Mateus Ferreira de Almeida Lima, Francisco das Chagas Bezerra Neto, José Cândido da Silva Nóbrega, Auzenir de Oliveira Abrantes Monteiro · 6 authors
During the passage of time, it is necessary for a legal system to introduce structural reforms, given the maximum effectiveness of Law. And, among the main reforms proposed to the Brazilian order, there is the tax reform, represented, above all, by the PEC 45/2019. Several points are innovative, such as the adoption of the Value Added Tax (VAT) - renamed Tax on Goods and Services (IBS) - on consumer goods, in the three federal spheres, the basis of which comes from five other taxes: Tax on Industrialized Products ( IPI), Tax on Circulation of Goods and Services (ICMS), Tax on Services (ISS), Contribution to the Financing of Social Security (Cofins) and Social Integration Program (PIS); having specific rates for each federative entity and abolition of taxes such as the Tax on Financial Operations (IOF). However, would the creation or abolition of these taxes be positive or negative for the fiscal decentralization proposed in the 1988 Charter? An unsolvable dichotomy. Despite the selective rates for the three federative entities (Union, States and Municipalities), the Reform intends to create a central body, whose character would be to inspect such rates according to the total. There is, therefore, a paradox: between one and triune. Based on such affirmative assumptions, this article will have an exploratory character, with deduction as a method and data collection extracted from documents, bibliography and data taken from administrative bodies.
AbstractLegalization of cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia is a breath of fresh air for the community. The increase in cryptocurrency investors every year shows that there are promising benefits from the transaction process. Even though Indonesia's economic condition is currently experiencing a recession, it has no impact on the sustainability of cryptocurrency transactions. So it can be said that this transaction can be an opportunity for tax revenue. However, it is unfortunate that there are no specific tax rules that regulate the collection of income tax on profits derived from cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia. Based on these problems, the purpose of this study is to analyze the income tax collection system and law enforcement of income tax payments for cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia. And the research method used is normative law by conducting extensive interpretation to find law (rechtsvinding). Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Income Tax; Tax Law Enforcement.AbstrakDilegalkannya transaksi cryptocurrency di Indonesia merupakan angin segar bagi masyarakat. Bertambahnya investor cryptocurrency pada setiap tahunnya menandakan bahwa terdapat suatu keuntungan yang menjanjikan dari proses transaksi tersebut. Meskipun kondisi perekonomian Indonesia yang sedang resesi saat ini, ternyata sama sekali tidak membawa pengaruh terhadap keberlangsungan transaksi cryptocurrency. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa adanya transaksi tersebut bisa menjadi suatu peluang penerimaan perpajakan. Namun disayangkan belum tersedianya aturan pajak yang khusus untuk mengatur pemungutan Pajak Penghasilan atas keuntungan yang diperoleh dari transaksi cryptocurrency di Indonesia. Sehingga pemerintah belum bisa secara optimal mengontrol penerimaan pajak dari transaksi cryptocurrency di Indonesia. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis sistem pemungutan Pajak Penghasilan serta penegakan hukum pembayaran Pajak Penghasilan atas transaksi cryptocurrency di Indonesia. Dan metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah hukum normatif dengan interpretasi ekstensif guna menemukan suatu hukum (rechtsvinding).Kata Kunci: Cryptocurrency; Pajak Penghasilan; Penegakan Hukum Pajak.
Dado el creciente uso de las criptomonedas a nivel mundial, y dentro de estas el bitcoin (BTC), resulta necesario analizar el marco jurídico aplicable con el fin de detectar posibles cambios o actualizaciones. Uno de los aspectos incluidos en dicho análisis refiere a la posibilidad de efectuar el pago del salario de los trabajadores en bitcoins. En este artículo se busca, desde un abordaje principalmente jurídico y económico, conceptualizar jurídicamente al bitcoin para luego evaluar si la normativa vigente en Uruguay habilita el pago de salarios con esta criptomoneda. Se concluye que en Uruguay existen limitaciones legales para que los salarios mínimos se paguen con otros medios distintos de la moneda nacional, aunque podría establecerse un pago parcial con BTC mediante el mecanismo de los Consejos de Salarios. Para la parte del salario que supere el mínimo no habría inconvenientes, tanto se considere al BTC como dinero privado o como un bien incorporal “común”.
Blockchain technology has unique characteristics that make it a powerful application for transforming government processes and improving the management of public benefits. In this paper, we propose that a blockchain-enabled government can achieve higher levels of efficiency and impartiality compared to traditional and general digital government. These improvements can be achieved through blockchain’s impact on the accuracy, coordination, trust, and transparency of information-based processes. Propositions are examined using a blockchain-enabled program of targeted poverty alleviation in a major metropolitan city in China. An analysis of data from semi-structured interviews and public documents indicates that the blockchain-enabled government process, through the technology’s coordination and accuracy features, can improve the efficiency of targeted poverty alleviation work in the local government. In addition, we find that impartiality of a government program is improved through the transparency and trust that is enabled by the application of blockchain technology.
A game between a representative household and a government was analyzed. The household chose which fractions of two currencies to hold, e.g., a national currency such as a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) and a global currency such as Bitcoin or Facebook’s Diem, and chose the tax evasion probability for each currency. The government chose, for each currency, the probability of detecting and prosecuting tax evasion, the tax rate, and the penalty factor imposed on the household when tax evasion was successfully detected and prosecuted. The household′s fraction of the national currency, the government’s monitoring probability of the national currency, and the penalty factor imposed on the global currency, increased in the household′s Cobb Douglas output elasticity for the national currency. The household′s probabilities of tax evasion on both currencies increased in the government’s Cobb Douglas output elasticity for the national currency. The government’s taxation on both currencies decreased in the output elasticity for the national currency. High output elasticity for the national currency eventually induced the government to tax that currency more than the global currency. The household′s probability of tax evasion on the global currency increased in the government’s output elasticity for that currency. The household was less (more) likely to tax evade on the national (global) currency if the government valued taxation and penalty on the national (global) currency. The results are illustrated numerically where each of the eight parameter values was varied relative to a benchmark.
Soohyun Cho, Kyungha Lee, Arion Cheong, Won Gyun No · 5 authors
Blockchain technology can benefit inter-organizational activities by improving data integrity, increasing transaction transparency, and decreasing transaction costs. In this paper, we discuss the strategic and economic value of this technology by applying it to the value-added tax (VAT) reporting system, focusing on blockchain’s characteristic traceability. By effectively increasing financial transparency, the application of blockchain to the VAT system can prevent VAT-related fraud (e.g., underreported VAT) that can arise due to the information asymmetry that exists at different stages of the supply chain. We develop a game theoretical model that involves a retailer and two vendors in order to study the players’ strategic decisions regarding blockchain adoption and to examine the effects on social welfare. We also show how the decision to adopt blockchain depends on considerations such as adoption costs, the vendors’ VAT reporting behavior, the retailer’s profit margins, and inter-vendor competition. Furthermore, we find that under certain conditions, policymakers can increase social welfare by providing subsidies to encourage blockchain adoption.88 Sun Yin, H.H.; Langenheldt, K.; Harlev, M.; Mukkamala, R.R.; and Vatrapu, R. Regulating cryptocurrencies: A supervised machine learning approach to de-anonymizing the bitcoin blockchain. Journal of Management Information Systems, 36, 1 (2019), 37–73.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]
Cryptocurrencies are revolutionary digital currencies used by people on a peer to peer network. Cryptocurrencies are predominantly used as a payment method in business transactions. However, challenges arise with cryptocurrency borne transactions due to the lack of universal accepted classification of cryptocurrencies, the result of which leads to unintended tax consequences for cryptocurrency users. This article examines the recent amendment to the Value-Added Tax (VAT) 89 of 1991 pertaining specifically to the VAT treatment of cryptocurrencies in South Africa. Currently, transactions in cryptocurrencies are deemed to be financial services in South Africa. This means that a supply of any cryptocurrency in South Africa is exempt from VAT. This article makes a comparison with the Australian legislative framework to determine how cryptocurrencies are treated for VAT/GST purposes in that country. Although the move to regulate cryptocurrencies is welcomed, this article argues that cryptocurrency activities are incorrectly legislated as financial services in the VAT Act.
This study theoretically and empirically analyzes the relationship between decentralization and welfare. The model identifies conditions in which a decentralized government is utility-maximizing compared to a centralized one. The empirical analysis utilized data from Philippine provinces to study the relationship between several decentralization indicators and welfare, as measured by per capita income, human development index, and poverty. Results suggest that fiscal independence, or the ability of local governments to generate their own revenues to finance their own expenditures rather than relying on central government transfers, is positively associated with per capita income and HDI. Moreover, this relationship is stronger when governance is better and weaker among lower-income provinces. In contrast, a higher number of local government units per population is linked to adverse development outcomes, and this association is stronger among lower-income provinces and weaker among those with good governance.
Один из принципов классической предвыборной борьбы - это соревнование идей и методов распределения общественных благ, получаемых за счёт налогов и сами ставки налогов. При этом немаловажно не только умение создать и поддерживать оптимальную систему сбора и распределения налогов, но и максимально доходчиво предоставлять обществу открытую информацию о происходящих в этом деле процессах и перспективах. И чем более демократичнее общество, тем больше такое понимание им востребовано. Новые технологии блокчейна и криптовалют в частности, дают возможность создать улучшенные системы как сбора и распределения информации, так и удобного привлечения общественного контроля. И чем раньше страны примут его к массовому применению, тем успешнее будут их экономики. One of the principles of the classic election campaign is the competition of ideas and methods of distribution of public goods obtained from taxes and the tax rates themselves. At the same time, it is important not only to be able to create and maintain an optimal system for collecting and distributing taxes, but also to provide the public with open information about the processes and prospects taking place in this matter as clearly as possible. And the more democratic a society is, the more such an understanding is in demand. New technologies of blockchain and cryptocurrencies, in particular, make it possible to create improved systems for both collecting and distributing information, and conveniently involving public control. And the sooner countries adopt it for mass use, the more successful their economies will be.
‘Cryptocurrency’ using blockchain technology is currently a most disruptive technology. We attempt to study the nature of this currency to decide whether it qualifies to be called a currency or not. Understanding its nature is important for governments, legislators, taxpayers and courts so that a proper regulation can be prepared. Once regulated, the taxpayers can know how much they would be taxed and the courts would know under which act it could pronounce judgements. This paper focuses on bitcoin as a specimen of cryptocurrency. The paper also attempts to study the ‘commodity’ -nature of the currency-, followed by the ‘currency’ -nature of the currency- and whether it can function as a currency. The paper also attempts to study the nature of this currency from Islamic perspectives and rebuts certain objections raised in respect of this currency.
Cryptocurrencies are gaining a foothold in the globaleconomy, and the government wants its cut. However, fewpeople are reporting cryptocurrency transactions on their taxreturns. How will the IRS solve its cryptocurrencynoncompliance problem? Its response so far bears manysimilarities to the government’s campaign to increase Reportsof Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBARs). FBARnoncompliance penalties are notoriously harsh, and thegovernment has pursued them vigorously. This Note exploresthe connections and differences between cryptocurrencyreporting and foreign bank account reporting in an effort topredict the future regime of cryptocurrency tax compliance.
ABSTRAK
 Tujuan dan sasaran utama dari adanya program desentralisasi fiskal yang diberikan oleh pemerintah pusat yaitu pembangunan perekonomian daerah. Karena dengan di mulainya otonomi daerah maka hal ini menjadi prioritas yang utama bagi pemerintah daerah. Sehingga dengan demikian diperlukan adanya kemampuan daerah dalam hal mengumpulkan pendapatan daerahnya yang nantinya akan digunakan sebagai anggaran belanja, salah satunya adalah belanja modal. Belanja modal memiliki peran penting dalam menjalankan sistem pemerintahan karena dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan publik serta sebagai wujud dari good governance.
 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Pajak Daerah, DAU dan DAK dalam menunjang kinerja belanja modal pemerintah di Provinsi Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan data kuantitatif time-series dari tahun 2008-2019. Subjek dari penelitian ini adalah pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur. Sumber data yang digunakan yaitu dari situs web resmi Kementerian Keuangan Direktorat Jenderal Perimbangan Keuangan, dengan menggunakan metode analisis regresi linier berganda dan bantuan alat uji olah data kuantitatif SPSS 13.0.
 Berdasarkan dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa variabel pajak daerah secara parsial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap belanja modal. Untuk variabel DAU dan DAK secara parsial tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap belanja modal. Sedangkan secara simultan Pajak Daerah, DAU dan DAK berpengaruh signifikan terhadap belanja modal di Provinsi Jawa Timur.
 Kata Kunci : Pajak Daerah, DAU, DAK dan Belanja Modal.
 
 ABSTRACT
 The main objectives and targets of the fiscal decentralization program provided by the central government are regional economic development. Because with the initiation of regional autonomy, this has become a top priority for local governments. Thus, it is necessary to have the ability of the regions to collect regional income which will later be used as a budget, one of which is capital expenditure. Capital spending has an important role in running the government system because it can improve public welfare and as a form of good governance.
 This study aims to determine the effect of local taxes, DAU and DAK in supporting the performance of government capital expenditures in East Java Province. This study uses quantitative time-series data from 2008-2019. The subject of this research is the government of East Java Province. Sources of data used are from the official website of the Ministry of Finance, Directorate General of Fiscal Balance, using multiple linear regression analysis methods and the assistance of quantitative data processing test tools SPSS 13.0.
 Based on the results of the research conducted, it shows that the local tax variable partially has a significant effect on capital expenditure. The DAU and DAK variables partially do not have a significant effect on capital expenditure. Meanwhile, simultaneously Local Taxes, DAU and DAK have a significant effect on capital expenditure in East Java Province.
 Keywords: Local Taxes, DAU, DAK and Capital Expenditures.
Experts predict that the use of smart contracts and other applications of blockchain technology can potentially revolutionize the manner in which we do business. Blockchain promises the elimination of middlemen, as well as trust, transparency, and improved access to shared information and records. Thus, it is no surprise that companies and entrepreneurs are now developing blockchain solutions for an array of markets, ranging from real estate to health care. But, can this new technology revolutionize tax administration? Our current tax administration system suffers from a large tax gap, high compliance and administrative costs, and many inefficiencies. Blockchain’s core attributes may present a solution to these shortcomings. This Article is the first to consider the technology’s potential role in revolutionizing tax administration and the challenges that must be overcome before incorporating blockchain technology into the tax space. The Article demonstrates that implementing a blockchain-based platform for tax administration would present significant opportunities to digitalize and automate certain tax processes, minimize government information constraints, increase the transparency and trustworthiness of tax-related transactions, and reduce costs, data redundancies, and other inefficiencies involved in the tax administration process. The Article concludes, however, that many blockchain tax initiatives are merely aspirational at this point. Governments need to overcome significant challenges and limitations in order to meaningfully take advantage of blockchain technology. It, therefore, sets forth normative steps for policymakers to take in supporting the development of blockchain technology and helping it to realize its full potential in the tax space. By doing so, the Article aims to promote a proactive approach to exploring and understanding the technology’s benefits, limitations and implications, and thereby to place the government in the best position to harness the advantages of blockchain technology and modernize our system of tax administration.
We study the short-term effect of the first global multilateral standard for automatic exchange of information (AEIO), the so-called Common Reporting Standard (CRS), on the volume of exchanges of money to cryptocurrencies. We hypothesize that following the introduction of information exchange between source countries and tax havens, the amount of money in the tax havens' cur- rencies exchanged to cryptocurrencies increases. Our results complement prior findings of the literature that deposits in tax havens decrease following AEIO. Through our model, we find that CRS induced a 40% increase, on average, in the volume exchanged to/from Bitcoin. Around the time of the introduction of CRS, volume exchanged to/from Bitcoin increased the most for currencies GBP, CHF, and USD. Keywords common reporting standard, cryptocurrencies, cross-border deposits, automatic exchange of in- formation Title Cryptocurrencies and Financial Secrecy Author's e-mail 48669601@fsv.cuni.cz Supervisor's e-mail miroslav.palansky@fsv.cuni.cz
In the age of economic globalization, the need for independence in important economic decisions individually and collectively is evident. Decentralization and fiscal decentralization are trends for political and economic reform in recent decades around the world. Albania began the process of transition from a centralized economy to a free economy in the early 1990s. Numerous reforms followed this process in almost all sectors. This process is accompanied by transforming existing economic mechanisms and infrastructure to better function the free-markets model, but above all, with the need to develop and create new legal, institutional, economic, and social instruments and spaces to increase the allocation and efficiency of public and private resources. The latest reform in terms of decentralization is the Territorial Administrative reform of 2014. We try to answer the research question through this study: What has been the impact of decentralization reforms on the local government's public services' performance? The research methodology used is a descriptive analysis of data obtained from the Ministry of Finance and Economic and local municipalities on the reforms' impact. Data analysis shows that some improvements and progress has been made in advancing decentralization reform, but there are still many challenges ahead, such as the lack of a clear legal and regulatory framework. Adding to that concern is local governments' financial autonomy, which remains a challenge for the future.
This paper sheds light on the scarce empirical evidence on cryptocurrency users and use types. Based on the only available empirical estimate (shared by Chainalysis), this paper simulates the revenue potential from taxing Bitcoin capital gains in the EU. Total estimated Bitcoin capital gains in the EU amount to 12.7 billion EUR in 2020, including 3.6 billion EUR of realized gains. Applying national tax rules on capital gains from shares to those from Bitcoin yields a simulated tax revenue of about 850 million EUR in 2020. This paper is the first to empirically assess the tax revenue potential of capital gains from Bitcoin in the EU. While most of the empirical cryptocurrency literature is based on time-series data, this paper relies on dis-aggregated country-level data. The findings show that revenue from taxing cryptocurrencies is non-negligible and will be if the market of cryptocurrencies continues to grow.
Kimberly Michelle Sandoval-Guzmán, Mardo Iván López-Ortega, Pedro Ernesto Domínguez-Rivera, Nelson Ernesto Rivera-Díaz
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la factibilidad de la implementación de criptomonedas como un medio para el financiamiento de la deuda pública externa de El Salvador. La estrategia utilizada corresponde a un modelo econométrico de medias móviles que utilizan las cotizaciones del Bitcoin y Ethereum. Paralelamente, se complementa con un análisis de escenarios propuestos.
While the founders of cryptocurrencies may not conceptualize their efforts as such, the infrastructural choices they make in designing their systems mimic those routinely made by lawmakers in the design of fiscal policy. The totality of their decision-making in this regard constitutes essential elements of “taxation” written into the governance structure of the cryptocurrency system — its tax cryptographia . This article examines how cryptocurrency founders determine what common goods are necessary to make their systems viable and then design a way to fund them. The object of comparing certain cryptographic design elements to taxation is to examine how investors, speculators, enthusiasts, and skeptics should assess the decisions that founders make, and why it might matter if the participants in cryptocurrency systems recognize the fiscal infrastructure as a reproduction of state-like functions that serve to allocate the cost and benefits of participating in the collective activity despite the core motivation of cryptocurrency to bypass centralized and hierarchical political institutions.
Purpose The purpose of this research is to assess the tax stakeholders’ intention towards the adoption of blockchain technology (BT) for a transparent and effective taxing system in Bangladesh. It examines the factors influencing the behavioural intention of the users to adopt BT with a blended model built on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and self-determination theory (SDT). This research develops a prescriptive model to demonstrate how the stakeholders are interested in adopting BT for the taxing system. Design/methodology/approach Data were obtained through a structured questionnaire from the stakeholders of the taxing system, including tax policymakers, tax commissioners, tax officers, lawyers, tax consultants and the taxpayers. Statistical analyses were performed using partial least square-structural equation modelling. Findings Results reveal that out of the two primary TAM antecedents known as usefulness (PU) and ease of use (PEU), PU has a significant influence on the BT adoption intention. The only cognitive variable called autonomous motivation picked from SDT has a positive and significant impact on BT adoption for tax purpose as well. Finally, trust is found to be another important determinant for explaining stakeholders’ intention to adopt BT for an efficient taxing system where transparency can be ensured. Research limitations/implications The proposed model does not include any moderator though there might be a moderating effect in this regard. The variation described in the behavioural intention to adopt BT by the predictors is half of the total possible variations. Hence, the inclusion of variables such as social influence and controlled motivation could be interesting. Practical implications This study is expected to provide valuable insights into policymaking for tax administrations to enhance the tax collection net and maintain transparency and efficiency in the taxing system. Social implications This research has social consequences for a recently graduated developing economy such as Bangladesh, where transparency and efficiency are a matter of question. Because BT adoption can assure a convenient and favourable environment for the taxpayers upholding the principles of taxation, it can play a significant role by ensuring social justice and equity through a transparent and effective taxing system. Originality/value This research is among the first few studies to address the issue of implementing a modern technology such as BT for an efficient taxing system from a developing country perspective. Furthermore, it combined TAM and SDT to propose a hybrid model for explaining behavioural intention to adopt an emerging technology such as blockchain, which is a new phenomenon.
Tax is the main source of state revenues where the activity of countries such as national development funded by tax. National development funded is difficult to do if there is no revenue from tax sector. To make the effectiveness of development equity, decentralization from the central government to supervise and arrange directly about affairs in the regions is needed that policy, planning, implementation, and financing are given to the regional government. The purpose of this research is to find the influence of the awareness of taxpayers, the quality of services, and the tax penalty toward taxpayers compliance. The method used in this research is explanatory research. Accidental sampling technique is used by spreading questionnaires to one hundred taxpayers vehicles registered in samsat tax office of Yogyakarta. Besides spreading the questionares writer did an interview to the responden so that in this research writer use mix method. The research result indicates that awareness taxpayers have a positif impact toward the compliance of taxpayers’ motor vehicles registered in samsat tax office of Yogyakarta and quality of services, and tax penalties have a negatif impact toward the compliance of taxpayers’ motor vehicles registered in samsat tax office of Yogyakarta.