The integration of blockchain technology and the sharing economy within closed community systems, such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and universities, can enhance the resource-sharing processes among members. This ensures transparent and equitable usage privileges of shared resources. The introduction of reusable design patterns for such blockchain-based community systems facilitates an efficient development process for new applications. In our research, we develop two design patterns: "Proposal Making/Voting" and "Usage Share". The former facilitates proposing new resources for community members, while the latter manages the equitable sharing of these resources. These patterns leverage blockchain technologies and smart contracts to enable transparent and trustable decision-making associated with resource sharing specifically for Real-World Assets (RWAs). We detail the configuration and combination of these patterns across various scenarios using tree-like schemas. Using a running case of shared 3D printers in educational institutions, we demonstrate the governance and resource management in membership-based communities, contributing to more efficient and fair access to shared assets. To demonstrate the practical feasibility of this research, we have created a proof-of-concept implementation for the Ethereum blockchain that applies some of the design patterns developed in this work to an open-source collaborative platform.
S. Arivarasan, D Nithish, P Rahul, K Senthurvel · 5 authors
As for therapeutic, ethical and legal restrictions regarding vegetables’ accessibility today and concerning registration, matching of the donor-recipient pair, vegetable removal, delivery and transplantation, the needs and challenges vegetable supply and transplantation systems offer today are diverse. This means that to enhance the patient experience and gain their trust, demands for vegetable supply and transplantation that is just and efficient the requires an end-to-end system. Thus, in this study, we give a new solution concept of vegetable supply system which is Decentralized, Safe, Transparent, Auditable, Confidential. in Vegetable Supply and transplantation Buyer through sha256 private blockchain. We also list six algorithms and describe the implementation, testing, and validation of all the algorithms.
Linchao Zhang, Lei Hang, Keke Zu, Yi Wang · 5 authors
As smart cities rapidly evolve, the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) network faces significant challenges in data security and communication efficiency. This paper introduces an innovative algorithm based on a reputation mechanism, named the Dynamic Vehicle Reputation Consensus (DVRC), which focuses on improving the data security and communication efficiency of vehicular networks using blockchain technology. The DVRC algorithm comprehensively assesses vehicle behaviors and the consensus contribution within the blockchain network, utilizing a reputation scoring system to evaluate the reliability within the network. Furthermore, this study delves into multimodal communication strategies in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) scenarios. Notably, when vehicles leave the range of basic infrastructure, those with high reputation scores (as determined by the DVRC's reputation values) relay the communication service. Additionally, the introduction of a reputation incentive mechanism and dynamic consensus threshold adjustments aim to improve consensus efficiency and encourage honest behavior. Experimental results demonstrate that the DVRC algorithm significantly improves communication efficiency in blockchain-based vehicular networks, such as increased throughput, reduced latency, and improved network scalability. These advances have substantial theoretical and practical significance for the development of vehicular networks in smart cities.
This research proposes the development of a next generation airline reservation system that incorporates the Cloud microservices, distributed artificial intelligence modules and the blockchain technology to improve on the efficiency, safety and customer satisfaction. The traditional reservation systems encounter issues related to the expansion of the systems, the integrity of the data provided and the level of service offered to the customers, which is the main focus of this architecture through the modular and data centric design approaches. This will allow different operations such as reservations, payments, and customer data management among others to be performed separately thereby facilitating high availability of the system by 30% and enhancing performance of the system by 40% on its scalability. Such systems contain AI driven modules that utilize the past booking patterns along with the profile of the customer to estimate the demand and make recommendations, which increases to 25 % of customer engagement. Moreover, blockchain is effective in engaging an incorruptible ledger system for the all transactions therefore mitigating fraud incidences and increasing the clarity by 20%. The system was subjected to analysis using a simulator and using machine learning evaluations that rated it against other conventional systems. The results show that there were clear enhancements in the speed of transactions where the rates of secure data processing rose by 35%, and the system response time by 15 %. The system can also be used for other high transaction industries like logistics and hospitality. This structural design is indicative of how the use of advanced technologies will revolutionize the airline reservation sector. The implications are growing effectiveness, improvement in security and greater customer contentment.
Due to the rising number of Electric Vehicles (EV), the subsequent increase in demand for charging, as well as the long charging time, will make it difficult for drivers to charge their vehicles. Current charging service platforms inform their customers of the charging station information for the network to which they belong. However, they do not ensure the reliability and credibility of information and do not share the charging information of other charging stations. To address this issue, a model in which CSs collaborate for information sharing and charging must be developed. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based integrated charging platform for charging cooperation. Verifier groups for each CS verify the reliability of shared information. We applied the concept of Mobile Charging Stations (MCSs) to help busy CSs, reducing EV charging latency. We also designed a contribution-based incentive distribution process to elicit active CSs' cooperation. We performed a charging scenario simulation and blockchain implementation to demonstrate the proposed model's efficacy. The simulation results showed that the proposed charging scenario with MCS application showed a 46.9 % reduction in waiting time. Also, when the number of verifier members equals the global average of EVs per charging spot, the verification time is approximately 547 ms, demonstrating that the proposed model is effective.
Ridesharing is a process of optimizing fuel usage by enabling multiple individuals to share a vehicle while traveling along the same route. It allows frequent travelers to share their trips with others, resulting in reduced travel expenses and decreased traffic congestion. Many current vehicle possibilities depend on centralized authority privileges to perform, making systems susceptible to precise points of failure and privacy concerns from internal and external attackers. The centralized model of ride-sharing zones has raised significant concerns about data privacy, security, and transparency. In addition, traditional Car Pooling Systems (CPS) may lead to car owners misusing customer data. In order to tackle this issue, the new approach in the novel introduces the Consortium Blockchain-based Randomized Integrity Distributed Exchange (CB-RIDE) approach for secure CPS information sharing in the network. It starts with the utilization of a Solidarity Route Matching Scheme (SRMS) to identify the same route for CPS. Then, it encrypts the cashless transaction and trip information using the Secure Hash Algorithm 256 (SHA-256) method. Additionally, the key verifies using the Proof of Authentication (PoA) approach to decrypt the CPS information through the peer end. The proposed approach utilizes the decentralized nature of blockchain to protect users’ trip and payment information and ensure the immutability of their transactions ledger. The experimental result demonstrates the proposed efficiency in terms of security and authentication performance compared to other methods.
Blockchain sharding has emerged as a promising solution to the scalability challenges in traditional blockchain systems by partitioning the network into smaller, manageable subsets called shards. Despite its potential, existing sharding solutions face significant limitations in handling dynamic workloads, ensuring secure cross-shard transactions, and maintaining system integrity. To address these gaps, we propose DynaShard, a dynamic and secure cross-shard transaction processing mechanism designed to enhance blockchain sharding efficiency and security. DynaShard combines adaptive shard management, a hybrid consensus approach, plus an efficient state synchronization and dispute resolution protocol. Our performance evaluation, conducted using a robust experimental setup with real-world network conditions and transaction workloads, demonstrates DynaShard's superior throughput, reduced latency, and improved shard utilization compared to the fast transaction scheduling in blockchain sharding (FTSBS) method. Specifically, DynaShard achieves up to a 42.6% reduction in latency and a 78.77% improvement in shard utilization under high transaction volumes and varying cross-shard transaction ratios. These results highlight DynaShard's ability to outperform state-of-the-art sharding methods, ensuring scalable and resilient blockchain systems. We believe that DynaShard's innovative approach will significantly impact future developments in blockchain technology, paving the way for more efficient and secure distributed systems.
This study tended to present a model for examining the effective factors on adoption of blockchain-based intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The methodology employed was correlational descriptive approach using structural equation modeling. The research involved collecting data through a survey, which was completed by 368 individuals residing in prominent cities across Iran. The findings of the study suggest that perceived quality of digital services significantly impacts perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and trust in a positive manner. Additionally, the positive influence of information technology infrastructure and social influence on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness is evident. Moreover, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness play pivotal roles in building trust and fostering adoption of blockchain-based ITS. The study also highlights the positive and significant impact of transparent governance on trust and adoption. Furthermore, policies and regulations are identified as key drivers of perceived usefulness and adoption of such systems. Lastly, perceived trust and security are found to positively influence adoption. These findings underscore the potential of the examined variables to serve as robust predictors for the adoption of blockchain-based ITS by citizens.
In response to concerns about climate change and environmental sustainability, there is a global emphasis on innovative solutions to reduce emissions and optimize resource use. A key initiative is the introduction of digital passports for batteries, with the primary goal of improving the circular economy. The European Commission has taken a pioneering role by publishing regulations, laying the groundwork for digital passports and standardization. This article has a twofold aim: first, with the aim of supporting the adoption of batteries passports, it provides an overview of current initiatives and regulations in the context of electric vehicle batteries; secondly, it examines the potential of blockchain technology in implementing digital passports, in order to demonstrate its compatibility with recent regulations, such as the one proposed by the European Commission.
Oussema Gharsallaoui, Damien Nicolas, Marie-Laure Watrinet, Ion Turcanu
The integration of autonomous robots in last-mile delivery systems raises technological challenges such as communication, navigation, and cybersecurity. Blockchain offers a secure and transparent solution, but its scalability is a concern. In this paper, we present a co-simulation framework that combines the SUMO mobility simulator with the Ethereum Proof of Stake (POS) blockchain. We evaluate the impact of increasing the number of autonomous robots on blockchain performance, using Transaction Execution Time (TET) and Transaction Finality Time (TFT) as metrics. Our results demonstrate the feasibility and challenges of using blockchain in autonomous delivery systems.
José Benzinho, João J. Ferreira, Joel Batista, Leandro Pereira · 8 authors
Blockchain technology has been used with great effect in farm-to-fork traceability projects. However, this technology has a steep learning curve when it comes to its user interface. To minimize this difficulty, we created a solution based on a Large Language Model (LLM) conversational agent. Our implementation, starting with an existing knowledge base that is prepared and processed with an embedding model to be stored in a vector database, follows a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) approach. Other non-textual media like images and videos are aggregated with the embeddings to enrich the user experience. User queries are combined with a proximity search in the vector database and feed into an LLM that considers the conversation history with the user in its replies. Given the asynchronous nature of these models, we implemented a similarly asynchronous scheme using Server-Sent Events that deliver the models’ replies to a UI that supports multimodal media types such as images and videos by providing the visualization of these resources. The end solution allows users to interact with advanced technologies using a natural language interface; this in turn empowers food traceability projects to overcome their natural difficulty in engaging early adopters.
The transportation industry has been recognized as one of the industries that can benefit from investment in blockchain-based systems and services that enable distributed data management and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the transportation sector. However, the literature needs a guiding framework for integrating blockchain in issuing and preserving public transportation transactions in a technical environment that is secure, efficient, and transparent. This study proposes a blockchain-based transportation wallet (BTW) framework that facilitates the main digital transactions across diverse public transportation services. BTW embodies leveraging blockchain technology, which provides a decentralized and immutable ledger that records and verifies transactions, ensuring trust and reducing the risk of fraud. The framework has been validated by developing a blockchain-based public transportation smart wallet named “RideChain”. This serves as a single decentralized point for making public transportation transactions and payments, as well as identity authorizations and management. RideChain enhances passengers’ and service providers’ experience through a secure and authentic platform for offering several reliable public transportation transactions efficiently. In this study, we implemented a smart contract to establish a protocol between passengers and journey services. The testing methodologies used in this study comprise unit testing, integration testing, performance testing, and user acceptance testing. The findings suggest that BTW has been successfully verified to demonstrate its capability for secure transactions, authenticity of monetary transactions, automated smart contracts, decentralized identity authentication, and effortless payments.
A blockchain can be described as a network of computers that is used to digitally and immutably record transactions. Digital currencies, also referred to as tokens, can be used on blockchain to make payments. Blockchain has the potential to facilitate cross-border payments, as well as trace all transactions. This is an admirable property, especially since the rise of know-your-customer (KYC), counter financing of terrorism (CFT), and anti-money laundering (AML) requirements have been cited by many banks as the primary reason for them terminating their correspondent banking relationships (CBRs). The main objective of the research paper is to explain how blockchain can be used to facilitate cross-border payments. Banks and money transfer organizations (MTOs) can adopt blockchain and distributed ledger technology (DLT) to enable cross-border payments. The most practical option would be to take the route of using a Payment as a service (Paas) provider and outsource the payment services. The Paas provider’s application processing unit (API) can be integrated with the financial institutions payment systems. Therefore, when a payer attempts to may a cross-border payment, on the bank end, the API will contact the Paas’ server to initiate the transaction.The payer’s local currency will be converted to a token, then transferred across the blockchain to the payee’s bank. The token will then be converted to the payee’s local currency, and deposited in the payee’s bank account. This entire process will take a few minutes in contrast to the traditional CBR cross-border payment process that takes 5 days or more.
Magda Pineda, Daladier Jabba, Wilson Nieto, Alfredo J. Pérez
In recent years, consensus algorithms have gained significant importance in the context of blockchain networks. These algorithms play a crucial role in allowing network participants to reach agreements on the state of the Blockchain without needing a central authority. The present study focuses on carrying out a systematic mapping of these consensus algorithms to explore in detail their use, benefits, and challenges in the context of blockchain networks. Understanding consensus algorithms is essential to appreciating how blockchain networks achieve the reliability and integrity of their distributed ledgers. These algorithms allow network nodes to reach agreement on the validity of transactions and the creation of new blocks on the Blockchain. In this sense, consensus algorithms are the engine that drives trust in these decentralized networks. Numerous authors have contributed to the development and understanding of consensus algorithms in the context of blockchain networks. For example, Satoshi Nakamoto's (2008) original paper on Bitcoin introduced proof-of-work (PoW) as a method of achieving consensus on the network. This revolutionary concept paved the way for numerous cryptocurrencies and blockchain systems. Despite advances in this field, significant challenges remain: centralization, fair token distribution, scalability, and sustainability. The energy consumption of blockchain networks, particularly those using algorithms such as Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, Delegated Proof of Stake, Proof of Authority, and hybrid algorithms (Proof of Work/Proof of Stake), has raised concerns about their environmental impact, motivating the scientific and technological community to investigate more sustainable alternatives that promise to reduce energy consumption and contribute to climate change mitigation. Furthermore, interoperability between different blockchains and security in specific environments, such as IoT, are areas that still require significant research attention. This systematic mapping not only seeks to shed light on the current state of consensus algorithms in blockchain, but also their impact on sustainability, identifying those algorithms that, in addition to guaranteeing integrity and security, minimize the environmental footprint, promoting a more efficient use of energy resources, being a relevant approach in a context in which the adoption of sustainable technologies has become a global priority. Understanding and improving these algorithms are critical to unlocking the full potential of blockchain technology in a variety of applications and industry sectors.
Security is an important consideration when delivering information-aware messages to vehicles that are far away from the current location of the information-sending vehicle. This information helps the receiver to save fuel and time by making wise decisions to avoid damaged or blocked roads. To ensure the safety and security of this type of information using blockchain technology, we propose a new cognitive vehicular communication scheme to transfer messages from source to destination. Due to spectrum scarcity in vehicular networks, there needs to be a wireless medium available for every communication link since vehicles require it to communicate. The primary user (PU) makes a public announcement about a free channel to all secondary users nearby and only gives it to authentic vehicles. The authenticity of vehicles is guaranteed by a roadside unit (RSU) that offers secure keys to any vehicle that joins this blockchain network. Those who participate in this network must pay a certain amount and receive rewards for their honesty that exceed the amount spent. To test the performance of various parameters, the proposed scheme utilizes the Ethereum smart contract and compares them to blockchain and non-blockchain methods. Our results show a minimum delivery time of 0.16 s and a minimum overhead of 350 bytes in such a dynamic vehicle environment.
The imbalance between parking availability and demand has led to a rise in traffic challenges in many cities. The adoption of technologies like the Internet of Things and deep learning algorithms has been extensively explored to build automated smart parking systems in urban environments. Non-human-mediated, scalable smart parking systems that are built on decentralized blockchain systems will further enhance transparency and trust in this domain. The presented work, PARKTag, is an integration of a blockchain-based system and computer vision models to detect on-field free parking slots, efficiently navigate vehicles to those slots, and automate the computation of parking fees. This innovative approach aims to enhance the efficiency, scalability, and convenience of parking management by leveraging and integrating advanced technologies for real-time slot detection, navigation, and secure, transparent fee calculation with blockchain smart contracts. PARKTag was evaluated through implementation and emulation in selected areas of the MIT Art Design Technology University campus, with a customized built-in dataset of over 2000 images collected on-field in different conditions. The fine-tuned parking slot detection model leverages pre-trained algorithms and achieves significant performance metrics with a validation accuracy of 92.9% in free slot detection. With the Solidity smart contract deployed on the Ethereum test network, PARKTag achieved a significant throughput of 10 user requests per second in peak traffic hours. PARKTag is implemented as a mobile application and deployed in the mobile application store. Its beta version has undergone user validation for feedback and acceptance, marking a significant step toward the development of the final product.
Muhammad Muneem Shabir, Syed Muhammad Danish, Kaiwen Zhang
In future, the substantial rise in number of electric vehicles (EVs) will increase the charging-power demand significantly, placing considerable strain on existing charging stations. The adoption of renewable energy resources (RESs) is seen as a potential solution to address scalability of existing charging network, by leading the households to trade and capitalize on their surplus power. However, the centralized nature of EV charging infrastructure pose several security and privacy threats for EV owners and prosumers. Distributed ledger technologies offer a potential solution to the current privacy and security challenges. Thus, we propose a blockchain-based EV architecture that integrate prosumers into existing EV infrastructure. To begin with, we propose BlockDEV: a decentralized charging provider selection mechanism, which allows EVs to select a charging provider without sharing any personal information. A smart contract design is then proposed, allowing households with RESs to trade their surplus energy using dynamic pricing based on energy supply and demand, and, allowing EVs to make a decentralized charging slot reservation. Assessments reveal that BlockDEV provides 98% more dynamic pricing updates that accurately represent genuine energy shifts in the network. Furthermore, it incurs 50% fewer blockchain transactions compared to the baselines, and outperforms them on the effectiveness of the reputation system, and the preservation of location privacy.