contribute to the research, reflecting the associated challenges and guiding organizations toward appropriate responses (Yoo et al. 2012). Thus, I add to the discourse in IS research and organizational studies to extend our thinking and theorizing about companies’ fabric of organization and technology. This stimulates further research to understand and successfully guide companies’ digital transformation.
Roel Wieringa, Wilco Engelsman, Jaap Gordijn, Dan Ionita
The concept of enterprise architecture (EA) introduced in the 1980s refers to business-IT alignment in a single organization. The concept has proven its utility in the practice of IT management, but EA frameworks cannot deal with network organizations that are enabled by IT. EA frameworks assume a hierarchically coordinated organization, where final responsibility for strategy rests with management. The characteristic feature of network organizations is that there is no central coordinator with final responsibility. Yet, today's network organizations are facilitated by IT and they too must be aligned with their IT infrastructure. To align networked organizations, we must take the value viewpoint, which is absent in EA. This paper presents an approach to business-IT alignment for networked organizations based on the concept of networked value models. In addition, since there is no hierarchical management in a network, we view business-IT alignment in a network as a coordination game, and we include results from coordination theory and game theory in our approach. We illustrate our approach with an example from the electricity business and apply it to the Bitcoin network.
Charla Griffy‐Brown, Howard Miller, Vincent Zhao, Demetrios Lazarikos · 5 authors
Emerging Technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), and distributed ledger continue to transform businesses, enabling new value creation in transformative ways. Importantly, most investigations and the broader scholarly discourse is around applications. In addition to the potential impacts on society, these technologies create risks, which even in the corporate context are not easily identified or evaluated and therefore cannot be easily addressed. The risks are both upside risks (opportunities or rewards) and downside risks (exposures that jeopardize the company). Can these risks be identified and evaluated? If so, what models might work for evaluating and perhaps even optimizing risk? In this study, we will first explore what technologies are being deployed and where the organizational risk is being considered or evaluated from a governance perspective within the organization. Based on interviews with executives facing these new environments, we developed the over-arching research questions: What theories guide our thinking best in terms of developing risk optimization models? What might these risk models look like? The research involved an exploration using a survey instrument and multiple qualitative methods involving business leaders from companies deploying these technologies as well as the development and preliminary testing of three different risk optimization models using scenario analysis data. Based on this analysis, we developed the foundations for a risk model executives could use to consider these technologies.
Jan 1, 2019·Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Enterprise blockchain applications can allow trading partners to transact directly without relying on trusted third parties and promise to: eliminate the need for reconciliations, instantly track and trace assets through a supply chain, provide unbeatable data provenance, settle transactions quickly and cheaply, and enable an information security model that is fault tolerant, resilient, and available. Many of these promised benefits seemingly address the challenges of non-blockchain based inter-organizational systems. However, this research indicates that blockchain based inter-organizational applications pose significant challenges of their own. Based on interview and participant observation data, we identified five challenges: (1) competing blockchain standards, (2) adjusting to different shared governance models, (3) intellectual property concerns (4) industrial espionage risks, and (5) regulatory uncertainty. We also identified emerging practices stakeholders are using to address those challenges when considering enterprise blockchain applications.
Enterprise Architecture (EA) represents both business and Information Technology (IT) perspectives, which must be constantly updated in response to the transformations of the company; this update is difficult to achieve. The problem has been addressed on different fronts and there are still ways to explore, one of them is the blockchain technology, especially the way to extend the logic of smart contracts to the company. In this study the authors propose to implement a new type of operational processes activity through smart contracts, which could detect that, the process in which they are operating, has an unexpected behavior and, in turn, warn of possible needs to update the AE and the same smart contract.
Stakeholder participation is a cornerstone of effective Requirements Engineering (RE). It supports the development and evolution of software systems so that they fit their intended purpose within their application domain. To enable successful stakeholder participation RE experts have created a broad variety of approaches for different circumstances and project phases. These approaches focus on traditionally dedicated software systems, which have closed and location-bound user groups. The stakeholders of these systems usually are members of the organizations that commission or build the system. Meanwhile, technological development has opened doors for ubiquitously deployed and openly available software systems. Stakeholders of these systems are rarely members of those organizations. Instead, they are so-called outside organizational reach and typically unknown to RE experts. Hence, in contrast to stakeholders of traditionally dedicated software systems, they can neither straightforwardly be identified nor be requested to participate in RE. Moreover, they are likely location-independent, numerous and highly heterogeneous. Current RE approaches do not suffice to address these challenges. Established RE approaches provide limited means to identify stake- holders outside organizational reach, let alone motivate them to voluntarily participate in RE. They also cannot support collaboration in distributed settings or on a large scale, yet, collaboration is known to be essential for the development of novel systems and in unknown domains. Feedback mechanisms and social network sites enable distributed and large-scale collaboration. However, their effectiveness is limited as they originally have no RE purpose and typically are restricted to their members. Latest RE approaches close this gap and also apply motivation strategies, which, however, are simplified, missing the high heterogeneity of stakeholders out- side organizational reach; thus, risking to demotivate them. This thesis presents the GARUSO (Game-based Requirements Elicitation) approach, a novel RE approach specifically designed for stakeholders outside organizational reach. It provides (1) a strategy to identify them and (2) a social media based platform that enables their collaborative participation in RE and applies gamification to motivate them to do so. The GARUSO platform is the core of the thesis. Its conceptual solution is inspired by the structure of user stories, the experiential learning theory, motivational psychology and game design. As a proof of concept, it was implemented to elicit and prioritize requirements and evaluated in a field study with promising results: The identified stakeholders build a highly heterogeneous crowd which participated - over a period of three months - in platform activities. They perceived the platform easy to understand, interesting to use and during their participation increased their knowledge on the application domain of the software system of interest.
Governance and Social Change are ongoing processes. In this work we attempt to develop a framework for good governance to catalyze social change. Zachman did pioneering work to define a framework for Enterprise architecture. It is a comprehensive ontology that guides information architecture. Here we evaluate Zachman framework for its applicability to achieve good governance. In addition, we draw on concepts from Unified Foundational Ontology to extend our framework. We also look at applying Balanced Score-Card approach for the governance scenario. In addition we also see how information management framework can inter-operate with models like theory of change and Bartels' theory of separations. We also evaluate the use of distributed global ledger protocols/methods such as Block-chain, Paxos and Raft to manage the state change in governance related information.