Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) will play a vital role in the operation, management and service provisioning process of Next-Generation Networks (NGNs). Given that the Sixth Generation (6G) network is an AI-native cooperative ecosystem that relies on the resource and intelligent capabilities of every layer of the network, especially edge devices, UAVs are thus critical and a key player in 6G. This paper presents a UAVsupported framework for 6G that relies on a multi-tiered approach to guarantee autonomous and optimal network coverage and bandwidth. The UAV network adapts Federated Learning (FL) to maintain self-organization and support for real-time edge processing. The multi-tiered UAV network approach uses realtime adjustments in swarm membership and task allocation to enhance the network energy consumption. Blockchain is integrated into each swarm to maintain the integrity of the trained models, and provides a decentralized device authentication and swarm coordination mechanism. System evaluations reveal that the proposed framework provides high levels of task completion ratio and learning accuracy.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of distributed computing, the integration of fog computing, cloud paradigms, and blockchain technology has emerged as an innovative approach to enhance the efficiency and security of task scheduling. This article introduces a novel method using the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA), along with its decomposition variant SSA/D, to optimize task scheduling within this integrated system. This paper presents a comprehensive framework that outlines the unique characteristics of fog, cloud, and blockchain environments, addressing their individual constraints while leveraging their combined strengths. The adaptability and robustness of SSA/D are employed to address the multi-objective nature of the scheduling problem, focusing on minimizing latency, energy consumption, and financial cost while ensuring data integrity through the blockchain's immutable ledger. We have employed the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA), a recent optimization method proven effective in other applications. Our main contribution is the integration of a decomposition strategy to enhance the exploration of the search space and enable parallel execution of the SSA process. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms existing algorithms in terms of both efficiency and effectiveness, providing significant improvements over popular task scheduling metaheuristics. This paper not only offers a new algorithmic solution but also sets a precedent for future research in integrated fog-cloud-blockchain systems, with a view towards integrating machine learning techniques to further optimize these problems.
Blockchain is a distributed digital ledger that stores any data and can record data about the transaction of cryptocurrency and Non-Fungible Token (NFT) ownership.Recently, cryptocurrency has become the most commonly used blockchain, it provides the potential to help a large wide range of applications.People prefer online transactions for speed, convenience, and the ability to generate financial activities from anywhere while also benefiting from features such as increased security measures and digital record-keeping.In the blockchain, hashing generates the network for transactions.However, due to unexpected conditions or external attacks, transaction failures can occur and require high security.This research proposes the Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) based on the Proof of Work (PoW) consensus algorithm for mobile payment transfer to provide effective transaction and security.In the verification phase, the receivers utilize the sender's public key and the received signature to verify the message using the PoW approach.When compared to existing approaches like Robust Payment Routing with an Approximation Guarantee (RobustPay+) and Multiple Charges Payment Channel Network based on Routing Protocol (MPCN-RP), EdDSA-PoW achieves a better success ratio of 1.2 in 50 nodes and success ratio and fee of 0.96 and 0.10 in 200 nodes.The proposed method achieves better values of 1.5 in Average maximum fee and 39 in Average accepted payment in 50 nodes compared to existing methods like e-commerce payment, RobustPay+, and Cryptocurrency Transactionbased Graph Convolutional Network (CTGAN).
Lin Ni, Qiukai Ye, Jun Yang, Shuai Zhang · 5 authors
Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralisation, security, reliability and non-tampering, and its core is to reach consensus reliably and quickly through a suitable consensus mechanism. The Raft consensus algorithm in blockchain has advantages such as high performance and high availability, which is suitable for asset management business, but the existing Raft algorithm improvement strategy still has the problems of possible voting divergence and insufficient consideration of malicious node shielding, so the paper proposes a Raft algorithm election improvement scheme and potential malicious node defence improvement scheme, which has more rigorous logic, and is able to reduce the election failure rate, verify the correctness of the leader node, for all the malicious nodes in the system can be accurately identified and shielded, to protect the security of the system, so that the Raft algorithm has a wider range of applications.
This paper present a novel blockchain CP-ABE (Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption) data ciphertext sharing scheme, leveraging decentralized proxy re-encryption. It utilizes Ethereum blockchain and zero-knowledge proof technologies to develop a blockchain key management system for multiparty secure computation. This system aims to mitigate heavy computation and key leakage risks associated with traditional centralized CP-ABE systems. The approach begins with the design of a distributed master key generation and distribution protocol within the data ciphertext access control, deploying the UMBRAL-based proxy re-encryption technology on blockchain for key management system. Moreover, the paper uses ERC1155 to mint transferable NFTs for blockchain transactions in data sharing and access control. Through simulation experiments, our scheme demonstrates improved scalability in blockchain ciphertext data transactions and storage, alongside a significant decrease in the Gas costs of on-chain data asset transactions. Furthermore, our methodology not only augments the safety of distributed key management but also realizes high computational efficiency and swift query response, particularly in scenarios of high concurrency.
Pierre Sedi Nzakuna, Vincenzo Paciello, A. Lay-Ekuakille, Angelo Kuti Lusala · 5 authors
IOTA is a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) designed for the Internet of Things (IoT), featuring feeless transactions and data-only blocks for information sharing between IoT devices. Its ledger, the Tangle, adopts a Directed Acyclic Graph structure (DAG) that enables it to scale while keeping secure, fitting with the needs of IoT growth. Most of literature work address the behavior and asses the performance of the Tangle by using simulated data, only few of them are based on empirical dataset. Moreover, to our best knowledge, no research has been previously carried out on the evolution of the Tangle at its current Stardust stage using empirical data. Our study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the Tangle at the Stardust stage using real data provided by IOTA Foundation. Our key findings are that the confirmation of new blocks is two times faster in the Stardust stage, and the Tangle is currently being used far below its capacity to carry and secure data from IoT devices. Our study is the first to shed light on the characteristics of the real Tangle in the Stardust stage, which are particularly useful to understand the evolution of the ledger and contribute to its improvements in future upgrades.
Feng Yiting, Zhaofeng Ma, Duan Pengfei, Luo Shoushan
The widespread adoption of blockchain technology has led to the exploration of its numerous applications in various fields. Cryptographic algorithms and smart contracts are critical components of blockchain security. Despite the benefits of virtual currency, vulnerabilities in smart contracts have resulted in substantial losses to users. While researchers have identified these vulnerabilities and developed tools for detecting them, the accuracy of these tools is still far from satisfactory, with high false positive and false negative rates. In this paper, we propose a new method for detecting vulnerabilities in smart contracts using the BERT pre-training model, which can quickly and effectively process and detect smart contracts. More specifically, we preprocess and make symbol substitution in the contract, which can make the pre-training model better obtain contract features. We evaluate our method on four datasets and compare its performance with other deep learning models and vulnerability detection tools, demonstrating its superior accuracy.
The conventional real estate registry system exhibits numerous shortcomings, being both costly and time-consuming. Vulnerabilities to fraud, particularly through impersonation of false property ownership, further undermine its effectiveness. This paper proposes a methodology for accurately identifying the legitimate property owner and ensuring secure ownership transfers. Leveraging the immutable characteristics of Blockchain and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), this approach addresses the deficiencies of traditional property transfer systems. The automation of processes through smart contracts, powered by the Ethereum Blockchain, streamlines the transfer of property ownership. NFTs, uniquely tied to individuals and resistant to replication, eradicate fraud and eliminate challenges associated with verifying the identity of the authentic property owner. Possession of the NFT signifies true property ownership. The integration of NFTs and blockchain not only enhances transparency and security but also accelerates and fortifies the reliability of the traditional real estate transfer process.
The technology of blockchain is popular because of its properties like transparency, immutability, control decentralization, and distributed storage. The skill verification and student certificate are utilized for the application of job and other purposes. The certificate forgery with centralized authority is a primary problem in online education. This problem is addressed employing blockchain-based management of certificate for students and the management of skill evidence for employees. However, those kinds of management of certificate have privacy and security problems. To address these problems, the Elliptical Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)-based Proof-of-Stake (POS) is proposed for educational resource sharing on certificate management to solve privacy and security issue in blockchain. In the signature verification stage, the POS employed to verify the transaction of a blockchain and establish new blocks in a blockchain. The proposed ECDSA-POS technique achieves better file upload time of 0.0002541 seconds in 50 kb and single transaction time of 45 milli seconds compared to existing method like PHP blockchain.
The emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has revolutionized the landscape of digital art, providing artists with new avenues for creation, distribution, and monetization. This research investigates the landscape of NFT art collections featuring Asian characters, specifically Japanese kanji and Korean hangeul, on the OpenSea platform. Theoretical frameworks drawn from digital art valuation, cultural representation in art, and blockchain technology guide the analysis. Findings reveal diverse manifestations of cultural identity and artistic innovation within the analyzed collections, reflecting the intersection of tradition and modernity in Asian art. Economically, prominent artists command substantial sales volumes, while others experience more modest transactions, underscoring the growing interest in NFT art within the global market. Culturally, NFT art collections serve as platforms for preserving and promoting traditional scripts and symbols, contributing to the global dissemination of Asian cultural heritage. Technologically, the adoption of blockchain technology empowers artists to assert ownership over their creations and establish new paradigms of value and authenticity. In conclusion, this research highlights the transformative potential of NFTs in reshaping the landscape of art and culture, emphasizing the need for continued exploration and collaboration to amplify cultural voices and expand artistic horizons in the digital age.
During rush hours in modern cities, drivers often encounter no available parking spaces and spend 5 to 30 minutes searching for parking spaces. During this time, not only is driver’s time wasted but air pollution and traffic jams are exacerbated. This is because people cannot immediately check whether there are empty spaces in other parking lots. However, parking lots are controlled by a centralized server, bringing the risk of a single point of failure and potential attacks from internal and external parties. This paper proposes a smart parking space certificate management system based on blockchain technology. this system mainly uses the Ethereum alliance chain to establish a parking space certificate management system. This allows data to be securely and decentralized stored on the chain. It then allows parking lot operators to interact with consumers through decentralized application (DApp) to save time finding parking spaces. The transaction process utilizes smart contract technology to automate delivery and save the digital signatures of parking space certificates. This realizes a decentralized and transparent system of management of parking space information.
It is observed that there are several artists who are developing marvelous products but their product needs international exposure. These artists have limited market if they are going to promote and sell product. Moreover the there is lack of premium customer in rural areas. Thus artist who lives in rural area does not get proper incentive and significance. NFT is the only way to provide such artist global market where such artists may promote their art work. With the advent of blockchain technology NFT creation and marketing has been increased. Thus there are several international; market place such as Opensea and Young parrot that allows creation of NFT over Matic, Satoshi core, Ethereum and BNB smart chain. 9NFTMANIA proposed a lifestyle that is named as NFT culture. In these culture greetings, invitations, certificates, membership card would be made in form of NFT. In this way secure transfer of digital asset could be made and this NFT would have particular value. Even if a person wants to thank someone or want to say good morning then he should transfer NFT to other person's wallet. Moreover the supply of such greeting NFT would be limited thus there remains expectation of raise in price. On other hand holder of NFT would be able to access premium web services when web 3.0 mechanisms are applied to verify NFT holder in Metaverse.
Current eCommerce warranty systems are often inadequate due to fraudulent claims, difficulty proving ownership, and inconsistent utilization. This research proposes a blockchain-based eCommerce warranty system that uses nonfungible tokens (NFTs) to improve authenticity, ownership, and consistency. By converting warranty certificates into decaying NFTs, the proposed system enables consumers to digitally certify their product warranty, enhancing the integrity of the system and mitigating fraudulent warranty claims. Additionally, the system allows for easy ownership transfer and simplifies the resale process. This research will demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system through simulations and prototypes, potentially revolutionizing eCommerce warranty systems.
Aishwarya Mariam Ambi, R. Rajkumar, S. Jeeva, Sree Reshma Paramel · 6 authors
An artificial setting known as the metaverse combines aspects of social media, online gaming, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and cryptocurrency. The fusion of augmentedreality, mixed reality and virtual reality into our daily lives is referred to as the "metaverse"Nowadays, the term metaverse is widely used to represent a fast-evolving universe that has thepotential to drastically alter the manner in which we work, live and play. There is no singlevendorordeviceindependentmetaverse.Avirtualcurrencythatoperatesindependentl yandissupported by digital money and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Virtual reality serves as the Metaverse's primary support system. Users of Metaverse can communicate, network , and work together in 3D virtual reality. By participating in virtual conference sand performances, foot ball games, and other activities, users can engage in social interaction and play with one another in the digital world. Avatars can be customized, and their cultural, physical, andsocialtraitsdifferfrom those of reality. The avatar can interact with other creatures and accomplish tasks. Theirmost apparent use in healthcare is in the administration and protection of our immenselyimportant health data. Now, data is frequently exchanged between numerous organizations inways that are both wasteful and opaque to thedata's owners.The proposed work is to designwearablegarments(Shirt/T-Shirt)to record health parameters and to beviewed in Metaverse
The study aims to solve the problems in auditing ciphertext data, improve audit efficiency, and increase the security of audit data in the audit server. First, the existing encryption algorithms are analyzed. Second, the searchable encryption algorithm is proposed to audit the ciphertext data, and an audit server scheme is made based on blockchain technology (BT). Finally, the two schemes are compared with the traditional audit technology. The results show that the server's inspection efficiency of the searchable encryption algorithm is higher.
Blockchain is a chained data structure that connects data blocks in chronological order according to the principle of head to tail connection. It is a distributed ledger technology combined with a variety of network technologies. In essence, it is a decentralized database. In short, the database can be regarded as an account book, and everyone can participate in bookkeeping. As a distributed accounting technology, blockchain makes it possible to monitor the logistics transportation process in real time, and it also makes it easier to track down the responsibility in case of goods to goods problems. Since each node of the blockchain has bookkeeping permission, each entity in the goods transportation can also record the logistics information on the blockchain, which not only records the whole process of goods from delivery to receipt in real time, but also realizes the sharing, openness and transparency of logistics information. blockchain technology takes “distributed ledger” as the solution, and its essence is a decentralized data storage technology. In blockchain technology, there is no central node, each node is completely equal, and all nodes jointly maintain the public database through encryption protocol. Blockchain technology applies cryptography technology to decentralized networks.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger that combines technologies such as cryptography, consensus mechanism, peer-to-peer transmission, and time stamping. The rapid development of blockchain has attracted attention from all walks of life, but storage scalability issues have hindered the application of blockchain. In this paper, a scalable blockchain storage model based on Distributed Hash Table (DHT) and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) was proposed. This paper introduces the current research status of the scalable blockchain storage model, as well as the basic principles of DHT and the InterPlanetary File System. The model construction and workflow are explained in detail. At the same time, the DHT network construction mechanism, block heat identification mechanism, new node initialization mechanism, and block data read and write mechanism in the model are described in detail. Experimental results show that this model can reduce the storage burden of nodes, and at the same time, the blockchain network can accommodate more local blocks under the same block height.
To ensure the security of data transmission and recording in Internet environment monitoring systems, this paper proposes a study of a secure method of blockchain data transfer based on homomorphic encryption. Blockchain data transmission is realized through homomorphic encryption. Homomorphic encryption can not only encrypt the original data, but also ensure that the data result after decrypting the data is the same as the original data. The asymmetric encrypted public key is collected by Internet of things (IoT) equipment to realize the design of blockchain data secure transmission method based on homomorphic encryption. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the first transmission is as high as 88% when using the transmission method in this paper. After several experiments, the transmission accuracy is high by using the design method in this paper. In the last test, the transmission accuracy is still 88%, and the data transmission effect is relatively stable. At the same time, compared to the management method used in this article, the transfer method used in this paper is more reliable than the original transfer method and is not prone to data distortion. It can be seen that this method has high transmission accuracy and short transmission time, which effectively avoids the data tampering caused by too long time in the transmission process.
In the era of big data, huge archive data has brought challenges to archive management. The new data distributed storage technology-blockchain, provides new methods and ideas for the circulation and sharing of data through the characteristics of decentralization, timing, distributed ledger, openness, and openness and transparency. This article analyzes the role and characteristics of blockchain technology in the file management distributed system under the background of big data. Starting from the connection between digital archives research and blockchain technology, the application prospects of blockchain technology in archives management are analyzed from different angles.
Cryptography algorithms play a vital role in Information Security and Management. To test the credibility, reliability of metadata exchanged between the sender and the recipient party of IoT applications different algorithms must be used. The hashing is also used for Electronic Signatures and based on how hard it is to hack them; various algorithms have different safety protocols. SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA3, MD4, and MD5, etc. are still the most accepted hash protocols. This article suggests the relevance of hash functions and the comparative study of different cryptographic techniques using blockchain technology. Cloud storage is amongst the most daunting issues, guaranteeing the confidentiality of encrypted data on virtual computers. Several protection challenges exist in the cloud, including encryption, integrity, and secrecy. Different encryption strategies are seeking to solve these problems of data protection to an immense degree. This article will focus on the comparative analysis of the SHA family and MD5 based on the speed of operation, its security concerns, and the need of using the Secure Hash Algorithm.
A variety of heterogeneous information is produced after the application of various emerging technologies in education, which is of great research value as educational assets. The traditional educational asset management system has emerged. In view of the disadvantages of traditional system centralization process, people begin to use decentralized blockchain technology for innovation. This paper proposes an educational digital asset management system architecture based on blockchain 3.0 technology system, which forms various data formed by students in and out of class learning process, courseware and experience data generated by teachers in the process of teaching into educational digital assets, and carries out the right confirmation and storage on the blockchain. The system can use a variety of heterogeneous data in digital assets to analyze the development status of school users, achieve the teaching purpose of teaching students according to their aptitude and different people.