Bruno Andriamanalimanana, Chen-Fu Chiang, Jorge Novillo, Sam Sengupta · 5 authors
A central problem with distributed ledger technologies involves the latency that must be incurred in processing and verifying transactions to be accepted as permanent records in the ledger. In many applications, high latency is simply not a tolerable aspect of the governance of the ledger. To help reduce latency, we offer a distributed ledger architecture, Tango, that mimics the Iota-tangle design as articulated by Popov [1] in his seminal paper. A main idea is the introduction of a semi-synchronous transaction entry protocol layer. We model periodic pulsed injections into the evaluation layer from the entry layer.
Konstantnim povećanjem postotka ljudske populacije u gradovima povećava se i broj automobila u gradovima. S povećanjem broja automobila dolazi do većeg opterećenja prometa te zahtjeva za novim parkirnim mjestima. Kako bi smanjilo opterećenje prometnica i potražnja za parkirnim mjestima potrebno je osmišljavati nove metode. Jedna od tih metoda je i dijeljenje automobila kojoj je cilj smanjiti vrijeme koje vozilo provode na parkirnom mjestu. Za implementaciju takve metode potrebno je kreirati sustav koji će omogućivati iznajmljivanje i dijeljenje automobila te plaćanje usluge. U ovome radu izraditi će se dio aplikacije za dijeljenje automobila koja će funkcionirati na pametnom ugovoru unutar blockchain-a odnosno distribuiranog zapisnika. Postupak izrade te funkcionalnosti aplikacije objašnjene su unutar rada. Aplikacija se fokusira na plaćanje koristeći pametne ugovore te su opisani ostali dijelovi sustava potrebni za implementaciju aplikacije koje nisu unutar okvira ovoga rada.
Stefano Angieri, Alberto García-Martínez, Bingyang Liu, Zhiwei Yan · 6 authors
The current system to manage the global pool of IP addresses is centralized\nin five transnational organizations, the Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).\nEach of these RIRs manage the address pool for a large number of countries.\nBecause the RIRs are private organizations, they are subject to the legal\nframework of the country where they are based. This configuration results in a\njurisdictional overflow from the legal framework of the countries where the RIR\nis based to all the countries that the RIRs are serving (the countries served\nby the RIRs de facto become subjects of the legal system of the country where\nthe RIR is hosted). The situation is aggravated by the deployment of new\nsecurity techniques such as the RPKI and BGPsec, that enable enforcement of\nallocations by the RIRs. In this paper we present InBlock, a blockchain-based\ndistributed governance body aimed to provide de-centralized management of IP\naddresses. InBlock also aims to fulfil the same objectives as the current IP\naddress allocation system, namely, uniqueness, fairness, conservation,\naggregation, registration and minimized overhead. InBlock is implemented as a\nDecentralized Autonomous Organization, i.e., as a set of blockchain's smart\ncontracts in Ethereum. Any entity may request an allocation of addresses to the\nInBlock registry by solely performing a (crypto)currency transfer to the\nInBlock. The fee required, along with the annual renewal fee, serves as a\nmechanism to deter stockpiling and other wasteful practices. As with any novel\ntechnology, there are many open questions about the usage of blockchains to\nbuild an IP address registry. For this reason, we believe that practical\nexperimentation is required in order to have hands-on experiences about such a\nsystem. We propose to conduct an experiment on distributed address management\nusing InBlock as a starting point to inform future directions in this area.\n
La aparición de las tecnologías Blockchain/Distributed Ledger está significando una revolución en los paradigmas de Internet. En el presente proyecto, se ha aplicado HyperLedger Fabric, una tecnología de Distributed Ledger permisionado y privado, en un escenario entre varias empresas.
This chapter provides a high-level overview of the Ethereum blockchain. The blockchain is an ordered series of blocks, each of which is an ordered series of transactions. A transaction runs on the Ethereum Virtual Machine and executes code that modifies the state tree. We will explore each of these concepts in more detail in the following sections.
Lohkoketjuteknologia tuli tietoisuuteen vuonna 2008, kun sitä käytettiin maailman ensimmäisen kryptovaluutan, Bitcoinin taustalla. Lohkoketjun merkitys huomattiin heti, mikä näkyikin huomattavana määränä muiden kryptovaluuttojen syntymisenä. Lohkoketjuteknologiaa voidaan hyödyntää kryptovaluuttojen lisäksi myös muihin tarkoituksiin, ja esimerkiksi maailman isoimmat pankit tutkivat lohkoketjuteknologian mahdollisuuksia, mukaan lukien Yhdysvaltain keskuspankki sekä Euroopan keskuspankki. Tämän kirjallisuuskatsauksena toteutettavan tutkielman tarkoituksena on antaa pintapuolinen käsitys lohkoketjun toimintaperiaatteista, hyödyntämiskohteista sekä haasteista. Tutkielmassa perehdytään myöskin lohkoketjuteknologian keskiössä oleviin konsensusmekanismeihin, kuten Bitcoinissa käytettävään proof-of-work -mekanismiin. Lohkoketjuteknologian perimmäinen idea on, että verkon osapuolista jokainen pitää hallussaan täsmälleen samaa tietoa. Mikäli tietoja halutaan muuttaa, verkon osapuolien täytyy päästä asiasta yhteisymmärrykseen eli konsensukseen. Tämän vuoksi olemassa olevia tietoja on todella vaikea muuttaa, mikä on yksi lohkoketjuteknologian suurimmista hyödyistä. Konsensukseen voidaan päästä eri tavoilla riippuen valitusta konsensusmekanismista. Suurimmat kryptovaluutat käyttävät proof-of-work -mekanismia, eli todistetta tehdystä työstä, mutta esimerkiksi Ethereum on siirtymässä käyttämään proof-of-stake -mekanismia, eli todistetta panoksesta. Käytetty konsensusmekanismi on avainasemassa lohkoketjun toiminnassa, ja esimerkiksi Bitcoinin tapauksessa sen käyttämä konsensusmekanismi on syy sen globaalisti merkittävään virrankulutukseen.
Multi-modal travelling is a common phenomenon. However, planning multi-modal journeys is still an unstructured and time-consuming experience for customers: they lose time assembling a comprehensive plan out of disparate data, spread over a multitude of information systems - each corresponding to a different company responsible for one of the legs in the journey. Also transport operators are affected by the sparsity of the transportation market, as they might lose potential customers who could not find or know about their services. In this paper, we propose Mobility as a Service (MaaS) as a solution to such problems. Key element of MaaS is that MaaS operators can aggregate solutions of multiple providers to deliver dynamic, transparent multi-modal travels to their users, who experience transportation as managed directly by a single operator. However, given the volume and sparsity of the transportation market, we argue that MaaS operators cannot rely on one-to-one, custom contracts of usage with single mobility operators. Instead, we envision the creation of platforms that automatise the marketing of services for mobility among many mobility providers. In this work, we detail the required features of a general software platform for such a MaaS market. In particular, we provide a precise definition of MaaS through the MaaS Stack - a tiered view of the components needed by entities to join the MaaS market. Then, through the lens of the MaaS Stack, we elicit the features of an enabling software platform. Finally, to validate our approach, we present a compliant prototype, called SMAll, and discuss its main design choices, among which: i) how SMAll supports the creation of a federation-based MaaS market and ii) how microservices - an emerging architectural style that fosters cohesiveness and minimality of components - enhance flexibility and let the platform and the services of its members efficiently scale according to dynamic demands.
To effectively participate in modern collaborations, member organizations should be able to share digital resources with various partners, while ensuring their digital resources are protected from inappropriate access.In the existing literature, a substantial amount of research on centralized access control in the context of a single organization has been carried out.However, research on decentralized access control in a collaborative environment is scarce.To advance research in this area, I implemented a prototype of a decentralized access control system, which supports transparency, auditability, immutability, and equality in a collaboration environment, using the Multichain blockchain platform, RESTful web services, and Java programming language.The prototype was developed to evaluate two primary metrics: average response time and throughput.To achieve this, I carried out a number of experiments to measure both metrics on a Local Area Network (LAN) and on Amazon Web Services (AWS) under 84 different experimental conditions.The LAN setup provides a baseline for system performance under optimal conditions, while the cloud infrastructure represents a real-world use case.With low-system loads (comprising one to thirty concurrent clients and a single server running the system), the LAN setup outperformed the AWS setup by a factor of 2.5 based on throughput.On the other hand, when the system load is significantly increased, with more servers running the system, the AWS and LAN setups showed only a marginal difference in their performance.This demonstrates the potential to horizontally scale the decentralized access control system using blockchain on cloud infrastructure.
Purwono Purwono, Alfian Ma’arif, Wahyu Rahmaniar, Qazi Mazhar ul Haq · 6 authors
Blockchain technology has a promising future in a number of industries and enterprises. Formerly connected to virtual currency like Bitcoin, blockchain has evolved into a versatile technology with many applications. In the upcoming years, it is predicted that blockchain will revolutionize a variety of industries, including banking, supply chain management, healthcare, voting systems, and more. The future of blockchain technology depends critically on its ability to increase security and transparency. By providing a decentralized and unchangeable record, eliminating the need for middlemen, and boosting participant confidence, blockchain promotes secure and traceable transactions. This transparency has the potential to transform whole industries by reducing fraud, streamlining processes, and increasing output. Blockchain also has the power to change financial systems. Blockchain-based smart contracts facilitate faster, more efficient transactions by automating and enforcing contractual agreements without the need for middlemen. By enabling speedier cross-border transactions, reducing costs, and boosting financial inclusion, tokenization and blockchain-based digital currencies have the potential to overturn conventional banking institutions. Blockchain’s key attributes, including decentralization, transparency, immutability, and security, make it a desirable choice for a range of organizations. Cross-border payments, trade finance, and smart contracts are just a few of the financial sector processes that blockchain technology has the potential to enhance and automate, lowering costs and increasing productivity. Additionally, the tamper-resistance of blockchain technology can boost transaction security and reliability, allowing for a wider use in traditional financial institutions. Outside of the financial industry, blockchain technology has a lot of promise, particularly in industries like supply chain management, healthcare, energy, intellectual property, and governance. By enabling transparent and traceable transactions, blockchain may improve supply chain efficiency, ensure product authenticity, and boost customer trust. By facilitating the secure exchange of patient data and research data, the decentralized nature of blockchain technology can enhance data security, interoperability, and privacy in the healthcare sector. A more decentralized and sustainable energy ecosystem may be supported by blockchain technology through peer-to-peer energy exchange, grid management, and monitoring of renewable energy certificates in the energy sector. Additionally, blockchain technology has the potential to transform decentralized governance structures, voting procedures, intellectual property rights, and digital identity management. By allowing people to own and manage their digital identities, blockchain can enhance privacy and reduce identity theft. Blockchain-based voting systems can offer transparency, security, and verifiability, thereby increasing voter turnout and public trust in democratic institutions. Blockchain can also enable the secure and transparent management of intellectual property rights, fostering author credit and just compensation.
2009. pojavljuje se prva uspješna implementacija elektroničke gotovine koja se ne temelji na centralnom autoritetu već na decentraliziranoj peer-to-peer mreži i kripto- grafskom lancu blokova. Nekoliko godina kasnije pojavljuje se platforma koja omo- gućava izradu decentraliziranih aplikacija povrh lanca blokova. Takvim aplikacijama mogu se implementirati i pametni ugovori, koji se jednom definiraju programskim ko- dom i objave, a zatim se sami izvršavaju, nepromjenjivi i neuništivi. Pomoću platforme i pametnih ugovora implementirali smo decentraliziranu platformu za nagradno rješa- vanje problema koja se ne oslanja na povjerenje u treće strane. Rješili smo i problem tajne objave rješenja usprkos javnosti podataka na lancu blokova, što može biti od koristi u mnogim drugim aplikacijama.
Distributed ledger technology, a method of storing and maintaining the integrity of multiple copies of critical data using a massively redundant network of participating machines, has found a “killer application” in blockchain, a type of distributed ledger. A blockchain consists of sequential blocks that may never be modified or reordered, leaving a public, auditable record that is consistent and highly resistant to tampering and deletion. These qualities make blockchain eminently suitable for its most common use, cryptocurrency, and its occasional variants in the form of cryptocurrency tokens, used to represent ownership or some other right to virtual or physical goods and capabilities. Blockchain also enables smart contracts, discrete bodies of software written to serve both as the memorial and the means of execution of an agreement between parties. Smart contracts can have all the elements of a traditional contract, and as jurisdictions legislate or jurists rule on the fine points of enforceability and the acceptability of smart contracts as traditional contracts, applications in nearly every area of commerce have emerged. Digital lawyers may not need to become software developers, but deepening their understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the technology, developing a keen awareness of the issues at the intersection between code and the law, as well as the law’s readiness in this area, will be of great advantage to them and their clients in this rapidly evolving area at the intersection of technology, commerce and law.
Carlos Pérez-Leguízamo, Juan Sebastian Guadalupe Godinez-Borja
Services Oriented Architectures (SOA) represents a new model in the traditional way of designing systems because it is constructed around individual processes of different areas in an organization. In recent years, the necessity to integrate critical applications in a SOA has increased, that is the case of the Financial Applications. These applications require high reliability, information consistency and timeliness that are not satisfied by conventional SOA infrastructures. In this article we present a novel approach of combining SOA with Autonomous Decentralized Systems (ADS) in order to provide an infrastructure that can satisfy those requirements. We have named this infrastructure Autonomous Decentralized Service Oriented Architecture (ADSOA). We present the concept and architecture of ADSOA, as well as the basic technologies for its realization. Moreover, a real implementation in a mission critical banking transaction processing system is shown in order to prove its effectiveness.
Die Möglichkeit der Programmierbarkeit des Bitcoins ist fast ein nachträglicher Einfall, auch wenn Sidechain‐Vorschläge diese Programmierbarkeit ein wenig leichter machen wollen und es bereits Altcoins mit verschiedenen spezifischen Anwendungen gibt. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde das Kryptowährungstechnologieprojekt Ethereum von Vitalik Buterin, seinem Erfinder, von Tag 1 als Software‐Entwicklungsplattform für dezentrale Applikationen konzipiert, und ihre Blockchain wurde speziell entwickelt, um die Ausführung dieser dezentralen Apps (auch Dapps genannt) zu unterstützen. Vitalik Buterin, 1994 in Russland geboren, war vor der Gründung von Ethereum auch involviert in die Entwicklungsprojekte Colored Coins und Mastercoins. Er gewann 2014 den "World Technology Award" und ein Stipendium des Risikokapitalgebers Peter Thiel. In dem Diskussionspapier zu Ethereum skizzierte Buterin vor allem die Grenzen einer Programmierbarkeit der Bitcoin‐Blockchain und schlug die Erstellung einer neuen komplett programmierbaren Blockchain mit einer turing‐vollständigen Programmiersprache vor. Anders als andere Blockchain‐Projekte soll die Ethereum Software nicht nur für einen Zweck nutzbar sein – sondern soll die Basis für die Erarbeitung aller möglichen Arten von Lösungen sein und dabei die Umsetzung intelligenter Verträge (Smart Contracts) ebenso erfassen als auch die Ethereum‐spezifische Idee von dezentralen autonomen Organisationen (DAOs).
Carlos Pérez-Leguízamo, Pedro Josue Hernandez-Torres, Juan Sebastian Guadalupe Godinez-Borja, Victor TAPIA-TEC
Recently, the Services Oriented Architectures (SOA) have been recognized as the key to the integration and interoperability of different applications and systems that coexist in an organization. However, even though the use of SOA has increased, some applications are unable to use it. That is the case of mission critical information applications, whose requirements such as high reliability, non-stop operation, high flexibility and high performance are not satisfied by conventional SOA infrastructures. In this article we present a novel approach of combining SOA with Autonomous Decentralized Systems (ADS) in order to provide an infrastructure that can satisfy those requirements. We have named this infrastructure Autonomous Decentralized Service Oriented Architecture (ADSOA). We present the concept and architecture of ADSOA, as well as the Loosely Couple Delivery Transaction and Synchronization Technology for assuring the data consistency and high reliability of the application. Moreover, a real implementation and evaluation of the proposal in a mission critical information system, the Uniqueness Verifying Public Key Infrastructure (UV-PKI), is shown in order to prove its effectiveness.
Future factory production and assembly environments require smart automation and are controlled by a massively increasing number of computers with sensorial feedback from machines, parts, products, and humans, consisting of a wide variety of different networked devices and software programs, which can be considered as one big use case of pervasive and cloud computing with vanishing boundaries between the computing and the environment, and with a strong focus on decentralized distributed computing and information storage. These new complex information processing architectures are composed of hierarchical network graphs, and require some kind of self-organization and adaptability to overcome single-point of failure and robustness constraints. The data acquired from machines and sensitive products or parts are growing at a fast rate, leading to a large data volume that must be handled distributed with pre-processing, map- and reduce, and filtering algorithms. Mobile Agents can be deployed in such large-scale and hierarchical network environments crossing barriers transparently, for example, industrial manufacturing and assembly environments, the Internet, Sensor Networks, and Cyber-Physical Systems. The networks can consist of high- and low-resource nodes ranging from generic computers to microchips, and the supported network classes range from body area networks to the Internet including any kind of sensor and ambient network. Mobile Agents can perform distributed computation in an autonomous manner.In this work Agents are represented by mobile program code that can be modified at run-time by the Agents themselves. The presented approach enables the development of sensor clouds and smart systems of the future integrated in daily use computing environments and the Internet. Agents can migrate between different hardware and software platforms by migrating the program code of the agent, which embeds the control state and the private data of an agent, finally encapsulated in self-initializing and self-containing code frames.This cross-platform interoperability is ensured by a modular and scalable Agent Processing Platform. The entire information exchange and co-ordination of Agents with other Agents and the environment is performed by using a Tuple Space database, unifying the platform and architecture specific data representation. The Tuple Space is used for any kind of information exchange including program code and directory and file system services mapped on the Tuple Space. Beside architecture specific hardware and software implementations of the agent processing platform, there is a JavaScript (JS) implementation layered on the top of a distributed co-ordination and management layer including distributed file and name services. The JS platform enables the integration of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) in Internet server and application environments (e.g., WEB browser). Agents can migrate transparently between different classes of computing devices and environments, ranging from hardware-level sensor networks (embedded in technical structures) to WEB browser applications or network servers without any required transformation.
Mobile agent brings new concept on programming, especially on distributed computing paradigm. It attracts great interest because of its mobility, autonomy and persistence. But it also brings security issues i.e. insecure networks, malicious agents, malicious hosts and malicious users. One most difficult issues is protecting mobile agent from malicious host because mobile agent execute its code on host so that host can do many things to manipulate data, code and control flow of mobile agent. This paper proposes mobile-agent's self-reliant host security examination so that mobile agent is able to identify malicious host. In this proposed scheme, every hosts must have signature in blinded form in order to ensure unauthorized host cannot use this signature. This signature serves to distinguish malicious hosts with trusted host. When mobile agent arrives at new host, it will check validation of host's signature. Mobile agent also gives challenge to host, and host has to give a valid response. If host cannot give valid signature and response, mobile agent will identify this host as malicious host and return to its previous host. Zero knowledge proof of knowledge is used on challenge-response phase so that private keys cannot be revealed.
Kemas Muslim Lhaksmana, Yohei Murakami, Toru Ishida
The future of computing systems is leading to a growing complexity of heterogeneous computing systems integration situated in highly dynamic and uncertain environment. Self-organization has been proposed to be one of the solutions due to its autonomous capability to govern itself and to adapt upon changes. Developing self-organizing systems requires a suitable modeling method because of its unique characteristics, such as self-adaptive, decentralized, and emergent. Existing multiagent systems engineering methodologies lack modeling methods to design behavior adaptation for self-organizing systems. This paper proposes a role modeling method that allows designers to model how agents perform behavior adaptation at runtime by making transitions from one set of roles to another in decentralized manner. The behavior adaptation of each individual agent may eventually emerge as the adaptation of the organization. The proposed modeling method also helps designers to analyze issues that may occur because of playing multiple roles, such as role conflict, role overload, role transition oscillation, and other common issues in concurrency.
The notion of Multi-Agent System (MAS) environment, as remarked by recent literature, has gained a key role, becoming a mediating entity, functioning as enabler but possibly also as a manager and constrainer of agent actions, perceptions, and interactions 1 while addressing the requirements of openness and scalability. According to such a perspective, the environment is not a merely passive source of agent perceptions and target of agent actions which is, actually, the dominant perspective in agency, but a first-class abstraction that can be suitably designed to encapsulate some fundamental functionalities and services, such as coordination and organization, besides agent mobility, communications, security, etc [2]. Then, the environment dimension appears to intersect with all the dimensions that should be addressed to define an agreement between autonomous agents, that is, all the different Agreement Technologies giving support to the building, development and management of agreements in decentralized and open systems between autonomous agents. Those dimensions are the ones related to the development of technologies dealing with: Semantics, Norms, Organizations, Argumentation & Negotiation, and Trust.
We present an intelligence-based mobile solution addressing product life cycle and overall network management functions. Traditional network and service management systems rely on basic inventory information periodically collected from the network in order to establish the basic “Install Base” network view. Such collection systems, however, still require manual human manipulations given the required device's electronically embedded predefined parameters are often inaccurate or absent. Leveraging mobile agents and ubiquitous computing in networks, we developed the Mobile Smart Services (MoSS), a location-aware solution as well as a novel interactive interface to improve the collected parameters and Return Material Authorization (RMA) user experience. The fluid interaction, mobility, and efficiency of the system allow network service providers and customers to solve network management problems. The applications developed also enable ubiquitous inventory management, intelligent contract management and effective system diagnosis to improve productivity in complicated network systems.
Luis Carlos Coronado-García, Jesus Alejandro Gonzalez-Fuentes, Pedro Josue Hernandez-Torres, Carlos Pérez-Leguízamo
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) represents a new model in the traditional way of designing systems, this is due to frequent change of requirements and high integration of the applications of organizations around the world. Although the use of SOA has increased, certain features of applications do not allow its use. This is the case of mission critical applications, whose characteristics are high availability, continuous operation, high flexibility, high performance, etc. On the other hand, these features have been covered in Autonomous Decentralized Systems (ADS). This article presents a SOA-ADS modeling novel approach called Autonomous Decentralized Service Oriented Architecture (ADSOA). Additionally it is presented the Loosely Coupling Synchronization and Transactional Delivery Technology that provides consistency and high availability. To show the viability of the proposal a prototype is presented.
Autonomous Decentralized System (ADS) has been making progress in these 31 years since it was proposed in 1977. During these long years in the rapidly advancing computer and communication technologies, the ADS concept has not been changed but its technologies have been growing in accordance with the change and diversity of the social, economical and personal requirements and through the globalization of the market and the restructuring organizations. The ADS technologies are system-atized to cover all processes of system design, operation, maintenance and modification. This paper reviews the work done in fields of ADS in past 31 years from not only technological perspectives, but it also encompasses users requirements and value, system design, industrial activity, academic activity and standardization [1]-[26]. Moreover the new directions of the ADS are suggested.
The recent development in the mobile technology (mobile phones, middleware, wireless networks, etc.) created a need for new methods of protecting the code transmitted through the network. The oldest and the simplest mechanisms concentrate more on integrity of the code itself and on the detection of unauthorized manipulation. The newer solutions not only secure the compiled program, but also the data, that can be gathered during its “journey,” and even the execution state. Some other approaches are based on prevention rather than detection. In this chapter we present a new idea of securing mobile agents. The proposed method protects all components of an agent: the code, the data, and the execution state. The proposal is based on a zero-knowledge proof system and a secure secret sharing scheme, two powerful cryptographic primitives. Next, the chapter includes security analysis of the new method and its comparison to other currently more widespread solutions. Finally, we propose a new direction of securing mobile agents by straightening the methods of protecting integrity of the mobile code with risk analysis and a reputation system that helps avoiding a high-risk behavior.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.