Blockchain Papers

Rahul Mishra, Dharavath Ramesh, Damodar Reddy Edla, Lianyong Qi

No abstract is available for this record.

Xugang Zhang, Xinbiao Feng, Zhigang Jiang, Qingshan Gong · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Pierluigi Gallo, Eleonora Riva Sanseverino, Giuseppe Sciumè, Gaetano Zizzo

This paper outlines the European perspective on circularity in the energy sector and details how blockchain could support it. Moreover, while the need for raw materials and e-fuels is increasing (due to the economic, industrial, and societal ecological transformation to slow down the pace of climate change), their supply becomes more and more risky. Therefore, technologies to support tracing and certification are in the spotlight. To achieve resilience to new threats, Europe is focusing on circularity in all fields. Circularity requires the tracing of substances and devices, food, and products, to retrieve and recycle as much as possible. Besides the need to limit the exploitation of the planet’s resources and thus stay within the planetary boundaries, circularity is tightly connected to strategic dependencies on highly unstable or politically distant countries. This issue is further aggravated by the Russia-Ukraine crisis. Digital technologies, like Distributed Ledger Technologies, can well support the implementation of circularity in many fields. The paper identifies challenges and proposes potential solutions related to the implementation of circularity. It also explores the application of circularity principles in the energy sector, with a focus on energy communities. Energy communities involve local stakeholders coming together to generate, consume, and manage renewable energy collectively. Overall, the paper provides insights into the European perspective on ecological transition, highlighting the importance of systemic transformation, resilience, and circularity in addressing climate change and achieving sustainability goals. It explores the role of digital technologies, such as Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), in supporting circular practices and discusses specific applications in the energy sector.

Zhihong Li, Xiao-Bin Zhong, Xiaoying Xu

No abstract is available for this record.

Mustafa Kara, Buse Karaman, Elif Rüveyha Özmen, Muhammed Ali Aydın

This study aims to enhance the traceability, data integrity, and transparency of an aircraft's maintenance records while ensuring the records' privacy using blockchain technologies. In this study, a blockchain-based and decentralized model has been developed that enables the digital distribution of maintenance record reports for air platforms, which can be shared peer-to-peer while ensuring report integrity and content confidentiality upon request. An Ethereum blockchain network with a PoS consensus algorithm is preferred for the application of this study. The proposed secure maintenance record storage system for creating a blockchain network is implemented using Ganache and Truffle. This decentralized model provides a reliable file-sharing process that enhances information visibility and reliability among maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) service providers and other stakeholders.

Raden Aditya Kristamtomo Putra, Mita Wahidiyat, Donna Carollina, Fairuz Iqbal Maulana

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) now becomes the latest digital currency phenomenon. This phenomenon began in 2014 and widely used in nowadays. Based on this phenomenon, this research was carried out. The research conducted to do overview research related to Non-Fungible Tokens based on the SCOPUS database from 2017-2021. From the search results of the SCOPUS database, it was found that there were 68 studies related to Non-Fungible Tokens from 2017-2021. The most numerous documents are conference papers (N=37) and the publication source with the most documents (N=5) is Lecture Notes In Computer Science Including Subseries Lecture Notes In Artificial Intelligence And Lecture Notes In Bioinformatics. The country with the most Non-Fungible Token keyword research is the United States (N=14). While the subject area of research that discusses the most Non-Fungble Token is Computer Science (N = 54). Based on the results, the research trend over Non Fungible Token is related to 2 cluster which is about Blockchain and Technology. So, there is there are still many opportunities for other research to be carried out outside the two clusters and their relationships.

Fanglei Sun, Zhifeng Diao

Intelligent manufacturing under Industry 4.0 assimilates sophisticated technologies and artificial intelligence for sustainable production and outcomes. Blockchain paradigms are coined with Industry 4.0 for concurrent and well-monitored flawless production. This article introduces Sustainable Production concerned with External Demands (SP-ED). This method is more specific about energy production and the distribution for flawless and outage-less supply. First, the energy demand is identified for internal and external users based on which sustainability is planned. Secondly, Ethereum blockchain monitoring for a similar production and demand satisfaction is coupled with the production system. From two perspectives, the monitoring and condition satisfaction processes are validated using federated learning (FL). The perspectives include demand distribution and production sustainability. In the demand distribution, the condition of meeting the actual requirement is validated. Contrarily, the flaws in internal and external supply due to production are identified in sustainability. The failing conditions in both perspectives are handled using blockchain records. The blockchain records reduce flaws in the new production by modifying the production plan according to the federated learning verifications. Therefore, the sustainability for internal and external demands is met through FL and blockchain integration.

Summer K. Mohamed, Sandra S. G. Haddad, Mahmoud Barakat, Bojan Rosi

Due to the complexity of building supply chain resilience (SCR) towards long-term environmental sustainability amendments, the use of emerging technologies such as Blockchain Technology (BCT) can be adopted as an innovative tool to enhance the sustainability and resilience of supply chains, especially in uncertain environments. Drawing on the Knowledge-Based View (KBV) and Dynamic Capability View (DCV), this research aims to demonstrate how the adoption of BCT can enhance the environmental supply chain performance (SCP). A total of 603 valid surveys were collected from respondents from manufacturing and service organizations in Egypt. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modelling, and results revealed that BCT adoption alone had a negative direct impact on environmental SCP. However, when this relationship was mediated by SCR and sequentially mediated by customer integration and green customer information sharing, the results were positive. This research presents insights on how organizations can adapt to dynamic business environments, and, in addition, it extends the theories of KBV and DCV in an empirical contribution by filling the gap in understanding regarding how environmental SCP can be enhanced through the adoption of BCT.

Ala Abdulsalam Alarood, Adamu Abubakar, Abdulrahman Alzahrani, Faisal S. Alsubaei

The adoption of recycling and proper disposal techniques for electronic waste is crucial in advancing sustainable development. The traditional approaches of motivating people for collection of electronic waste are often insufficient due to inadequate methods reaching out, given incentives, calculating appropriate incentives associate to the task of gathering the electronic waste and a lack of transparency in the entire process. Insufficient collection of electronic waste could result in the release of numerous harmful substances into the environment. Prior research studies have been carried out to tackle the issue of electronic waste management in a broad sense. The findings of those studies indicated diverse strategies, each of which is relevant solely to a restricted range of electronic waste reprocessing circumstances. The current study has presented a proposed technique for incentivizing tasks and activities associated to collection of electronic waste through the adoption of vector space technique. Blockchain smart contact technology, has been used to implemented the strategy. The method used involves various well defined mapping of tasks, nature of activities, and their magnitude in order to derived an incentive. Some scenarios for the calculations of incentives are presented, and the findings reveals the based case is by utilizing weighting scale scheme where each tasks and activities are mapped to its associated inventive rather than providing fixed incentive values. Ethereum was used as digital token for each unit of incentive. This concept has contributed in encouraging personal accountability in the management of e-waste collection in order to cultivate sustainable behaviors for a long term solution.

Fei Jiang, Khong Kok Wei, Sin-Pei Ng, Muslim Amin · 6 authors

Hyperautomation is a true digital transformation using advanced techniques and automates complicated business processes. Blockchain-based networks have hyper-automation turbo-boost power as they create tamper-proof, real-time data exchange networks. The study aims to examine the impact of blockchain on the performance of Chinese electronics manufacturers through the green supply chain and circular economy in the hyper-automation environment. Respondents (n = 376) in the present study were made up of employees from 300 China-based electronics companies. The results show that blockchain technology with hyper-automation can impact business performance through a circular economy and green supply chain. In addition, they have direct practical implications for Chinese electronics manufacturers moving towards a green supply chain by applying blockchain in the hyper-automation environment.

Md Mahmudul Hasan, Rajesh Kumar Plamthottathil, Jabed Morshed, Dipto Sarkar · 6 authors

Overconsumption of resources is a global issue. To deal with resource depletion and mitigate impending crises, the circular economy (CE) solution provides an ecosystem by reducing waste via the reuse, repair, refurbishment, and recycling the existing materials and products. However, as the complexity of supply chains is increasing an effective CE management is very crucial. We want to address this issue by performing a feasibility study with AI-enabled blockchain technology using our developed customised NFT platform, TrackGenesis NFT, along with the OpenSea.io architecture for CE management to decrease transaction costs, enhance performance and communication along the supply chain, and reduce carbon footprints. Circulogy is an e-waste management system that can respond to supply chain challenges using blockchain technologies. A supply chain can get complicated very quickly, considering that each product component has its supply chain. In our proposed solution, blockchain provides a solution to this by establishing transparency in every node of the product's lifecycle and users can exchange or sell/buy NFTs. There are multiple copies of the audit trail for every transaction using blockchain, which will provide the ability to track and reuse/recycle Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE).

Mariana de la Roche, Laura Kajtazi, Åsa Dahlborn, Louis Helmer

This chapter describes the challenges and vulnerabilities of current supply chain management and presents the benefits of implementing blockchain and DLT technology in the supply chain processes. For a more precise understanding, the chapter presents a summary of the characteristics of blockchain technology and an overview of the energy consumption of different blockchain protocols to demystify the negative criticism of blockchain technologies in terms of energy consumption. The purpose of analyzing the characteristics and energy requirements is to present the potential of DLTs to positively impact supply chains and make the blockchain industry more sustainable. After describing the sector's challenges and the technology's characteristics, the chapter presents case studies in which DLT has been successfully integrated into the supply chain of various products and goods. The chapter concludes by highlighting the necessary conditions to promote the adoption of DLT technology globally.

Sandip Kumar Singh Modak

In the rapidly evolving environment of the international supply chain, the traditional network of manufacturers and suppliers has grown into a vast ecosystem made of various products that move through multiple parties and require cooperation among stakeholders. Additionally, the demand for improved product visibility and source-to-store traceability has never been higher. However, traditional data sharing procedures in today’s supply chain are inefficient, costly, and unadaptable as compared to new and innovative technology. Blockchain technology has shown promising results for improving supply chain networks in recent applications and has already impacted our society and lifestyle by reshaping many business and industry processes. In an effort to understand the integration of blockchain technology in the supply chain, the proposed work consists of novel approach to improve the traceability in supply chain through the blockchain technology.

Rohit Mathew Samuel, M R Jivthesh, M R Gaushik, Sai Shibu N B · 5 authors

Electronic waste management is a critical issue in today's world that demands our immediate attention. The impact of improper management of e-waste, especially mobile phones and computers, can result in severe problems like health and environmental hazards and significant economic loss. With the global production of e-waste exceeding 7 million tonnes and expected to reach 300 million tonnes by 2025, it is imperative to develop a sustainable mechanism for its management. Governmental and non-governmental organizations are working to create better e-waste management solutions that will help reduce e-waste dumping and encourage recycling. Our solution involves using blockchain technology to ensure the transparency, trace-ability, and accountability of the e-waste management process. Additionally, we propose incentivizing society members through digital tokens or NFTs, promoting their active participation in e-waste reduction. Our proposed solution can create a sustainable and eco-friendly society by addressing e-waste management challenges. Blockchain technology and smart contracts will guarantee seamless and efficient e-waste management, promoting transparency and accountability. By incentivizing society members, we can encourage their active participation in reducing e-waste dumping and encourage recycling and refurbishing efforts. This paper also discusses the performance evaluation of smart contracts using a benchmark tool.

Elias Ribeiro da Silva, Jacob Lohmer, Michelle Rohla, Jannis Angelis

Electric vehicles are perceived as a key technology to make mobility more sustainable, leading to a sharp rise in electric battery production and use. However, electric vehicle batteries are only a sustainable solution if they support decreasing the total impact of the supply chain, which makes circularity initiatives a key element in this transition. Currently, this is limited by the data sharing among actors in the supply chain on critical information needed to support a circular economy approach. In this study we explore how data sharing and information technology support the development of circularity in electric vehicle supply chains and examine the role of blockchain technology to address the circularity needs of battery tracking and capability sharing. To allow a comprehensive analysis, we conduct a case study in the electric vehicle battery supply chain, including companies from multiple tiers to capture all relevant perspectives. The results show that data sharing supports extended value chain activities, evolving from a linear to a circular supply chain perspective. It also indicates that blockchain technology supports removing existing barriers for a circular economy by facilitating transparency and traceability, especially for second-life applications beyond the dominant players in this industry.

Jian Li, Yongming Li, Kin Keung Lai

Abstract Although the decentralization and traceability features of blockchain technology are crucial for fostering closed‐loop production, there are numerous obstacles and insufficient incentives for its implementation. This paper constructs the analysis framework of blockchain adoption and application in closed‐loop production, including four parts: blockchain adoption incentive contract, condition analysis of blockchain application, revenue analysis of blockchain application, and information screening analysis of blockchain application. It is found that the adoption incentive contract is an important driving force to promote manufacturer to apply blockchain technology, and the manufacturer needs to pay information rent to the consumer under information asymmetry. The manufacturer can obtain consumer traceability preference and realize information screening between the manufacturer and consumer. Consumer traceability preference for new products can better promote traceable information technology level and closed‐loop revenue. This research is of great significance in promoting sustainable closed‐loop production.

Jinying Xu, Jinfeng Lou, Weisheng Lu, Liupengfei Wu · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Zhangwei Feng, Na Luo, Timofey Shalpegin, Huan Cui

The new energy vehicle (NEV) is emerging as an important alternative in the automobile industry in its potential to alleviate environmental pollution and contribute to carbon neutrality. The rapid growth of NEVs has been reflected in the scaling up of electric vehicle battery production. The dramatic increase of retired batteries, however, exposes the technological limitations in current recycling operations, which will ultimately impede the sustainable development of the NEV supply chain. Blockchain technology (BT) adoption provides a solution by contributing to the construction of an efficient recycling network. Our research investigates the influence of carbon reduction instruments on the uptake of BT. The key findings are as follows. Under a carbon tax system, (1) carbon emission reduction encourages the battery supplier to adopt BT; (2) BT adoption increases the profits of NEV supply chain stakeholders. Under carbon cap-and-trade regulations, (1) the unit outsourcing fee and the performance of the BT impact the investment decision of the manufacturer; (2) the profit of the third-party enterprise is increased by introducing the BT. Under both policies, improving the efficiency of BT helps to upgrade the traceability level and contribute to carbon neutrality in the NEV supply chain.

Wei Guo

Blockchain technology has gained significant attention for its potential to transform various industries, including supply chain management. In the context of integrated green supply chain management in China, this conceptual study explores the implications and potential benefits of blockchain technology. The study focuses on key aspects such as traceability and transparency, carbon footprint reduction and emissions tracking, smart contracts and automated compliance, and stakeholder collaboration and trust-building. Additionally, the study discusses the challenges and barriers to the implementation of blockchain in green supply chains, including technological challenges, legal and regulatory considerations, and adoption barriers. Future research directions, including empirical studies, comparative analysis, and policy implications, are also highlighted. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the potential impact of blockchain technology on integrated green supply chain management in China.

Jasna Mastilović, Dragan Kukolj, Žarko Kevrešan, Gordana Ostojić · 7 authors

In the field of blockchain (BC) technology application in the food supply chain (FSC), a patent portfolio is collected, described, and analyzed using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) modeling, with the aim of obtaining insight into technology trends in this emerging and promising field. A patent portfolio consisting of 82 documents was extracted from patent databases using PatSnap software. The analysis of latent topics using LDA indicates that inventions related to the application of BCs in FSCs are patented in four key areas: (A) BC-supported tracing and tracking in FSCs; (B) devices and methods supporting application of BCs in FSCs; (C) combining BCs and other ICT technologies in FSC; and (D) BC-supported trading in FSCs. Patenting of BC technology applications in FSCs started during the second decade of the 21st century. Consequently, patent forward citation has been relatively low, while the family size confirms that application of BCs in FSCs is not yet widely accepted. A significant increase in the number of patent applications was registered after 2019, indicating that the number of potential users in FSCs is expected to grow over time. The largest numbers of patents originate from China, India, and the US.

Matthew Quayson, Chunguang Bai, Lihua Sun, Joseph Sarkis

Abstract Globally, firms face increasing pressure to efficiently utilize resources and minimize costs and may do so through sustainable supply chains and circular economy practices. Emerging technologies, such as blockchain, to enable a circular economy have become a new industrial paradigm. However, firms require building dynamic capabilities through blockchain, which can be key to realizing circular economy model. This study introduces a framework for building blockchain‐driven dynamic capabilities for a circular supply chain. We further use the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method to evaluate three major dynamic capabilities and 18 sub‐dynamic capabilities and their interrelationships. The mining industry in Ghana sets the stage for this analysis. The study results show that although blockchain‐driven sensing dynamic capability, seizing dynamic capability, and reconfiguring dynamic capability are crucial for developing a circular supply chain, they do not strictly follow a sequence and overlap. We highlight various cause–effect relationships, providing insights into the role of sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring dynamic capabilities. That information is important to firms, stakeholders, and partners to draft an appropriate strategy to build blockchain‐driven dynamic capabilities for developing a circular supply chain.

Jasur Salikhov, Saidjahon Hayrutdinov, Timur Muminov

The objective of this study is to establish an efficient contractual coordination model for advancing the supply chain (SC) towards sustainability with blockchain technology. The problem of SC unsold product remanufacturing is investigated under the influence of efforts on recovery quality and information sharing within blockchain technology. Firstly, a functional model describes how the recovery quality affected by the added effort and demand of the remanufactured products is affected by the price. Secondly, the downstream SC faced market uncertainty with consumer sensitivity analyzed, and the SC information-sharing systems were reconsidered in order to improve consumer satisfaction. Then, under the conditions of information sharing and recovery quality efforts, the decentralized SC decision-making mode is discussed. The above demonstrates that the SC unsold products remanufacturing under the decentralized decision-making mode cannot be coordinated. To prove the efficiency of unsold products remanufacturing we investigated the centralized SC mode as a benchmark, which is known as the most efficient system. Finally, in order to effectively coordinate the whole chain, a mechanism of “cost and revenue sharing” is proposed, and the constraints of supplier’s choice of remanufacturing are given. The results show that the “cost and revenue sharing” mechanism can effectively coordinate the SC and the expected profits of downstream and upstream will be in win–win condition. Moreover, the “cost and revenue sharing” mechanism in a sustainable SC unsold product remanufacturing essentially builds an incentive among members to improve the efficiency of existing resource usage and the environmental implications.

Guilherme Albuquerque, Carlo Kleber da Silva Rodrigues

Zcash is a proof-of-work (PoW) cryptocurrency that has gained attention due to its promise of enhanced user privacy. Notwithstanding, Zcash’s thorough acceptance notably depends on how profitable its mining process can be. To tackle this issue, we propose an analytical model to compute the mining hashrate under solo mining to achieve a liquid revenue equal to the minimum wage in the United States. In the sequence, we then estimate how profitable Zcash solo mining is based on that computed mining hasrate. Our proposed model spans crucial parameters of the whole mining process. In the experiments, we compare Zcash with the popular Bitcoin and also present a competitive analysis encompassing the ten top cryptocurrencies by market capitalization. Final results highlight that: (i) Zcash owns a value of hmin which is about eight orders of magnitude smaller than that of Bitcoin in all investigated scenarios, which refer to the ten least and most expensive american states in terms of electricity tariff; and (ii) Zcash is the second best cryptocurrency for solo mining among the aforementioned ten cryptocurrencies, being the only one whose protocol implements the concept of zero-knowledge proofs. Within this context, our key contribution is to provide the scientific literature with valuable insights to formally pave the way to develop practical analytical models for PoW-cryptocurrency systems, which may be chiefly valuable regarding competitive analyses in general.

Liupengfei Wu, Weisheng Lu, Ziyu Peng, Chris Webster

No abstract is available for this record.