Unified Framework to Integrate Enterprise Resource Planning Systems, Electronic Tendering, and Smart Contracts in the Construction Industry

Abstract

Construction projects are complex and demand advanced digital technologies to enhance automation, transparency, and efficiency. As a result, tools like enterprise resource planning (ERP), smart contracts, and electronic tendering (e-tendering) are being adopted. However, these technologies often operate separately rather than as a unified system. Although there are a few cases where ERP is integrated with smart contracts, integration with e-tendering remains largely absent. Therefore, this study creates a unified framework combining these three technologies to improve automation, transparency, and efficiency in the construction industry. Thus, a scoping review was conducted, selecting 50 publications from 2014 to 2024 for in-depth analysis. A content analysis was performed to identify the limitations of ERP systems, and key functions and features of ERP systems, e-tendering, and smart contracts. The proposed unified framework focuses on how these technologies can function synergistically to improve different areas in construction projects. The study identified 12 areas that can be streamlined. After the scoping review, five expert interviews were conducted to validate the framework. Experts critically commented on the applicability, benefits, limitations and strategies, in line with the framework. The study highlights that, by centralizing key functions into a single integrated system, the unified framework streamlines operations, enhances transparency, and enables real-time, evidence-based decision-making across complex construction environments. Furthermore, the study highlights that by addressing the inefficiencies of fragmented data management and nonintegrated systems, the proposed framework offers a comprehensive solution to persistent industry challenges like cost overruns, delays, and lack of transparency. The study further critically analyzes how the limitations identified concerning ERP systems are addressed through the unified system. Based on the findings and the unified framework, future research areas are proposed.