Blockchain Papers

Olesia Suntsova, Olena Trofymenko, Olha Ilyash, Marzena Sobczak-Michalowska

No abstract is available for this record.

Marat Safiullin, Aliya Dinmukhametova, Leonid Elshin, Marat Sharifullin

No abstract is available for this record.

Nikolay V. Glushak

The article presents the results of research on the transformation of the classical theory of money under the influence of two key phenomena: digital currencies of central banks and decentralized cryptocurrencies. The evolution of money functions in the context of blockchain technologies and smart contracts is analyzed. The crisis of the traditional tenets of the quantitative theory of money and the actualization of F.’s ideas are considered. Hayek on private money. Based on the generalization of Russian scientific publications, the author’s periodization of the stages of the development of monetary theory in the digital age is proposed. Promising areas of monetary science such as programmable money, hybrid money circulation systems and decentralized emission mechanisms are formulated. The article presents empirical data on projects of crypto assets and digital currencies of central banks of different countries, a comparative analysis of the performance of money functions by five forms and a quantitative comparison of the multiplicative effects of the influence of decentralized finance (hereinafter - DeFi) with the traditional banking multiplier. An asymmetry in the performance of monetary functions by various digital forms has been revealed and it has been proved that the DeFi multiplier (1,5-2,0) is significantly lower than the banking one (8-10), but creates a shadow monetary system that weakly correlates with the monetary policy of central banks. A forecast model of a hybrid monetary system is proposed until 2035 with a distribution of shares between five forms of money.

M. R. Safiullin, L. A. Yelshin, M. D. Sharifullin

The sanctions restrictions imposed on the Russian economy have predetermined the risks of reduced control and blocking cross-border financial channels for international payments. Under these circumstances, an important element of the state’s economic policy is the development of adaptation solutions that ensure the ability to minimize the risks associated with transformation of foreign economic activity. One of the mechanisms that forms the basis for solving this problem is the use of decentralized finance (DeFi) in the practice of international settlements. Meanwhile, it should be noted that in this area of financial and economic relations today there are a number of open issues — ranging from the conceptual framework to the impact of these fintech-innovations on the prospects for the stability of national financial systems and economic development in general. These issues acquire a special level of relevance at the regional level. The subject of the study is the prospects and mechanisms for using DeFi tools in the system of cross-border payments within the region. The object of the study is the foreign trade operations of the Republic of Tatarstan with the People’s Republic of China. The purpose of the study is to develop and test methodological approaches for assessing the potential impact of fintech DeFi tools on the organization foreign economic activity in the region on the stability of gross GRP dynamics. The authors used methods of cointegration analysis, scenario modeling, substantiation of the studied patterns using regression analysis methods, etc. The information and statistical basis for the study were derived from data from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, as well as data from the territorial statistical authority of the Republic of Tatarstan. The study resulted in the systematization of the macroeconomic effects of using DeFi technologies for organizing international payments. A series of macroeconomic models have been developed that made it possible to identify and justify the potential for economic growth in the region through the practical application of DeFi tools in the system of organizing transnational settlements under sanction restrictions.

Larisa A. Aguzarova, Aslanbek V. Burnatsev

The banking system today faces an unprecedented level of uncertainty in the field of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CFT). Rapid digitalization, the emergence of anonymous payment methods, the intensification of cross-border transactions, and the widespread use of cryptocurrencies are fundamentally transforming the nature of financial flows while simultaneously creating a fertile ground for complex financial abuse schemes. This problem is further exacerbated by growing geopolitical tensions and sanctions pressure, which destabilize traditional mechanisms of international oversight and deterrence. This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the emerging challenges shaping the risk landscape in AML/CFT for the banking sector. It examines key directions in the evolution of threats — from the use of decentralized finance and smart contracts to the increasing role of informal payment channels. Alongside this, the article explores the prospects for a technological response from financial institutions, particularly the adoption of artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain solutions, and RegTech tools. It is emphasized that the effectiveness of these approaches depends not only on banks’ capacity to invest in technology but also on their ability to adapt organizational culture and regulatory engagement. Special attention is given to the Russian context, including the specific features of the legal framework, the level of digital maturity among banks, and participation in international initiatives. At the heart of the discussion lies the question: to what extent is the domestic system prepared to manage next-generation risks amid the transformation of global financial oversight? AML/CFT in the banking sector can no longer be regarded merely as a procedural function limited to formal compliance. It is becoming a strategically important domain at the intersection of financial stability, technological modernization, and national security. The resilience of the financial system in the coming years will depend on the ability of banks to adapt to this new risk profile, staying ahead not only of criminal schemes but also of the inertia of regulatory models.

Oksana N. AFANAS’EVA, Д. А. Сапожников

Subject. The article examines the evolution of scientific concepts of financial intermediation as a key institution of the modern economy. The study focuses on theoretical approaches to explaining the nature, functions, and role of financial intermediaries in resource allocation, risk reduction, and maintaining financial system stability. Objectives. The aim is to systematize and analyze the evolution of financial intermediation theory—from classical models to modern concepts—considering their continuity and the influence of external economic and technological factor. Methods. The methodological basis includes comparative analysis, institutional and functional approaches, and elements of empirical generalization. Results. We identified and compared key criteria for evaluating theories of financial intermediation, established the continuity between major theoretical approaches, enabling to trace changes in views on the nature and functions of intermediaries. Furthermore, we described mechanisms of asset and risk transformation. The study also addresses whether decentralized finance constitutes an independent theoretical paradigm or continues existing approaches. The results are applicable for improving research in finance and formulating strategies for regulation and sector development. Conclusions. The functional content of financial intermediation has expanded considerably and is integrated into modern economic models. Modern theories view intermediaries as system-forming elements that ensure the stability and development of the financial system.

Radoslav Kardzhiev

The article summarizes trends and cases from the last five years pertaining to the adoption of block chain technology in public government, the financial industry, and associated infrastructures (voting, energy, supply chains, and identities). Examples of economic sectors where the application of block chain technology has been successful are presented. It makes a distinction between centrally issued digital currencies and decentralized crypto-assets, examines the sustainability and energy efficiency of public block chain, and considers the suitability of immutable registries for official data and election procedures. It provides guidelines for creating a financial-monetary equivalent that would associate physical assets and energy with a distributed ledger value unit. The conclusion is that while block chain is still being institutionalized in certain sectors (traceability, settlement), its usage in politics (voting, identification) remains pilot-stage and context-dependent.

Е.А. Сотниченко, Н.И. Ахмед, Е.В. Баранова

Целью статьи является комплексный анализ возможностей и ключевых тенденций развития блокчейн-технологий в экономическом секторе. Проблема исследования заключается в стремительном проникновении распределенных реестров в различные отрасли при отсутствии системной оценки их потенциала и сопутствующих рисков. В качестве основной гипотезы выдвинуто положение о том, что блокчейн формирует принципиально новую инфраструктуру доверия, способную трансформировать традиционные экономические процессы. Научная новизна работы заключается в комплексном применении инструментов стратегического анализа (SWOT- и PEST-) для выявления системных преимуществ, рисков, регуляторных вызовов и киберугроз. Методология исследования включает сравнительный анализ применения распределенных реестров в финансах, логистике, государственном управлении и цифровых сервисах, с особым акцентом на такие ключевые инструменты трансформации, как цифровые валюты центральных банков (CBDC), децентрализованные финансы (DeFi) и невзаимозаменяемые токены (NFT). В результате установлено, что внедрение блокчейн-решений обеспечивает значительное снижение операционных издержек, повышение прозрачности и безопасности экономических операций. Практическая значимость данного исследования заключается в создании комплексного понимания потенциала технологий для бизнес-сообщества и регуляторов, что может способствовать разработке стратегий цифровизации и адаптации нормативно-правовой базы. Перспективы будущих исследований охватывают углубленный анализ долгосрочных последствий внедрения DeFi и CBDC, а также создание моделей управления киберрисками в условиях широкого распространения распределенных реестров. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the opportunities and key trends in the development of blockchain technologies in the economic sector. The problem – of the study lies in the rapid penetration of distributed registries into various industries in the absence of a systematic assessment of their potential and associated risks. The main hypothesis is that blockchain forms a fundamentally new trust infrastructure capable of transforming traditional economic processes. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the integrated application of strategic analysis tools (SWOT and PEST) to identify systemic advantages, risks, regulatory challenges and cyber threats. The research methodology includes a comparative analysis of the use of distributed ledgers in finance, logistics, public administration, and digital services, with a particular focus on key transformation tools such as central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), decentralized finance (DeFi), and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). As a result, it was found that the implementation of blockchain solutions provides a significant reduction in transaction costs, increased transparency and security of economic transactions. The practical significance of this research lies in creating a comprehensive understanding of the potential of technology for the business community and regulators, which can contribute to the development of digitalization strategies and the adaptation of the regulatory framework. The prospects for future research include an in-depth analysis of the long-term consequences of the introduction of DeFi and CBDC, as well as the creation of cyber risk management models in the context of widespread distributed ledgers.

E. I. Dyudikova

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the institutional and technological dimensions of anti-money laundering (AML) measures within the cryptocurrency space. The focus is on Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Recommendation 15 and its implementation in the Russian legal framework, as well as the regulation of digital financial assets and the digital ruble in the context of tightening international standards. A key issue addressed is the inherent contradiction between the fundamental properties of cryptocurrencies – namely, anonymity and decentralization – and the imperative to ensure transparency of financial transactions in accordance with AML/CFT (Countering Financing of Terrorism) requirements. The study systematizes modern approaches to minimizing this conflict, including customer identification mechanisms, transaction monitoring systems, and technological solutions to enhance operational transparency. Additionally, it examines the positions of Russian regulators concerning AML/CFT compliance in relation to virtual assets. Based on the conducted research, the study identifies emerging trends in the development of regulatory and legal frameworks and discusses prospects for adapting national legislation to meet global regulatory challenges.

A. V. Fedorov

The financial system of sub-Saharan Africa is heavily dependent on foreign and international capital. The external debt of Sub-Saharan Africa is more than 60% of the total GDP, in some countries, that is about 95%. In the last decades, there has been an expansion of the influence of pan-African financial groups and central/national banks in the monetary policy of African states. Sub-Saharan Africa shows exponential growth in electronic mobile payments and the digital currency of central banks and crypto assets depends on distributed ledger technology. Regional financial centers have emerged, shaping the growth and development of African finance. The structure, specifics and main trends in the development of the financial system of sub-Saharan Africa are described in the context of the challenges facing the global financial system. The need for integration processes for the countries of the continent, the role of central banks and Pan-African financial institutions are substantiated. The possibility of implementing the concept of leapfrogging in the transition of the monetary and credit system of the African continent to national digital currencies and the use of distributed register technology are considered. The author considers the credit and monetary system of Sub-Saharan Africa as a place of financial innovations that can identify the development of the global financial system for decades to come.

Simran Kaur, Malkeet Singh, Nikhil Singh

This study delves into the transformative role of digital currencies in reshaping global trade, financial systems, and regulatory frameworks. It investigates the integration of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), cryptocurrencies, and stablecoins into the global economy, exploring their potential to streamline cross-border transactions, reduce costs, and enhance financial inclusion. Through case studies from China, El Salvador, and the European Union, the study examines the practical implications and challenges associated with the widespread adoption of digital currencies. The research also scrutinizes the regulatory complexities, including the need for international harmonization of legal standards to mitigate risks such as money laundering and fraud. Additionally, the study highlights the technological innovations inherent in blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLT), which promise to enhance transparency, security, and operational efficiency.

Lyubov Petyk, Yulia Shushkova, Sofia Naufok

The article examines key trends in the development of digital currencies in the context of the transformation of the global financial system. Based on a comparative analysis, central bank-controlled central digital currencies (CBDCs) and decentralized cryptocurrencies, primarily Bitcoin, are considered as alternative models of digital money. The fundamental differences between them are identified in terms of issuance mechanisms, level of regulatory support, degree of transparency and application of blockchain technologies.

A. Pogosyan

Decentralized financing may become an effective tool for developing financial markets in the Russian Federation in the foreseeable future, but its legitimization is associated with a number of threats and occurs in conditions of uncertainty. At the same time, postponing decisions in the development of the state's financial policy may lead to even greater costs associated with the departure of a promising segment of the new financial market into the shadows. The paper considers the opportunities and threats of decentralized financing development for traditional financial institutions in the Russian Federation. The study was prepared using the methods of conceptual, comparative analysis, financial and economic foresight. Results: the concept of decentralized financing is clarified, the differences between decentralized financing and digital financial assets previously legalized in Russia are considered. International experience of companies - traditional financial intermediaries - entering decentralized financing is presented, which is mainly in the nature of a test approbation of possibilities. Based on international statistics, an increase in the share of traditional financial companies in the volume of decentralized borrowings is shown. The article describes the diversity of development opportunities in the decentralized finance market for such classic financial intermediaries as commercial banks. Solutions for the development of financial policy in the Russian Federation are proposed, the need for legalization and the fastest possible construction of a sovereign infrastructure of decentralized finance with the safe involvement of traditional financial institutions is argued.

Murat V. Agayev, Fatima T. Maltsagova, Natalia N. Grigorieva

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory and institutional framework for interbank cooperation between Russia and China in the field of digital financial technologies. It examines the evolution of financial regulation in both countries, including the introduction of central bank digital currencies, legal regimes for digital financial assets, and cross-border settlement systems in national currencies. Particular attention is paid to the impact of national digitalization strategies on the development of compatible infrastructures and the prospects for integrating payment systems, including distributed ledgers and smart contracts. Key areas for further cooperation are highlighted, as well as limitations associated with sanctions risks, regulatory differences, and the volatility of national currencies. It concludes that there is a high degree of institutional and technological complementarity between Russia and China in the context of the emergence of a multipolar financial architecture.

Maksym Ivasenko

Traditional financial services are characterized by high complexity, multi-level structures, and dependence on intermediaries, which create significant operational costs, lengthy settlement times, and system risks. The article analyzes modern financial systems such as SWIFT, clearinghouses, central securities depositories, and central counter-parties, highlighting the key drawbacks of a centralized approach: data fragmentation, the need for synchronization, failure risks, and high compliance costs. The article also addresses contemporary challenges, including slow settlement times (for example, T+2 for equities), reliance on correspondent banking networks, and costs associated with risk management. The aim of the article is to survey the impact of blockchain technologies on the financial sector, assessing the opportunities and challenges of implementing blockchain to optimize financial processes. The article compares traditional financial systems with innovative approaches based on distributed ledgers, such as blockchain, in terms of performance, transparency, security, regulatory compliance, and cost. The research methodology includes a review of the relevant literature, an overview of existing platforms (Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, R3 Corda, Quorum), and their applications in the financial sector. The article examines the technological aspects of blockchain, including distributed ledgers, consensus algorithms, smart contracts, and asset tokenization. The advantages of blockchain technology are identified, particularly the automation of processes, reduction of reliance on intermediaries, increased transparency, and shortened settlement times. The prospects of decentralized finance (DeFi) and corporate blockchain solutions are analyzed, particularly the use of smart contracts and tokenization to enhance liquidity. The research results indicate that the implementation of blockchain can significantly reduce operational costs, enhance transaction transparency, and ensure the speed of financial settlements. In particular, blockchain shortens the T+2 settlement cycle to seconds, improving liquidity and efficiency in financial markets. The conclusion of the article offers recommendations for selecting blockchain platforms based on the needs of financial institutions. Key criteria such as confidentiality, scalability, transaction throughput, and compliance with regulatory requirements are discussed. The necessity of creating a unified regulatory framework to support the implementation of blockchain in finance is particularly emphasized. Future research prospects include the development of interoperability tools, enhancing the security of smart contracts, and long-term evaluation of the efficiency of blockchain solutions in production environments. Thus, blockchain is an important tool for the transformation of financial systems, ensuring a significant increase in their efficiency, resilience, and transparency.

Benedictor Mugisha, Niyibizi Francois Xavier

The thesis “The multiple invoicing system as a mechanism for financing the National budget, in reference to the case study as Rwanda Revenue Authority” is traced back on its uniqueness based on checking the level of invoicing system as the aid of tax collection in the fiscal years 2015/2022 while considering the implemented measures set to spearhead the use of this invoicing systems vis a vis tax revenue collection in Rwanda. The load used a fair road map method, of integrating a demographic populace equivalent 893 staff of RRA from whom a sample size of 276 employees of RRA were chosen by the use of stratified sampling techniques. A complete set of questions were utilized for soliciting data. The package of solid statistics, correlation analysis and Ordinary Least Squares to analyze data. The review came into force that RRA stewardship has invoicing systems which is strong. The research identified That multiple invoicing system as a mechanism for financing the Government has made a tremendous gross in terms of raising tax revenue collections; improving tax remittance among tax payers, minimization of tax collection costs in Rwanda and decreased tax fraud among stakeholders. This conveys that there’s a positive and much critical link abiding multiple invoicing system and tax revenue collections. The gathered views recommended the stewardship of RRA to ensure radio calling Programs as a merit of benchmarking the achievement of the set force objectives. The Stewardship of Rwanda revenue authority have to be alerted about smooth functioning of the devices, by establishing policies and approaches for authorizations at the correct point level, the stewardship of Rwanda revenue authority has to draft certain concrete control of authority and decentralize responsibility. However, the much concern on future, should emphasize on other factors like bridging bilateral states, reducing double taxation agreement so as to facilitate foreign investments, doing business in Rwanda as world bank recommends, job creation on wide gap aimed for reducing unemployment, irrespective of sparing all the efforts only on multiple invoicing system which is contribute a prominent tax revenue collection with in the country. In summary, the invoicing system provides a clear road map of all the mechanism set by the Government in its policies of tax collection by use of different tools so as to comply with the set international standards

Ihor Chudyk, D. O. Panevnyk

Most modern digital technologies, which are part of the fourth industrial revolution, can be used to improve the efficiency of production processes in the oil and gas industry, in particular, in exploration, planning and optimisation of well construction and maintenance operations, secondary oil and gas recovery methods and enhanced oil and gas recovery. Information flow management can significantly reduce operating costs associated with oil and gas field logistics. Production processes in the oil and gas industry are accompanied by the collection, transmission, processing and storage of significant amounts of information aimed at making and implementing the necessary decisions. In these conditions, big data management technologies are becoming increasingly important. The proliferation of digital technologies, given the peculiarities of oil and gas technologies, requires improvement of measures and means of protection against unauthorised interference with information flow management processes. The use of distributed ledger technology makes data leakage impossible and provides a high level of protection of the information field. The conducted research has identified areas of rational use of simulation software and special applications in the form of automated calculation algorithms in modelling the work processes of oil and gas equipment. Simulation programs do not require a mathematical description of the oil and gas machine's workflow, but are ineffective in the case of a significant number of calculation operations. The use of an automated calculation algorithm is advisable if it is necessary to involve numerous arrays of source data, the analysis of which involves the implementation of numerous calculation procedures. Increasing the share of digital technologies in the educational process involves the widespread introduction of electronic document management, the legalisation of electronic signatures and distance learning methods.

Yu V Belousov

The paper considers the question that has gained relevance in the last decade: whether the cryptocurrency bitcoin is money. The economic literature provides different opinions on this issue. The analysis shows that disagreements arise because of the different understanding of the category of ‘money’ rather than because of the nature of bitcoin. The author analyzes popular interpretations of money in terms of their applicability to the definition of the role and place of cryptocurrencies in the financial system. The purpose of this study is to define money as a financial instrument that linksthe creation of gross social product with its distribution. The author believes that money emerged and exists as a tool that ensures a connection between the contribution of each economic entity to the total product of society and the right to receive an equivalent amount of goods from this gross product. At the same time, the author defines money as an ‘ideal right’ to receive a share of the gross social product. In this regard, the analysis of bitcoin shows that this cryptocurrency allows obtaining goods from the gross social product in many countries, while bitcoin owners do not contribute to the gross social product. Based on this, bitcoin cannot be considered money; it is a money substitute, or surrogate money. At the same time, bitcoin was created as money and performs the functions of money, but to a limited extent. Bitcoin can only perform the functions of money as a supplement to an existing official currency. It is not capable of functioning as the only currency in a society. The interpretation proposed in this paper can be used for the purposes of developing the Russian law on cryptocurrencies is currently being worked on by the Government and the Central Bank of Russia.

Arkadii Mykytas, Оksana Blуznіuk, Oleksandr GOROH, Galyna NAGAYEVA

The purpose of the article is to conduct a study and determine the importance and benefits of using artificial intelligence (AI) tools for certain areas of the cryptocurrency market, in particular, detecting and preventing fraud in the cryptocurrency market, as well as the possibilities of using AI chatbots in trading and in the formation of investment portfolios. The article covers the analysis of the growth of digital currencies and the increasing number of hacker attacks, defines the role of AI in ensuring security, considers methods of fraud detection and prevention, and analyses development prospects. AI plays a crucial role in identifying suspicious transactions and preventing fraud. The study aims to investigate the benefits and potential risks of AI bots. AI's integration has transformed the market, enabling more informed decision-making, improved investment strategies, and higher returns. The article emphasizes the need for ongoing research into the evolving landscape of AI in cryptocurrency, discussing challenges, and the potential to finance sphere. The integration of AI in fraud detection has proven advantageous, enabling real-time data analysis and pattern recognition, enhancing security for investors. The article also addresses concerns such as algorithmic bias and the displacement of traders and using AI chat bots. While acknowledging the risks, it highlights the positive impact of AI on efficiency, reliability, and security in the cryptocurrency marketThe article presents an algorithmisation of the possibilities and procedures for engaging artificial intelligence in the fight against fraud, as well as recommendations for market participants and regulators. The presented results highlight the existing innovative potential of AI to improve the security and efficiency of the functioning of participants in the cryptocurrency market. Overall, the article suggests that AI's transformative influence in the cryptocurrency market is a game changer, shaping the industry's future and presenting opportunities for growth and innovation.

Denis Zasimov

В данной статье рассмотрена криптовалюта биткоин как возможная альтернатива традиционным валютам, таким как как рубль, доллар, евро. Описана система «блокчейн» и дан ответ на вопрос об идеальной бухгалтерии. Показано, что биткоин представляет собой значимый финансовый инструмент, который обладает множеством преимуществ перед традиционными фиатными деньгами. Тем не менее необходимо помнить о недостатках биткоина. В настоящее время биткоин не сможет заменить фиатные деньги для государств и стать полноценным заменителем для традиционных валют, поскольку необходимо решить еще множество технических и организационных проблем. This article considers Bitcoin cryptocurrency as a possible alternative to traditional currencies such as ruble, dollar, euro. The “blockchain” system is described and the question of ideal accounting is answered. It is shown that Bitcoin is a significant financial instrument which has many advantages over traditional fiat money. However, it is necessary to keep in mind the shortcomings of Bitcoin. Currently, Bitcoin will not be able to replace fiat money for states and become a full substitute for traditional currencies, as many technical and organizational problems still need to be solved.

Надія Проскурніна

Classic banking operations, such as granting loans, accepting deposits and participating in payment transactions, are on the verge of revolution thanks to the potential use of web 3.0 technologies and tokenized assets. These new financial horizons run the gamut from unsecured virtual assets (like cryptocurrencies) and shadow payments to central bank digital currencies and widespread circulation of money rights. The potential of digital transformations in the financial sphere is best illustrated by distributed ledger technology (blockchain) and new solutions based on it – decentralized digital platforms and tokenized assets. However, there are other forms of decentralized financial instruments, payment services and financing that can allow households and companies to access credit and share unbreakable financial risks, bypassing traditional financial intermediaries. This scientific article discusses relatively new methods of providing access to low-cost and "seamless" payment systems from the point of view of their implementation in small or regional banks. The drive to innovate through alternative financing mechanisms involves the integration of many disparate customers into mainstream and even new financial systems. Tokenized assets can become a means that are available to those who are deprived of access to classic banking services, and even to those who are outside the scope of services of traditional banks.

Nikita Konstantinovich Chistousov, Igor A. Kalmykov, Daniil Vyacheslavovich Dukhovnyj, I. D. Efremenkov · 5 authors

Low-orbit satellite communication systems (LOSCS) should have the property of noise immunity, which is based on informational, structural and energetic secrecy, as well as noise resistance. One of the directions associated with increasing of informational secrecy is based on the use of a satellite identification system. This system is designed to prevent the imposition of someone else's content on the subscriber through the use of an authentication protocol based on zero-knowledge proof. In a number of works it is proposed to use modular codes (MC) for a reduction of the time of identification of the applicant as MC give the possibility for parallelizing the process of calculations in the protocol. It is known that MC can increase the fault tolerance of the identification system as they are able to eliminate the consequences of failures during operation. But they can also be used to increase the noise immunity of the LOSCS. Thus, the use of a single algebraic system in the construction of MC that are capable of correcting errors caused not only by failures during operation of the identification system, but also by interference in the communication channel, will allow us to abandon cascade codes. Therefore, the development of a method for constructing a modular turbo code for a noise-proof satellite authentication system is an urgent task.

Andrey Zubarev, Natalia Makeeva, Elena Sinelnikova-Muryleva, Kirill Shilov

The paper discusses various issues related to both theory and practice of the world of digital currencies. The growing popularity of the sector of services based on the technology of a distributed ledger, called decentralized finance (DeFi), is considered in detail, which has grown over the last year from 700 million to 11.5 billion US dollars. Different analogs of traditional financial and banking services are being built in this sector, in which, instead of the corresponding institutions, there is a set of smart contracts operating in an automatic mode. In addition, the paper analyzes the theoretical risks and potential benefits from the emission of digital currencies by central banks, and considers the world experience of the pilot projects of digital currencies in different countries.

V.E. Ponamorenko, Г. А. Насырова, Gaukhar Kodasheva, T.V. Schyukina · 5 authors

the activity of the scientific school: "Strategic management of rental rela tions" is considered. It carries out scientific research in the field of theory and methodology of rent assessment as superprofits, etc. a brief overview of the main scientific, educational, creative results and publications is pro vided. Interaction with other scientific schools, including on security issues, is also important.