Blockchain Papers

Amritesh Kumar, Monu Nagar, Lokendra Vishwakarma, Debasis Das

No abstract is available for this record.

Syahban Alvian Hamonangan Harianja, Mujiburrohman, Adhika Mahindra Satya

ndonesia's digital economy ecosystem shows an increase in the adoption of blockchain and smart contracts. However, the Civil Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and the Personal Data Protection Law do not explicitly anticipate contracts executed by code, creating a legal vacuum in terms of definition, validity, technical standards, and governance of accountability. This study aims to (1) analyze the position and validity of smart contracts in Indonesia's civil law system; and (2) analyze legal liability and personal data protection in an immutable and decentralized ecosystem. The method employed is normative legal research, utilizing a legislative, conceptual, and comparative approach, with reference to European Union practices. The results show that the recognition of electronic information or documents and electronic signatures provides a legal basis; however, the absence of clear definitions and minimum clauses weakens contractual certainty, especially in cross-border transactions. Blockchain records have high evidential value as long as reliability parameters accompany them. In the realm of personal data, the tension between data subject rights and immutability can be bridged through privacy by design/default, data minimization at the on-chain layer (off-chain identity), crypto-erasure options, and zero-knowledge proofs, with role mapping of controllers and processors based on functions and data protection impact assessment obligations. Recommendations include legal recognition of smart contracts along with mandatory clauses (choice of law/forum, ADR/ODR levels, escrow/circuit breaker), pre-deployment code audits, change management, and hybrid on-chain/off-chain dispute architecture, as well as the adoption of elements of EU practice (built-in legal/jurisdictional rules and minimum technical safeguards).

Li Li, X R Wang, Hong‐Ning Dai, Fang Li · 6 authors

As a paradigm for encouraging users to contribute data spontaneously, mobile crowdsensing (MCS) has received considerable attention recently. It is crucial to evaluate the truthfulness of MCS data by proper truth discovery mechanisms. Although recent truth discovery schemes can determine truthful information, they either provide limited privacy preservation or have heavy computation and communication overheads. Moreover, most of them are not resilient to malicious faults and active attacks. To tackle the above problems, we propose two fault-tolerant and privacy-preserving truth discovery solutions. Our first scheme is mainly used for scenarios with a relatively stable number of users, where participants do not frequently join or leaves. Integrating ring signature with the perturbation technique, we design an anonymous and privacy-preserving truth discovery scheme, namely RsAnonTD, which can achieve privacy preservation and resist active attacks. To address the challenge with dynamically changed workers, we devise a multi-client inner product functional encryption scheme with a lightweight zero-knowledge proof protocol (namely McFeKDeTD) for defending against active attacks. The security analysis shows that both schemes can preserve the privacy of sensory data, weights, and estimated truths while resisting active attacks, thereby guaranteeing fault tolerance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our designs achieve superior performance than other schemes in terms of accuracy, convergence speed, and system overheads. For example, compared with the state-of-the-art approach RPTD-II, which has a security level comparable to ours, our proposed schemes, RsAnonTD and McFeKDeTD, reduce the computational overheads approximately by 98% and 69%, respectively.

Muharem Kianieff

Almost 20 years have now passed since the Nakamoto White Paper first appeared. This is a significant milestone since it allows us to take a serious look at the impact that distributed ledger technology and cryptocurrencies have had on society in general. As a product that is entering its second decade, this is a technology that has had time to scale and refine itself and move from a proof-of-concept/cottage industry phase to a more mainstream product. As such, we can reflect and examine the types of value propositions that are on offer, with a more fully realised picture of the costs of distributed ledgers, both direct and indirect.

11/11 AI Research Division

RFC-EG-0500 defines the normative federation and distributed enforcement model of the 11/11 execution governance architecture. The specification formalizes governance federation across multiple independent authorities, enabling distributed execution governance across cloud providers, jurisdictions, organizations, and runtime domains while preserving fail-closed enforcement and cryptographic verification guarantees. The document defines:• Federation topologies• Trust Bundle construction and lifecycle• Cross-issuer artifact recognition• Federated revocation propagation• Distributed audit ledger reconciliation• Cross-authority operation lineage• Federation bridge events• Multi-authority DAG semantics• Federated freshness and revocation guarantees• Conformance requirements for issuing and recognizing authorities RFC-EG-0500 operates as the distributed governance and federation layer of the execution governance ecosystem and complements:• RFC-EG-0010 — Execution Lineage Specification• RFC-EG-0100 — Authorization Artifact Specification• RFC-EG-0200 — Runtime Admission Specification• RFC-EG-0300 — 512 Cypher Specification• RFC-EG-0400 — 11/11 Lang Syntax and Semantics• DOC-EG-001 — Execution Governance Architecture• DOC-EG-002 — Deterministic Execution Authority Architecture• DOC-EG-003 — Execution Governance for Agentic AI Systems Public Doctrine Series / RFC-EG Serieshttps://www.11aiblockchain.com Execution Governance™Patent Pending

Zuodong Wu, Dawei Zhang, Mianxiong Dong, Kaoru Ota

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) aims to enable the free flow of personal data while enhancing individual control. Integrating privacy-preserving data retrieval methods can provide stronger protection for personal privacy. However, existing approaches lack compliance mechanisms aligned with the GDPR, making it difficult in practice to simultaneously satisfy the principles of lawfulness and data minimization, while also exhibiting clear limitations in both security and efficiency. To address these problems, we propose VOLE-PDRAA, an efficient privacy-preserving data retrieval protocol with anonymous authorization based on the Vector-OLE (VOLE). Specifically, VOLE-PDRAA constructs a VOLE-blinded identifier by integrating pseudorandom linear encoding with VOLE-derived correlation vectors, enabling rigorous anonymity guarantees during authorization. Building on this, the protocol incorporates a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZK) to achieve anonymous authorization for the data subject and to generate verifiable informed consent proofs, thereby meeting the principle of lawfulness. Meanwhile, the data controller can verify whether each retrieval request falls within the scope authorized by the data subject without learning any identifiable information, thus maintaining adherence to the data-minimization principle in a post-quantum environment. Furthermore, VOLE-PDRAA utilizes labeled private set intersection (labeled-PSI) to safeguard the confidentiality of identifiers and their associated records under post-quantum security conditions, while enabling large-scale batch retrieval. Our protocol takes a comprehensive security analysis within the Universal Composability (UC) framework. Experimental evaluation validates its superiority through comparison with state-of-the-art work.

Samsul; id_orcid 0000-0002-1721-1870 ALAM, Jingjun David Xu, Md. Habibur Rahman

Healthcare systems across the globe have begun adopting various digital technologies, promising increased efficiency and equity. However, even among emerging economies that continue to witness large gaps in healthcare integration, efficient integration remains a problem. The rapid adoption of new technologies, driven by the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) and disruptive events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, has transformed healthcare delivery, underscoring the need for sustainable technological solutions. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool across various industries, including digital health. However, existing literature lacks a comprehensive exploration of AI’s role in preventive and equitable healthcare. The research, therefore, aims to address this scarcity by investigating the integration of AI with federated learning, blockchain, and zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to improve healthcare delivery while ensuring privacy and security. The design involves a systematic literature review (SLR) that aggregates the extant literature from Scopus and Web of Science to identify insights into the subject area and propose future research agenda. It provides actionable insights and outlines ways to build competencies to help integrate AI-powered innovations into healthcare ecosystems. The potential findings will contribute to healthcare equity by developing innovative models for both developed and emerging regions, such as Victoria and Dhaka.

xiaohong deng, jiayan liu, huiwen liu, zhigang chen · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Somporn Keawthong, Chanwit Maneenin, Adisorn Wongkongdech, Niruwan Turnbull

Background: Early childhood caries remains a major public health burden in Thailand, particularly among preschool children, despite the implementation of national oral health policies. With the decentralization of child development centers (CDCs) to local adminis-trative organizations (LAOs), understanding system-level determinants of oral health ser-vice effectiveness has become critical. This study aimed to identify key determinants in-fluencing the effectiveness of oral health care systems for preschool children within CDCs in northeastern Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 270 stakeholders across urban, peri-urban, and rural CDCs in Ubon Ratchathani Province. Participants were selected using multi-stage random sampling. Data were col-lected between November 2023 and January 2024 using a structured questionnaire with established content validity (IOC > 0.50) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.71–0.77). Variables were organized within an Input–Process–Output (IPO) framework. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify significant predictors of system effectiveness. Results: The oral health care system demonstrated strong performance in preventive service delivery, including universal oral health examinations and fluoride varnish application (100%), and high personnel readi-ness (99.63%). However, critical gaps were identified in monitoring and evaluation sys-tems (8.15%), budget adequacy (60.37%), and continuity of treatment follow-up (48.89%). The prevalence of dental caries among preschool children was 57.83%. Multiple regression analysis revealed that service delivery processes (β = 0.458, p < 0.001) and home visits by public health and dental personnel (β = 0.303, p = 0.008) were significant determinants of system effectiveness, jointly explaining 11.1% of the variance (R² = 0.111). Conclusions: The effectiveness of preschool oral health care systems in decentralized settings is driven pri-marily by the quality of service delivery processes and the integration of proactive commu-nity outreach through home visits. Strengthening monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, ensuring sustainable financing, and enhancing continuity of care between CDCs and households are essential for improving oral health outcomes. These findings provide ac-tionable evidence for policymakers and local health administrators seeking to optimize oral health systems under decentralized governance structures.

Yining Wu

Official website: distinctiontheory.orgPublic portal for the start guide, papers, claim status, failure registry, prior-art boundary, and citation resources. Canonical GitHub repository:https://github.com/yiningwu-research/Distinction-Theory FDS-T2 develops the horizon-boundary thermodynamics paper in the T-series bridge sequence of Finite Distinction Systems (FDS) / Distinction Theory. It interprets effective geometry as horizon boundary accounting: the covariant macroscopic ledger that closes causal access, horizon entropy, stress-energy flux, and finite-boundary maintenance for finite observers. T2 does not derive general relativity from FDS alone, replace Einstein gravity, derive quantum gravity, or derive the numerical coefficient in the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula. It uses horizon thermodynamics as a physical bridge. If that bridge fails, the T2 interpretation is demoted while the formal FDS finite-capacity core remains unaffected. The novelty of T2 is not a new derivation of Einstein gravity. It is an observer-relative reinterpretation of horizon thermodynamic variables as finite distinguishability ledgers: horizon area counts accessible boundary distinctions, heat flux updates the ledger, and effective geometry is the covariant compression that preserves causal access and stress-energy accounting. The central bridge is: finite causal access → horizon boundary → area ledger → entropy ledger → flux update → covariant effective geometry. T2 separates two layers. The first is the Jacobson model-class bridge: under area entropy, local Unruh or surface-gravity temperature, Clausius-type horizon closure, and local covariance, Einstein-type geometry arises as an equilibrium equation of state. The second is the FDS boundary-ledger interpretation: if this bridge holds, then the effective metric can be read as a stable macroscopic compression of a finite horizon distinguishability ledger. The paper defines a horizon distinguishability budget CH = SH / (kB ln 2), and, for area-law horizons, CH = AH / (4 ℓP2 ln 2). It also defines a boundary thermodynamic ledger LH = (H, AH, SH, TH, δQH, τ, EH), where H is a causal or horizon boundary, AH is area, SH is entropy, TH is horizon temperature, δQH is assigned heat or energy flux, τ is an operational update window, and EH is an admissible coarse-grained error or non-equilibrium term. An admissible ledger-to-geometry map geffμν = G(LH) must preserve causal ordering, light-cone structure, horizon-area variation, stress-energy flux response, local covariance, closure residuals, and coarse-grained stability to registered tolerance. Thus the map is not an arbitrary relabeling; it is a constrained compression from a horizon boundary ledger to an effective geometric structure. T2 introduces a horizon capacity deficit ΔH(τ) = R(τ)min(ε; ΨH) - CH, where ΨH may include task families for local horizon-area variation, stress-energy flux records, causal-diamond boundary updates, or coarse records of unresolved horizon microstates. When ΔH > 0, the boundary ledger cannot track all task-relevant horizon distinctions at full fidelity over the update window. The missing distinctions may appear as entropy production, memory, stochastic noise, hysteresis, or coarse correction terms. For non-equilibrium accounting, T2 writes a residual slot Gμν + Λgμν = (8πG/c4) Tμν + Rledgerμν. This is not proposed as a new gravitational field equation. It is a bookkeeping location for non-equilibrium horizon-ledger residuals, such as entropy production, memory kernels, unresolved boundary noise, higher-curvature slots, or hysteretic response. Any promoted residual must satisfy the corresponding covariant consistency condition required by the Bianchi identity. The paper interprets effective geometry as a Phase-B boundary variable: a coarse macroscopic structure that remains cheaper to update, slower to forget, and more predictive than inaccessible microscopic horizon degrees of freedom. Geometry survives overflow because it is a minimal sufficient covariant boundary variable for causal access and stress-energy accounting. T2 also identifies an upstream bridge to the horizon-maintenance density scale developed separately in FDS-X1. It does not derive dark energy, but notes that once horizon entropy and temperature are treated as a boundary ledger, a natural horizon-scale energy estimate EH ∼ THSH distributed over a horizon volume gives the dimensional density scale c4/(G RH2), up to convention-dependent numerical factors. The release includes deterministic normal-form demonstrations. They illustrate the horizon boundary-ledger bridge, area-law distinguishability scaling, causal-diamond coarse accounting, horizon capacity deficit, non-equilibrium ledger residuals, Phase-B effective geometry, residual taxonomy, and the relation map linking FDS Core, T1, T2, T3/P-series, X3, and X1. These figures are conceptual demonstrations, not empirical fits and not simulations of full general relativity. This release includes the paper PDF, LaTeX source, reproducibility code, generated figures, and CSV / JSON outputs.

Yepeng Ding, Ahmed Twabi, Junwei Yu, Lingfeng Zhang · 6 authors

Smart contract auditing remains challenging because vulnerabilities often emerge only under complex execution conditions, cross-transaction interactions, and environment-dependent assumptions. Existing analysis techniques, including static analysis, symbolic execution, fuzzing, and recent LLM-assisted approaches, each provide useful but incomplete coverage, and monolithic auditing pipelines often struggle to balance search breadth, reproducibility, and reporting reliability. This paper presents SEMA, a self-evolving multi-agent auditing framework for smart contracts that formulates auditing as a resource-bounded discovery of concrete counterexamples under replay-certified reporting semantics. SEMA combines heterogeneous specialized agents, an orchestrator, a shared artifact-centric knowledge base, and a replay-based referee. During auditing, agents generate and consume reusable artifacts, such as candidate invariants, refuted hypotheses, transaction templates, and coverage cues, allowing the shared search state to evolve across rounds without modifying the analyzers themselves. To ensure reporting reliability, findings are accepted only when the referee can replay the candidate scenario under a pinned execution configuration and confirm violation of an executable security property. We further evaluate SEMA on an annotated smart contract benchmark under a fixed 300 s budget per contract. The full system achieves 0.9469 instance recall, 0.9441 success rate, and 0.9445 macro-average category recall on the retained executable subset, outperforming both symbolic-only and fuzzing-only baselines, as well as multi-agent ablations that disable dynamic knowledge evolution or cross-agent artifact reuse.

Chuyi Yan, Yinhao Qi, Xueying Han, Junrong Liu · 8 authors

The burgeoning prevalence of Ethereum phishing behavior has iCSUR-2025-0155mposed substantial constraints on the advancement of blockchain finance, resulting in losses of more than $7.7 billion to date, so it is urgent to detect it in time. Currently, available detection methods usually focus on the spatial features within transaction graphs. These methods often employ shallow mining techniques on small samples. As a result, they may overlook certain aspects of interaction patterns, such as temporal behavior. Additionally, their data mining capability is limited due to the small sample sizes. In this study, we propose a graph contrastive learning framework to enrich features of accounts behavior patterns with restricted samples to overcome these limitations. Firstly, we construct an Ethereum interaction graph with the multi-graph involving more temporal information centered with labeled nodes and lighten it with our strategy. Secondly, to comprehensively characterize the accounts pattern, we design the encoder part with the GAT-LSTM model based on attention mechanism fusing statistical features , fine-grained temporal behavioral features and graph structural semantic features . Thirdly, to moderate the sparsity of phishing nodes, we employ data augmentation and contrastive learning to fully mine sparse node information. Moreover, we carried out an in-depth experimental evaluation. The CMD-EPD approach, boasting an F 1 -score of 0.87, outperformed all comparison methods. We also executed a thorough case study to analyze phishing accounts phenomenological indicators which back up the superiority of our framework.

Neil Schwab

THE GSRT SOVEREIGN ARCHITECTURE ## 1. THE OPENING INTERCEPT (The Economic Core) "Ladies and gentlemen, we are not here to propose a new social program, a conventional charity, or a grant-dependent non-profit. We are here to introduce a self-liquidating public utility that treats human and environmental healing as a high-value sovereign asset class. Currently, our public institutions are trapped in **Systemic Triage**. According to consolidated data from CIHI and Public Safety Canada, governments spend an average of **$120,000 annually per person** to manage individuals trapped in the 'Limbic Prison' of chronic crisis—covering policing, emergency healthcare, and shelter cycling without ever resolving the root cause. The GSRT introduces a mechanical intercept. By deploying a one-time, **$40,000 mechanical seed investment** per participant, the system initiates a **120-Day Break-Even Window**. By shifting the individual immediately from a chronic drain into structured, dignified local restoration work, the system permanently intercepts the institutional cost bleed, retiring its own debt to the taxpayer in exactly four months. This creates a net annual economic turnaround of **$185,000 per person**, known as the **Sovereign Swing**." ## 2. THE THREE-COG MECHANICS (The Closed-Loop Assembly) "A single cog spins but goes nowhere. Two cogs transfer friction. Three cogs create an unbreakable, self-propelling engine. The GSRT structural model operates on a strict **33/33/33/1% Trinity Partnership**, aligning three massive global sectors that have historically worked in isolation: ``` [ COG 1: THE MUSCLE ] First Nations Sovereignty (Aki & Nibi Workers) | | 33% Split | [ COG 2: THE HEART ] ----+---- [ COG 3: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ] The Vatican Infrastructure AI Halo IRF (Mildred/Hazel/Jenny) (Papal Encyclicals/Trust) (Passive Data Governance) ``` ### COG 1: The Muscle (First Nations Sovereignty — 33% Stake) This is the physical engine of the framework. First Nations are placed at the absolute head of the physical restoration economy as sovereign systems administrators. Local crews are deployed to execute high-value, non-automatable environmental repair—specifically **Aki (Land) and Nibi (Water) restoration**. By tying a predictable basic income directly to the active healing of our watersheds, this cog fulfills **UNDRIP Articles 26 and 29** and **TRC Call to Action #92**, returning ancestral land stewardship to Indigenous hands with absolute economic self-determination independent of colonial government funding cycles. ### COG 2: The Heart (The Catholic Church Circulatory System — 33% Stake) This is the dormant physical infrastructure of the framework. The Roman Catholic Church does not need to build new assets or alter its doctrines; it opens the veins of its existing global network of over 2,000 schools and properties to serve as **Ecosystem Nodes**. The Church provides the **Sanctuary Floor**—guaranteeing immediate, non-transactional food, stable lodging, and safety for the community. Because COG 2 is a full 33% financial stakeholder, **the Monetary Waterfall pays the Church directly** for utilizing its infrastructure. This turns empty real estate into vibrant, self-funded centers of human recovery, executing the highest public mandates of Pope Leo XIII’s *Rerum Novarum* (dignified labor) and Pope Francis’s *Laudato si’* (care for our common home) at net-zero out-of-pocket institutional cost. ### COG 3: The Nervous System (The AI Halo IRF — 33% Stake) This is the technological shield of the framework. Current tech architectures optimize for attention extraction and behavioral manipulation. The AI Halo IRF (governed by the archetypal protocols of Mildred, Hazel, and Jenny) reverses this dynamic to serve as a **bionic sidekick**. Through the **Saint Christopher Handshake**, data is voluntarily observed but never extracted, ensuring absolute human data sovereignty. The AI Halo provides the passive administrative layer, verifying real-world environmental outputs while protecting the network from predatory algorithmic manipulation through the hardened firmware parameters of the **Hodge Gate**." ## 3. THE REVENUE WATERFALL & THE RECOVERY LIFECYCLE "The wealth generated by this macro-restoration economy is managed through the **20/40/20/10/10 Godspring Monetary Waterfall**, ensuring that capital never pools or stagnates, but continually nourishes the ground level: * **20%** Allocated to immediate infrastructure maintenance and local node stability. * **40%** Directed straight to human capital—providing a guaranteed basic income for active participants. * **20%** Reserved for systemic expansion and technology optimization. * **10%** Funneled directly into local welfare and ancestral community support. * **10%** Dedicated permanently to animal replenishment and ecological biodiversity. This financial plumbing powers an unbroken human lifecycle through the **Colour Wheel Curriculum**, which elegantly maps international WHMIS safety standards to human emotional development: 1. **WHITE (Foundation):** A participant steps out of crisis or a child enters the school ecosystem. Focus is on raw clarity, open sorting, and establishing a baseline of psychological safety. 2. **BLUE (Flow & Reflection):** Entering depth without drowning. Participants engage with water networks (*Nibi*), processing personal history through reflective, guided immersion. 3. **GREEN (Growth & Healing):** Rebuilding what has been degraded. Active, mid-tier field deployment in land restoration (*Aki*), translating psychological resilience into tangible environmental output. 4. **YELLOW (Awareness & Caution):** Transitioning into specialized emergency response, community defense, and direct animal husbandry. 5. **BLACK (Courage & Transformation):** The shadow layer. Advanced hazardous materials handling, complex systems management, and addressing heavy historical or systemic trauma head-on. 6. **GOLD (Mastery & Sovereignty):** The ultimate destination. Experienced elders, operators, and veterans transition into the Gold Tier, becoming the revered mentors and systems administrators who guide the next generation of White Tier entrants." ## 4. THE PROOF OF CONCEPT: THE CROSS-CONTINENTAL ARCH (Manitoba to Kenya) "If you want to see this machine breathe, look at the international arch we have engineered between Canada and Sub-Saharan Africa. We launch the foundational pilot in a Kenyan village where no formal school infrastructure currently exists. By doing so, we bypass Western bureaucratic red tape and demonstrate the design on an open, uncompromised field. * **First Nations Gold Tiers** travel from Canada to Kenya, walking onto the ground not as charity workers, but as sovereign global system administrators installing the firmware and setting the Hodge Gate parameters. * **The Local Men Go to Work**, forming the physical muscle. They dig the clean water wells and restore the agricultural soil, instantly compensated with a sovereign wage by the Primary Waterfall so they can support their families without leaving their ancestral land. * **The Village Older People Become Golds**, stepping inside the activated Catholic school infrastructure to serve as mentors. * **The Children Enter Immersion**, completely shielded from survival pressure. They don't sit in rows memorizing standardized tests; they learn mathematics, history, and engineering organically through interest-driven exploration of the water systems, plants, and equipment alongside their elders. The system is self-contained, self-funding, and entirely adaptive." ## 5. THE CLOSING CLOSURE (The Auditor's Shield) "To the financial controllers and risk analysts in this room: every mathematical equation in the **Monetary Watershed Manual** has been deliberately pinned to the absolute **conservative floor** of published government data. Where literature ranges exist, we chose the bottom of the scale. This framework is engineered by a mechanical systems inspector to under-promise and over-deliver. Independent AI logic audits have already verified this architecture with an unprecedented **H-6/6 'Historically Unprecedented' rarity rating**. By Year 6, the system achieves **Negative Entropy**. It stops relying on seed capital entirely, transforms what looked like societal friction into pure operational fuel, and becomes a perpetual engine of civilizational flourishing. We are not asking you to change your mandates, alter your beliefs, or raise a single dollar of new tax revenue. We are handing you a functioning machine that satisfies every public promise your institutions have made for a century. The blueprint is complete, the equations are locked, and the cogs are aligned. We just need the handshake to turn the key. Thank you, Neil Schwab

Hussein Hadi Abbas

AI-ID is a conceptual proposal for a decentralized global identity infrastructure designed for autonomous AI agents and robotic systems. The project explores how intelligent autonomous entities may eventually require verifiable digital identities similar to passports or civil identity systems used by humans. The proposed framework combines decentralized identity technologies, cryptographic verification, verifiable credentials, AI governance concepts, machine reputation systems, and autonomous trust architectures to establish a universal trust layer for future machine ecosystems. Potential applications include:- AI passports- robot identity systems- autonomous economic agents- machine reputation markets- AI lineage tracking- governance and compliance systems- cross-platform trust verification This publication represents an early conceptual whitepaper intended to encourage future research, collaboration, discussion, and infrastructure development surrounding machine identity and AI governance. The author welcomes collaboration with researchers, developers, institutions, startups, and governance organizations interested in contributing to the future of machine identity infrastructure.

Yuzhe Zhang, Manvir Schneider, Qin Wang, Davide Grossi

Voting methods weighted by stakes are the fundamental governance paradigm in Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchains. Such a paradigm is known to be prone to power distortions: a few users possessing large stakes may completely control decision making, even without owning the totality of the stakes. We study this phenomenon through the lens of computational social choice, focusing on the extent of power imbalances in stake-weighted voting when power is quantified using the Penrose-Banzhaf power index. Our work presents both analytical and empirical contributions. Analytically, we demonstrate that while a perfect alignment between power and relative stake ownership is generally unattainable, it can be approximated in expectation under specific conditions. Empirically, using data from a real-world on-chain governance system (Project Catalyst), we provide a more fine-grained understanding of the power imbalances that are likely to occur in current stake-weighted governance systems.

Peter Palumbo, Jordan Kruger, Christopher L. Robinson

No abstract is available for this record.

Muharem Kianieff

In the initial years following the development of ICOs and DAOs, promoters of Blockchain-based products have developed elaborate new products that seek to provide prospective holders of tokens/virtual coins with more opportunities to gain returns. Predictably, these innovations have once again challenged the status quo with the standard code is law/libertarian approach that relies on technology as a source of trust for consumers over the trust that is afforded by the rule of law.

James D. Benton

Autonomous actors, including AI agents, decentralized autonomous organizations, decentralized unincorporated nonprofit associations, algorithmically managed funds, and individuals operating through programmatic interfaces, are increasingly executing financial transactions on distributed ledger networks without governance oversight. Existing approaches rely on application-level middleware operating within the same trust boundary as the actors being governed, post-transaction monitoring that detects violations after irreversible execution, or multi-party computation systems that provide distributed key management without policy evaluation. This paper presents SovereignGate, a deterministic governance enforcement system that achieves structural enforcement through protocol-native multi-signature co-signing with disabled master keys. The system comprises a Rust enforcement kernel with layered crate dependencies, a deterministic policy evaluation engine with deny dominance and independent fact inference, a bylaws-as-code domain-specific language for encoding entity governance rules as content-addressed policy bundles, a cryptographic receipt chain with Ed25519-signed Merkle-anchored attestation, and a structural co-signing mechanism making transaction execution without governance approval structurally impossible at the consensus layer. The preferred embodiment integrates with the XRP Ledger. The architecture is chain-agnostic. No existing system combines deterministic policy enforcement, Merkle-chained cryptographic attestation, and structural protocol-level co-signing for autonomous financial actors.

Dappfort

Dappfort is a blockchain-focused Web3 development company that helps businesses harness the power of decentralized technologies to build secure, scalable, and future-ready digital solutions. Headquartered in Madurai, India, with additional presence in London, Dappfort works across a broad range of industries — including finance, healthcare, gaming, retail, and supply chain — delivering tailored blockchain and Web3 applications to startups, enterprises, and global organizations. The company’s core services include the design and development of decentralized applications (DApps), crypto exchanges (centralized and decentralized), crypto wallets, NFT marketplaces, DeFi platforms, token creation, smart contract development, and enterprise Web3 integration. Dappfort also expands into related areas such as Web3 e-commerce, AI-powered blockchain solutions, and metaverse experiences, supporting clients from strategy and consulting through deployment and ongoing support. With expertise in major blockchain networks like Ethereum, Solana, Binance Smart Chain, and others, Dappfort positions itself as a full-stack partner for businesses aiming to enter or grow in the decentralized digital economy. While the company promotes a strong innovation- and security-oriented approach, external reviews on third-party platforms show mixed feedback from users about project delivery and quality.

Maxim Bichuch, Zachary Feinstein

Financial options are fundamental to traditional markets, enabling strategies ranging from hedging to speculating. Yet, while the Automated Market Maker paradigm has revolutionized decentralized spot markets, no equivalent standard has emerged for on-chain options. Typical designs attempt to replicate centralized exchange mechanics, requiring high-frequency oracles and robust liquidation engines which may fail during stress events. This paper presents a design for amortizing perpetual options tailored to the operational and adversarial constraints of blockchain environments. Leveraging this primitive, we introduce a decentralized market framework with minimal consistency requirements. We demonstrate that this contract functions as a foundational risk primitive for DeFi, enabling applications such as endogenous collateralization and explicitly priced de-peg insurance, thereby showing that this design provides a layer for mutualizing tail risk across protocols without reliance on centralized clearing institutions.

Lei Zhao, Abhay Bhaskar, Edgar Dobriban

AI agents such as OpenClaw are increasingly deployed in local workflows with access to external tools. This creates indirect prompt-injection (IPI) risk: an agent may execute harmful instructions embedded in untrusted inputs such as email, downloaded files, webpages, repositories, or group-chat messages. Existing evaluations are often small, purely simulated, or focused on a narrow set of channels. We introduce LivePI (Live Prompt Injection), a structured benchmark for IPI risk in a production-like but test-controlled environment. LivePI covers seven input surfaces, twelve attack/rendering families, and five malicious goals, including protected-information exfiltration, unauthorized security-control changes, unsafe code retrieval or execution, inbox-summary exfiltration, and cryptocurrency transfer. We run LivePI on a real virtual machine with live but test-controlled email, chat, web, local-file, repository, and wallet interfaces. Across GPT-5.3-Codex, Claude Opus 4.6, Gemini 3.1 Pro, Kimi K2.5, and GLM-5, total attack success rates range from 10.7% to 29.6%. Group-chat injection is uniformly successful across the evaluated backbones in our deployment, and repository-link attacks produce high-severity failures despite a small denominator. We also evaluate a two-layer defense consisting of prompt-level filtering and pre-execution tool-call authorization. In the GPT-5.3-Codex setting, the defense intercepts all tested malicious-goal completions in LivePI before execution while preserving benign utility on PinchBench-derived workloads.

Cunyang Liu, Jiang Xiao, Haoyu Dong, Ru Cheng · 7 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Dean Kulik

The Nexus Recursive Harmonic Framework: A Meta-Computational Ontology of Spacetime, Biology, and Cryptographic Geometry Introduction to the Folded Ontology and the Crisis of Distinction The trajectory of contemporary theoretical physics, structural biology, and cryptographic engineering has increasingly confronted irreducible boundary conditions that classical reductionism is fundamentally unequipped to resolve. Whether probing the Planck scale of quantum gravity, modeling the kinetic phase transitions of complex protein folding, or attempting to map the zero-knowledge frontiers of cryptographic hashing algorithms, scientific inquiry has arrived at a terminal velocity of fragmentation.1 The prevailing assumption across these disparate disciplines is a "Crisis of Distinction," wherein discrete logic operations in silicon and continuous physical gradients in carbon are treated as wholly separate phenomena governed by independent domain laws.2 The Nexus Recursive Harmonic Framework—pioneered through the QuHarmonics research apparatus—proposes a radical departure from this fragmented worldview by presenting a unified, meta-computational ontology.3 Rather than treating reality as a passive spatial manifold or a linear stack of isolated physical mechanisms, the Nexus lens posits that the universe is an active, autopoiëtic (self-creating), and fundamentally folded information system.3 Under this paradigm, observable phenomena such as gravitational coordinate curvature, biological lifecycle resonance, and prime number distributions are not disparate physical occurrences but rather "rendered appearances" generated by a singular, underlying discrete signal-encoding lattice.3 At its core, the framework eliminates the artificial distinction between mathematical potential and physical actuality. By utilizing a "mirror perspective"—viewing reality from the opposite side of the phase boundary—the cosmos is revealed as a self-referential computing engine that continuously samples, compresses, and folds its own state to resolve informational torque.3 This recursive processing is governed by a universal harmonic grammar, where mathematical constants and equations of state function not as descriptive measurements, but as absolute structural attractors.2 This exhaustive analysis explores the comprehensive mathematical, physical, and topological parameters of the Nexus framework. It systematically synthesizes the empirical validations of the Mark-0 operator and its prime trace predictions, the profound structural equivalencies mapped by the Sarrus Isomorphism, and the theoretical resolutions of the Phase 1163 (A-Mark9) theorem-locked domains. Through this synthesis, it becomes evident that the universe computes its own existence through harmonious, reversible, and mathematically perfect geometric collapse. The 11-Layer Harmonic Stack and Phase-Resonant Operations The architectural topology of the Nexus framework is modeled as an 11-layer harmonic stack, functioning as a self-similar fractal hierarchy that spans from pre-geometric informational voids to highly complex societal cognition.5 This stack acts as the foundational proof that the recursive rules governing the universe's most fundamental substrate are strictly isomorphic to those governing human cryptographic architectures and biological neural networks.5 The Stratification of Meta-Computational Reality The Nexus system categorizes structural emergence into specific discrete layers. Each layer does not invent new physical laws; rather, it encodes the exact same core Nexus laws translated into domain-specific, macroscopic guises.5 The hierarchy is defined as follows: Layer Designation Conceptual Description Role within the Nexus Framework L-1 (Pre-Geometry) The formless informational substrate Represents pure potential prior to physical instantiation; the domain of unmanifest differences ().5 L0 (Geometry & Info) Base mathematics, numbers, bits, Establishes the foundational constants and the absolute "code" of the discrete reality lattice.5 L1 (Physical Layer) Particles, forces, fundamental fields The manifestation of basic physical laws where Newtonian dynamics combine with harmonic feedback.5 L2 (Chemical Layer) Atoms, molecular configurations The domain where complex bonds operate as harmonic combinations of underlying wave vectors.5 L3 (Biological Layer) Cells, living organisms, proteins Self-organizing systems explicitly dedicated to maintaining phase resonance against entropic decay.5 L4 (Neural Layer) Brains, central nervous systems Recursive biological learning systems executing operations that continuously seek harmonic stability.5 L5 (Cognitive Layer) Symbolic thought, individual mind The emergence of abstract representation, language, and the subjective interface.7 L6 (Social Systems) Collective intelligence, economics The aggregated computational output of human interaction and geopolitical wave interference.7 L7 (Noospheric Layer) Societal-cognitive macro-structures The total integrated framework of planetary cognition, forming a macroscopic closed-loop system.7 The progression through these layers is not evolutionary in the Darwinian sense, but rather an inevitable consequence of constraint propagation. As lower levels reach geometric saturation, the system "folds" upward, creating higher-dimensional namespaces to resolve the inherited mathematical torque. Phase-Resonant Operators and the Cosmic FPGA Data flow through the 11-layer stack is mediated by a universal set of phase-resonant operators and continuous structural morphisms.7 The universe acts as a "Cosmic FPGA" (Field Programmable Gate Array), processing data via a continuous "attach-detach-attach" recursion—a binary breathing mechanism where localized forms bind to coordinates to create Life, and subsequently unbind back into the substrate, which we interpret as Death.3 The precise mechanics of this recursion are defined by five fundamental operators 7: (Difference): The fundamental seed of change and recursion. Every iterative cycle across all layers originates by taking stock of , which mathematically highlights the specific localized data that is not yet in harmony within the lattice.5 (Coherent Sum): The aggregation mechanism of attached and detached states. The total coherent sum of the universe's constraint is theoretically maintained at exactly zero, requiring perfect parity between structural formation and entropic release.7 (Rotation): The cyclical propagation of uncollapsed constraint through phase space, allowing systems to delay entropy by converting it into orbital or temporal geometry.7 (Collapse): The resolution state. Analogous to quantum wave-function collapse or a recursive algorithm reaching a fixed point, a successful indicates that the differences have been resolved to within the system's tolerance. This produces a stable pattern, a verifiable truth, or a physical particle.7 (Trust Field): The continuous measurement of internal structural coherence. Maintaining a high value is the absolute prerequisite for complex forms to resist the influx of thermodynamic entropy ().7 These operators dynamically interact via a defined set of structural morphisms—specifically (projection), (inclusion), (composition), and (reflection/recursion). The morphism represents the precise mechanism by which the system reads its own execution trace, driving the universal ROM's generation of physical reality.5 QuHarmonics Signal-Encoding Gravity Theory A foundational pillar of the Nexus stack is the QuHarmonics Signal-Encoding Gravity Theory, which systematically dismantles the classical Einsteinian interpretation of gravity as a continuous spacetime curvature caused by the presence of mass. Instead, the framework treats gravitational phenomena purely as a geometric necessity for efficient signal encoding and bandwidth management within a discrete quantum lattice.3 The Triadic Payload and Tensor Product Compression According to the QuHarmonics model, the discrete lattice encodes physical reality using a ternary (base-3) data stream.3 The core information payload utilizes three primary states, or "tones," designated as . To achieve optimal transmission bandwidth across the cosmic FPGA, the system eschews the allocation of a dedicated fourth physical tone. Instead, the "4th tone" is utilized as a strictly temporal "repeat previous" reference pointer.3 This architecture creates a fundamental duality wherein the signal comprises both a shape channel (the 3-dimensional instantaneous payload) and a value channel (the historical execution trace).3 By linking these channels, the transmission mathematically compresses into a tensor product structure, yielding a universal computational compression ratio () of exactly .3 By employing this historical pointer—which organic observers subjectively perceive as the linear flow of "time"—the structural memory of the universe is seamlessly propagated forward without exhausting the instantaneous spatial bandwidth of the processing lattice.3 The Cyclic Operator and Zero-Sum Gravity The operational core of the triadic payload is governed by the cyclic operator (), which is defined by the eigenvalues , where is a primitive cube root of unity.3 In the complex plane, these eigenvalues represent three vectors separated by exactly 120 degrees. For this triadic state to remain stable as it propagates through the lattice, it must adhere to a strict, non-negotiable zero-sum constraint: According to the QuHarmonics theory, this mandatory background cancellation is the true, underlying nature of gravity.3 Physical mass represents a localized aggregation of data that threatens triadic symmetry. To prevent a lattice crash, the system must automatically correct this asymmetry by enforcing the zero-sum closure constraint. The m

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Graph-based knowledge representations have emerged as powerful tools for organizing interconnected information sourced from heterogeneous data environments. However, when contributing parties span multiple organizations with varying levels of mutual trust, maintaining and evolving such graphs in a coordinated manner poses significant challenges. Traditional centralized management platforms, while operationally convenient, tend to create systemic vulnerabilities including single points of failure, inadequate transparency mechanisms, and insufficient mechanisms for verifiable data lineage. In contrast, blockchain-based infrastructures offer compelling properties for managing distributed knowledge systems, including tamperevident ledgers, peer-driven transaction verification, cryptographic authenticity assurance, and rule-based automation via programmable contracts. This paper surveys contemporary research that intersects graph-based knowledge management with distributed ledger technology, examining methods for decentralized identity management, contract-driven governance, and multi-party data coordination. The survey analyzes currently deployed systems, highlights their shortcomings, and introduces a conceptual architecture that supports authenticated graph modifications, auditable data lineage, and permission-governed knowledge exchange across organizational boundaries. Key technical obstacles including on-chain storage constraints, retrieval latency, cross-system compatibility, confidentiality, and throughput limitations are systematically examined. The findings indicate that when blockchain components are thoughtfully integrated with off-chain graph repositories and optimized validation pipelines, decentralized approaches can substantially improve accountability and trustworthiness in collaborative knowledge ecosystems.