Halek Mu’min, Denny Bernardus Kurnia Wahyudono, Thomas Stefanus Kaihatu
This investigation develops and validates Blockchain Utilization Capability as a novel construct fundamentally reconceptualizing complex enterprise technology adoption by addressing critical limitations in conventional frameworks assuming direct antecedent-intention relationships. Through cross-sectional survey methodology examining 300 Indonesian SMEs actively engaged with blockchain platforms, we integrate Technology-Organization-Environment Framework with Technology Acceptance Model, positioning capability as central mediating mechanism analyzed using PLS-SEM with bootstrapping procedures. Results reveal complete mediation configurations wherein organizational infrastructure, environmental pressures, technological features, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use operate exclusively through capability development rather than directly influencing adoption intentions. Organizational dimensions demonstrate substantial effects on capability formation, while perceived ease of use exhibits paradoxical negative associations through suppression mechanisms, with the construct achieving superior predictive performance explaining considerable variance in adoption intentions. We introduce Capability-Mediated TAM, demonstrating perceptual beliefs require translation into organizational capabilities preceding complex technology adoption influence, bridging previously disconnected frameworks by revealing common capability-building pathways through which diverse antecedents operate, transforming TOE from descriptive taxonomy into dynamic process architecture. Findings establish that organizations should prioritize systematic capability development through phased approaches emphasizing organizational readiness, formal governance, and cross-functional integration preceding production implementations, recognizing capability building as essential rather than optional pathway toward blockchain adoption success.
Yurii Koroliuk, Olha Vdovichena, Анатолій Вдовічен
The purpose of the paper is to analyze the relationships between digital skills of participants in the educational process, their readiness for digital transformation, and the barriers to technology integration in economic education in Ukraine, with a particular focus on the implementation of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. The study also aims to examine how awareness of digital technologies and perceptions of their benefits influence educational outcomes and professional preparedness. Methodology. The research employs structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the relationships between key constructs, including technology awareness, perceived usefulness, educational readiness, digital skills, barriers to implementation, readiness for change, and students’ preparedness for professional activity. The empirical analysis is based on a dataset of 256 respondents (ID 1–256) collected through an online survey conducted between May and August 2025 among individuals involved in economic education in Ukraine. The questionnaire was designed to assess respondents’ awareness, perceptions, and readiness to integrate modern digital technologies (AI, blockchain, ERP, RPA, and digital educational platforms) into the training of economic specialists, as well as the availability of technological resources at the university level. The survey included 33 Likert-scale items covering demographic characteristics, professional experience, digital competencies, attitudes toward emerging technologies, access to infrastructure, alignment of curricula with labour market needs, and barriers to technology integration. The instrument provided both quantitative and qualitative insights into participants’ experiences. Results. The findings demonstrate that digital competencies and perceived usefulness of technologies significantly influence readiness for digital transformation and learning effectiveness. Organizational support and systematic user training are identified as critical success factors for ERP implementation. Furthermore, technology awareness and readiness for change mediate the relationship between digital skills and students’ preparedness. The integration of ERP systems enhances practical competencies in business process management and strengthens analytical thinking. Practical implications. The results provide a foundation for improving economic education through the systematic integration of ERP systems into curricula. The study highlights the importance of investing in digital skills development, academic staff training, and institutional support mechanisms to ensure effective technology adoption and alignment with labour market demands. Value / originality. The paper contributes to the literature by offering an integrated empirical SEM-based model linking digital competencies, ERP adoption, and educational outcomes in the context of Ukraine, providing a scientifically grounded approach to modernising economic education and enhancing graduates’ competitiveness in the global labour market.
Pharmaceutical supply chain is facing severe problems caused by counterfeiting medicines, unclear tracking system, and inefficient recalling method, which lead to huge economical losses and endanger the public's health. In this paper, we present a novel blockchain-based solution with Non-Fungible Token digital twin (NFT), which is based on Ethereum ERC-1155 standard, to construct an unchanged and transparent record for drug unit's whole lifecycle from manufacturing to final patient. Our system replaces the vulnerable centralized database with a decentralized one to guarantee the integrity of data, automatic compliance and immediate verification. Experimental results on Ethereum Sepolia testnet show that our system achieves 100% success rate for 9 transactions which are 7 transfer transactions and 2 creation transactions with average confirmation time just for 17.8s. The total operation cost for all transactions is only $0.01 USD which is very cost-effective. Base on the comprehensive analysis, our system can save 85-90% of operation cost and improve 95% of recalling time compared with traditional system. The experimental results in this paper prove the practical feasibility and feasibility of economy using NFT digital twin to manage the whole pharmaceutical supply chain, and provide a strong framework to fight against counterfeiting and ensure patient safety.
Malintha Fernando, Nimasha Dilukshi Hulathdoowage, B. A. K. S. Perera
Construction projects are complex and demand advanced digital technologies to enhance automation, transparency, and efficiency. As a result, tools like enterprise resource planning (ERP), smart contracts, and electronic tendering (e-tendering) are being adopted. However, these technologies often operate separately rather than as a unified system. Although there are a few cases where ERP is integrated with smart contracts, integration with e-tendering remains largely absent. Therefore, this study creates a unified framework combining these three technologies to improve automation, transparency, and efficiency in the construction industry. Thus, a scoping review was conducted, selecting 50 publications from 2014 to 2024 for in-depth analysis. A content analysis was performed to identify the limitations of ERP systems, and key functions and features of ERP systems, e-tendering, and smart contracts. The proposed unified framework focuses on how these technologies can function synergistically to improve different areas in construction projects. The study identified 12 areas that can be streamlined. After the scoping review, five expert interviews were conducted to validate the framework. Experts critically commented on the applicability, benefits, limitations and strategies, in line with the framework. The study highlights that, by centralizing key functions into a single integrated system, the unified framework streamlines operations, enhances transparency, and enables real-time, evidence-based decision-making across complex construction environments. Furthermore, the study highlights that by addressing the inefficiencies of fragmented data management and nonintegrated systems, the proposed framework offers a comprehensive solution to persistent industry challenges like cost overruns, delays, and lack of transparency. The study further critically analyzes how the limitations identified concerning ERP systems are addressed through the unified system. Based on the findings and the unified framework, future research areas are proposed.
Murugan Ramu, Sneha T, Hemalakshmi V B, K Shwetha · 6 authors
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are pivotal in managing organizational workflows across departments such as finance, human resources, inventory, and procurement. However, traditional ERP systems are prone to inefficiencies including lack of transparency, delayed approvals, data inconsistencies, and audit complexities. This paper introduces ChainAutomate-ERP, a blockchain-powered workflow automation framework that integrates smart contracts, reinforcement learning (A3C) agents, and IPFS-based document storage to enhance ERP operations. The proposed SmartFlowChain-Net architecture ensures tamper-proof workflow execution, decentralized approvals, and AI-driven optimization of task routing and resource utilization. A permissioned blockchain network using Hyperledger Fabric is configured with department-wise node identities and inter-channel communication for secure data exchange. Smart contracts autonomously govern workflows such as invoice processing, purchase orders, and leave approvals, eliminating human error and procedural delays. Reinforcement learning agents trained with historical data significantly improved resource allocation and decision efficiency. The framework was benchmarked against traditional ERP systems across five key performance dimensions. Experimental results demonstrate substantial improvements: average workflow execution time reduced by 58.6%, approval accuracy increased from 88.1% (manual) to 98.2% (blockchain-based), and resource allocation efficiency rose from 69.4% to 91.5%. Moreover, audit time dropped by 63.7%, and integrity check failures per 1000 transactions decreased by over 90%. The findings confirm that ChainAutomate-ERP delivers a secure, transparent, and scalable automation layer for next-generation ERP ecosystems. The integration of AI and blockchain technologies positions the system as a transformative solution for enterprises seeking operational excellence and regulatory compliance.
Purpose: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, such as SAP (Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing), are critical to modern enterprises, enabling the integration of core business functions and the management of essential data. Ensuring their availability, reliability, and adaptability is paramount, as disruptions can result in significant operational and financial consequences. Traditional Knowledge Management (KM) approaches emphasize the preservation of ERP-related knowledge but often lack responsiveness to emergent risks. This study introduces a novel framework grounded in the concept of antifragility—where systems grow stronger under stress—by simulating disruptions to enable continuous knowledge evolution and system adaptation. Methodology: A mixed-methods research design combines simulation-based inquiry with Design Science Research (DSR) to investigate antifragile KM within ERP environments. Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are integrated into the KM system to analyse ERP failures, generate runbooks, and proactively manage recovery knowledge. Controlled simulations of kernel upgrades and failure scenarios—modelled on ITIL 4 incident typologies—serve as structured stressors to expose vulnerabilities. Lightweight LLMs, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines, and semantic search tools are employed to codify procedural knowledge and enhance the responsiveness of ERP operations. Findings: The results demonstrate that embedding antifragile principles into ERP KM improves organizational learning, responsiveness, and recovery capabilities. Transitioning from static knowledge repositories to dynamic, AI-enabled systems allows for autonomous decision-making, decentralized knowledge flow, and adaptive documentation. Each disruption becomes a learning event, reinforcing the resilience and self-improvement of the ERP knowledge ecosystem. Implications: Empirical insights suggest that AI-driven antifragile KM transforms ERP disruptions into opportunities for growth, rather than threats to stability. The proposed framework supports the development of systems that not only recover from failure but also become progressively more robust and adaptive through structured experimentation and continuous learning.
This study proposes a decentralized framework that merges smart contract based Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocols and traditional Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to provide secure, automatic, and verifiable transaction execution. It constructs an additional middleware interface to guarantee interoperability between ERP modules and blockchain networks that utilize smart contracts for procurement, finance, and asset management modules. The system was tested empirically within a hybrid testbed of chains with Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatibility simulation executing ERP transaction testing on a simulated environment with physical hardware. According to quantitative assessment results, performance increased, achieving a 38% increase in transaction throughput, a 27% decrease in execution costs, increased trust and traceability due to cryptographic audit trails, and improved auditability. The research highlights the potential of DeFi integrated ERP systems for decentralized enterprise finance systems as a scalable secure replacement to centralized enterprise finance systems.
Abstract Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), like blockchains, were expected to revolutionize the economy by solving the principal–agent problem in the corporate form. Yet, the very first DAO (“The DAO”) suffered a catastrophic hack that led to the Ethereum blockchain’s forking. Despite this failure, and the 2022 crypto markets collapse, enthusiasm for DAOs as corporate alternatives persists in crypto circles. Nine years on, however, DAOs remain a niche structure with little traction outside crypto projects. This chapter posits that this is due to fundamental flaws in the case for DAOs as corporate replacements. Crypto proponents often dismiss centralization and opacity as wholly undesirable, overlooking their functional value in business organizations. They also fail to recognize that blockchain’s security, transparency, and predictability are narrowly bound and come at a cost, rendering DAOs poorly equipped to handle the risks organizations face in the real world. These trade-offs explain why DAOs are less a revolution, more naïve wishful thinking.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) platforms integrate critical business operations, including manufacturing, inventory, accounting, human resources, and supply chain management, into unified systems for automation and analytics. However, traditional centralized ERP architectures have notable limitations around security, transparency, costs, and process integrity. ERP data silos inhibit trust, provenance tracking, and collaboration across organizational boundaries. Recently, blockchain distributed ledger technology has emerged as a promising approach to transforming ERP by enabling decentralized verifiable workflows, immutable record keeping, and end-to-end transaction traceability. Blockchain offers a paradigm shift for ERP by distributing control across a peer-to-peer network organized around consensus, cryptography, and innovative algorithms. Early research and prototypes demonstrate blockchain's potential to enhance security, trust, provenance, automation, and standardization in enterprise systems. Blockchain ERP pilots show feasibility in supply chain tracking, accounting, procurement, manufacturing, and more. By sharing tamper-evident ledgers across companies, blockchain builds transparency, integrity, and collaboration into ERP workflows. Several technical concepts underpin blockchain ERP capabilities. Distributed ledgers cryptographically chain transaction records. Consensus protocols like proof-of-work and Byzantine fault tolerance enable unanimous agreement on valid state changes across nodes. Smart contracts automate multi-step workflows based on predefined conditions. Hashing, public-key encryption, and zero-knowledge proofs provide security and privacy. Together, these constructs allow decentralized and verifiable ERP processes. However, challenges remain prior to enterprise adoption at scale. Blockchain ERP must still overcome hurdles integrating with legacy systems, coordinating complex cross-organizational ecosystems, scaling transaction throughput and data storage, and reducing implementation costs. Data privacy also requires consideration under public blockchain models. In conclusion, blockchain shows immense yet nascent promise for revolutionizing outdated ERP platforms once integration, coordination, scaling, and cost obstacles are surmounted through further research and development. By transforming how enterprises architect and optimize mission-critical systems, blockchain may profoundly disrupt enterprise computing and business processes. The technology remains in its early stages but holds revolutionary potential for ERP and inter-organizational collaboration.
Procurement processes within Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are essential for managing supplier relationships, purchase orders, and payment settlements. Conventional ERP-based procurement often faces challenges related to inefficiency, manual reconciliation, lack of transparency, and susceptibility to fraud or contractual disputes. Blockchain-enabled smart contracts offer a transformative approach by providing self-executing agreements that operate on decentralized, tamper-resistant ledgers. These contracts ensure automation, trust, and compliance, thereby addressing long-standing limitations in procurement workflows. This paper investigates the integration of blockchain technology with ERP-based procurement systems, focusing on how smart contracts can automate vendor onboarding, streamline purchase order execution, enforce payment terms, and ensure regulatory compliance. The discussion emphasizes architectural principles for blockchain-ERP integration, including transparency, immutability, interoperability, and governance. Various blockchain platforms such as Hyperledger Fabric, Ethereum, and Corda are assessed for their suitability in enterprise procurement environments, considering factors such as permissioned access, scalability, and regulatory alignment. Through reference models and case studies, the paper demonstrates how blockchain enabled procurement enhances efficiency, reduces disputes, and strengthens supply chain accountability. Key challenges including interoperability with legacy ERP, smart contract vulnerabilities, and compliance with global regulations are also explored. The study provides a conceptual and practical framework for designing blockchain-enabled procurement architectures, highlighting their potential to reshape ERP ecosystems and support sustainable digital transformation.
Henrik Bjørn Axelsen, Johannes Rude Jensen, Omry Ross
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) have seen exponential growth and interest due to their potential to redefine organizational structure and governance. Despite this, there is a discrepancy between the ideals of autonomy and decentralization and the actual experiences of DAO stakeholders. The Information Systems (IS) literature has yet to explore whether DAOs are the optimal organizational choice fully. Addressing this gap, our research asks, "Is a DAO suitable for your organizational needs?" We derive a gated decision-making framework through a thematic review of the academic and grey literature on DAOs. Through five scenarios, the framework critically emphasizes the gaps between DAOs' theoretical capabilities and practical challenges. Our findings contribute to the IS discourse on blockchain technologies, with some ancillary contributions to the IS literature on organizational management and practitioner literature.
George, Dr.A.Shaji, Dr.S.Sagayarajan, Dr.T.Baskar, A.S.Hovan George
Two-tier ERP systems are an increasingly popular technology strategy for large, multinational enterprises. This paper examines how two-tier ERP enables organizations to balance centralized control and coordination at the corporate level with localized flexibility and responsiveness at the division/subsidiary level. The tier 1 ERP system handles core tasks like HR, finance, and IT using highly customized solutions tailored to the large corporate entity's needs, scale, and sophistication. This promotes enterprise-wide process standardization and centralized control. Meanwhile, the tier 2 ERP systems utilized by smaller subsidiaries and regional offices are less resource intensive and more configurable to address localized requirements. Tier 2 gives local divisions more control over their ERP to enable flexibility and responsiveness. This research analyzes the key drivers pushing large multinationals towards two-tier ERP, including managing complexity across global operations, enabling centralized coordination while allowing localization, integrating dispersed IT infrastructures, and controlling implementation costs. The paper explores the unique characteristics and benefits of tier 1 and tier 2 ERP systems in depth, providing concrete examples. Critical considerations for successfully deploying two-tier ERP are also examined, such as integration, change management, and striking the right balance between standardization and localization. The conclusion reached is that two-tier ERP delivers important synergistic benefits for large enterprises through its centralized/decentralized dual structure. The tier 1/tier 2 approach balances the key needs for coordination and control at the center with flexibility at the edges. However, careful planning is required for effective two-tier ERP implementation. The optimal balance between standardization and localization must be struck to fully realize the strategic potential. This research provides important insights for both academic study and real-world application of two-tier ERP systems.
Technology evolution has long allowed for the better supply chain management. Now, the world is experiencing the emergence of new technologies: for example, blockchain technology. This technology has already proven itself in several areas, including the financial sector. It is now a question of exploiting it with Enterprise Resource Planning systems (ERP) to improve the supply chain performance. Thanks to a study of the literature, we were able to present how blockchain can improve the supply chain management by integrating it with ERP systems and the problems it can solve.
The aim of the paper is to present the new factors of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning system) implementation related to the usage of cloud-based and blockchain information technology and to discover potential possibilities of using cloud computing, big data, and blockchain technologies in the methodology of ERP implementation. The article covers the characteristics of the current implementation methodologies and also discusses how these technologies can be adopted in the implementation process. During the study, a literature review was carried out and survey-based interviews with project managers were performed. Previous studies examined in the literature review have some limitations. Most of them are focused on ERP performance in the cloud or measure success factors of ERP implementation. A research gap exists regarding the impact of technologies in the implementation process and the results of this process. The research shed some light on cloud computing and blockchain in ERP implementation. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Some methods of sustainable methods of ERP implementation with the use of cloud technologies, blockchain, and big data have been examined in research studies, but there is still a lack of publications with in-depth analyses of the impact of blockchain on ERP implementation success. (2) The practitioners recommended the new technologies based on cloud computing and big data in the process of ERP implementation, and more knowledge about blockchain would have a positive impact on the success of sustainable ERP implementation as well as on the willingness to adopt the new technologies.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software is extensively used for the management of business processes. ERP offers a system of integrated applications with a shared central database. Storing all business-critical informatio... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press
Yuqian Zhang, Saeid Pourroostaei Ardakani, Wenqi Han
Abstract Blockchain technology has the potential to reduce transaction errors and enhance the quality of reporting significantly. This article proposes a conceptual blockchain‐based protocol, labelled Smart Ledger, as a replacement for the traditional accounting information recording system. A smart ledger is a computerized algorithm that utilizes blockchain technology to perform accounting ledger functions. Its validity is based on two mechanisms within the blockchain architecture: Fractional Accounting Transactions (FAT) and Hierarchical Accounting Transaction Execution (HATE). As such, the smart ledger is a hybrid protocol that combines accounting information recording principles with the immutability of blockchain technology. If widely implemented, it could have a significant impact on accounting practices and the accounting profession.
Accounting information systems (AISs), the core module of any enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, are usually designed as centralised systems. Nowadays, the continuous development and applications of blockchain, or more broadly—distributed ledger technology (DLT), can change the architecture, overcome and improve some limitations of centralised systems, most notably security and privacy. An increasing number of authors are suggesting the application of blockchain technologies in management, accounting and ERPs. This paper aims to examine the emerging literature on this field, and an immediate result is that blockchain applications can have significant benefits. The paper’s innovative contribution and considerable objective are to examine if blockchain can be successfully integrated with AIS and ERPs. We find that blockchain can facilitate integration at multiple levels and better serve various purposes as auditing compliance. To demonstrate that, we analyse e-procurement systems and operations using case study research methodology. The findings suggest that DLT, decentralised finance (DeFI), and financial technology (FinTech) applications can facilitate integrating AISs and ERP systems and yield significant benefits for efficiency, productivity and security.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are undergoing rapid transformation as organizations pursue real-time operational visibility, stronger data integrity, and scalable digital business models. Two technologies Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain have emerged as complementary enablers of next generation ERP architectures. IoT devices provide continuous streams of sensor rich operational data that enhance forecasting, automation, and situational awareness across supply chains, manufacturing, and asset management. The integration of large-scale IoT ecosystems introduces challenges in data trustworthiness, provenance tracking, and decentralized coordination. Blockchain offers a tamper resistant ledger, distributed consensus, and programmable smart contracts capable of addressing many of these limitations. When combined, IoT and blockchain can create a secure, transparent, and autonomous ERP backbone in which data flows are verifiable, cross organizational workflows are automated, and mission critical transactions retain end-to-end auditability. This article examines the architectural synergies between IoT and blockchain within ERP frameworks explores integration patterns for secure data acquisition, decentralized validation, and smart contract driven process automation; and evaluates technical and organizational challenges including scalability, interoperability, privacy, and governance. A hybrid reference architecture is proposed to guide practitioners in designing next generation ERP ecosystems that leverage both technologies. The analysis demonstrates that IoT blockchain convergence is a strategic pathway for building resilient, intelligent, and trustworthy enterprise systems capable of supporting Industry 4.0 and data centric operating models.
Cloud ERP systems are the ultimate aspiration of the business community as they provide collaboration with partners, external applications and information systems. However, Cloud ERP solutions still have issue on the data security, data transparency, and trust. Due to these problems, a radical change is required within Cloud ERP framework to enhance Cloud ERP infrastructural and functionality. The goal of this research is to merge cloud ERP and Blockchain benefits together to improve the Data Security, Transaction Traceability, Transparency, Data Ownership, Encryption and Trust through a proposed framework. For this purpose, we firstly analyze the prominent issues in current ERP systems through a comprehensive comparison between cloud ERP before and after moving to blockchain environment. Secondly, we propose a generic framework for Cloud ERP systems based on Blockchain. The proposed framework follows the Distributed Ledger Techniques in blockchain. Finally, the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed framework is tested through the study of the Supply Chain Management Module.
Jan 1, 2020·Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Distributed ledger technology (DLT) appears to be one of the most promising technologies in the field of supply chain management (SCM). However, as the technology is still evolving, only limited empirical evidence has been analyzed, managers and scientific scholars alike seek to understand how DLT can help improving SCM. This study aims to shed light into the current DLT applications in SCM to identify the foundation of the technology for SCM and uncover what DLT brings to the table. It develops seven foundational characteristics of DLT in SCM that describe both the nature of DLT and its characteristics for SCM. The study reveals that DLTs are interorganizational information systems that are diverse in their realizations and enable modular platform ecosystems. Nowadays application in SCM build on steady data availability, selective transparency, high authenticity and a source of mutual trust.
In this paper, we present the most extensive evaluation of blockchain system to date. To achieve scalability across servers in more than 10 countries located on 4 different continents, we drastically revisited Byzantine fault tolerant blockchains and verification of signatures. The resulting blockchain, called the Red Belly Blockchain (RBBC), commits more than a hundred thousand transactions issued by permissionless nodes. These transactions are grouped into blocks within few seconds through a partially synchronous consensus run by permissioned nodes. It prevents double spending by guaranteeing that a unique block is decided at any given index of the chain in a deterministic way by all participants. We compared the performance of RBBC against traditional Byzantine fault tolerant alternatives and more recent randomized solutions. In the same geo-distributed environment with low-end machines, we noticed two interesting comparisons: (i) the RBBC throughput scales to hundreds of machines whereas the classic 3-step leader-based BFT state machine used by consortium blockchains cannot scale to 40 identically configured nodes; (ii) RBBC guarantees transaction finality in 3 seconds and experiences a third of the latency that randomized-based solutions like HoneyBadgerBFT can offer. This empirical evaluation demonstrates that blockchain scalability can be achieved without sacrificing security.
By letting students simulate operations and games on a digital education operation system, schools are able to inspect learning achievement and teaching quality. In digital education area, we are able to use blockchain technology to improve competition mode. It's helpful to simplify process, improve efficiency and avoid the problem of opaque and falsification messages. Besides, it can provide unchangeable digital certification of academic achievement. Based on existing research foundation, against features on related users and services, especially the standard and trustful problem in competitions and evaluation mode nowadays, I studied competition mode based on blockchain technology, designed blockchain's application mode and frame, analyzed evaluation criteria and algorithm, designed an operational skill evaluation model, developed an operational skill competition evaluation system based on e-business sandbox and experimented it.