Blockchain Papers

Muhammad Bin Saif, Sara Migliorini

No abstract is available for this record.

George Chidera Akor, Love Allen Chijioke Ahakonye, Jae Min Lee, D. Kim

The increasing use of AI-powered tools for smart contract security audits presents a critical challenge: ensuring the integrity and provenance of audit reports. Traditional methods lack cryptographic guarantees linking audit outputs to specific AI models and source code, creating vulnerabilities to tampering and misattribution. To address this, we propose ProvAuditChain, a gas-efficient, hybrid on-chain/off-chain framework that records immutable provenance of AI-driven audit reports on Layer 2 blockchain networks. ProvAuditChain utilizes lightweight smart contracts to securely anchor cryptographically signed audit report hashes on-chain, while storing the complete reports on decentralized IPFS storage. We deploy the system on the Arbitrum Sepolia testnet and benchmark gas consumption, latency, and throughput across 600 audit cycles. Our results demonstrate a stable average gas cost of approximately 173,000 per audit, equivalent to roughly $0.05 USD, alongside a throughput of nearly six audits per minute. These findings confirm the practical viability of ProvAuditChain for integration into automated CI/CD pipelines, providing a scalable foundation for trustworthy AI accountability in decentralized ecosystems.

Umar Syed, Jyothinadh Nadella, Vinay Chowdary Dabbara, Ramu Mannava · 5 authors

Supply chain operations that include blockchain technology have the potential to improve cybersecurity and data integrity. The complexity and interconnectedness of global supply chains make it imperative to guarantee the security and validity of data for all parties involved. Because blockchain technology is decentralized, transparent, and unchangeable, it offers a perfect solution to common supply chain weaknesses, including fraud, data tampering, and illegal access. The use of blockchain technology to protect important data at each link in the supply chain—from manufacturing and procurement to distribution and delivery—is examined in this article. By leveraging smart contracts, cryptographic security, and distributed ledger systems, blockchain can ensure the traceability of goods, validate transactions, and protect sensitive information from cyber threats. The paper also highlights how blockchain has the potential to completely transform supply chain management security while addressing issues like scalability, integration with current systems, and regulatory considerations. In the end, this study highlights how blockchain technology may improve data integrity, lower cyber threats, and foster trust among supply chain actors.

Shabu Jemal Abakorma

The U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement represented a pivotal setback in global climate governance, disrupting established funding streams, undermining emission reduction targets, and eroding multilateral trust. This systematic review synthesizes empirical and policy analyses to evaluate the political, economic, and scientific consequences of U.S. disengagement, with particular attention to disparities between developed and least developed countries (LDCs). Findings reveal three critical trends: (1) a substantial decline in reliable climate finance, disproportionately affecting LDCs; (2) weakened accountability mechanisms for major emitters; and (3) increased fragmentation in diplomatic negotiations. This paper argues that COP30 in Brazil (2025) must prioritize decentralized leadership models and robust, equitable climate finance mechanisms to restore momentum. Future research should explore quantifiable metrics for translating global stocktake outcomes into actionable national policies for high-emission economies and assess the efficacy of non-state actors in addressing identified governance gaps.

Manasendu Kundu, Manju Dalal

This paper examines the concepts of federalism, fiscal federalism, and fiscal decentralization, with a focus on the Indian context. It outlines the constitutional and institutional foundations of India’s federal structure, tracing the historical evolution of fiscal decentralization from the colonial period to the post-independence era including pre- reform era. The study analyses revenue-sharing mechanisms, taxation policies, and grants-in-aid, alongside the roles of key institutions such as the Finance Commission, GST Council, and NITI Aayog. Findings highlight persistent vertical and horizontal imbalances, the positive impact of GST on state fiscal autonomy, and the continuing need for equitable and efficient fiscal arrangements. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at strengthening cooperative federalism, enhancing state-level fiscal flexibility, and improving transparency in intergovernmental transfers.

Rismi A. Dukomalamo Dukomalamo, Asrudin Hormati, Irfan Zam Zam

Abstract:This research was conducted in local governments in North Maluku province. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of independent variables, specifically financial performance measured by the degree of fiscal decentralization, regional financial dependence, SiLPA financing level, and regional financial efficiency, on the dependent variable, which is capital expenditure. This study used the technique of multiple linear regression. The findings of this study suggest that the degree of fiscal decentralization, regional financial dependence, level of SiLPA financing, and regional financial efficiency all have a simultaneous and significant impact on the allocation of capital expenditure. Specifically, the degree of fiscal decentralization and regional financial efficiency have a positive and significant effect on capital expenditure allocation, while regional financial dependence and the level of SiLPA financing do not have any effect on capital expenditure allocation. Keywords: regional financial performance, capital expenditure Abstrak:Penelitian ini dilakukan di pemerintah daerah di provinsi Maluku Utara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh variabel independen, khususnya kinerja keuangan yang diukur dengan derajat desentralisasi fiskal, ketergantungan keuangan daerah, tingkat pembiayaan SiLPA, dan efisiensi keuangan daerah, terhadap variabel dependen, yaitu belanja modal. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik regresi linier berganda. Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa derajat desentralisasi fiskal, ketergantungan keuangan daerah, tingkat pembiayaan SiLPA, dan efisiensi keuangan daerah secara simultan dan signifikan berpengaruh terhadap pengalokasian belanja modal. Secara spesifik, derajat desentralisasi fiskal dan efisiensi keuangan daerah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap alokasi belanja modal, sedangkan ketergantungan keuangan daerah dan tingkat pembiayaan SiLPA tidak berpengaruh terhadap alokasi belanja modal. Kata kunci : Kinerja Keuangan Daerah, Belanja modal.

Shahid Salim, J. V., Giovanni De Gasperis, Diego Valdeolmillos · 6 authors

Smart agriculture is transforming a traditionally static sector by introducing advanced monitoring of crop processes and field conditions. In particular, the integration of the Internet of Things with Distributed Ledger Technology enhances agricultural operations by enabling real-time insights and fostering trust through secure, tamper-proof data management. This paper presents an innovative system that leverages IOTA’s decentralized ledger to securely capture and store realtime data from IoT sensors monitoring key environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. By removing centralized control, the system ensures data integrity, transparency, and resistance to tampering. Additionally, the use of smart contracts developed in the Move programming language strengthens the platform by automating data validation and facilitating traceable, reliable interactions. Field implementation demonstrates the system’s potential to improve decision-making, minimize resource waste, and support sustainable agricultural practices. Emphasizing security, scalability, and cost-efficiency, this solution offers a forward-looking approach to precision agriculture.

Ilya Evdokimov, Stepan Kamentsev, A. V. Alexeev, Kirill Mikheev · 5 authors

This paper surveys the evolution of smart contract virtual machines (VMs), highlighting major designs such as Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), Move VM, Solana VM and couple of lesser known VMs. It eventually proposes a Rust implementation of Ton Open Network Virtual Machine (TVM) called Tycho VM. We analyze the theoretical foundations behind TVM’s “everything is a cell” paradigm and message execution lifecycle inside sandboxed VM. We also contextualize the role of virtual machines in the broader blockchain ecosystem by referencing developer adoption metrics and indicate challenges arising from that, namely, inefficiencies of Solidity to Tycho VM compiler which are going to be addressed in the future research.

Anushka Pawar, Shruti Choudhari, Sachin Naik, Rajeshree Khande

No abstract is available for this record.

Jeffson C. Sousa, Bruno Evaristo, Vinicius Duarte, Mauricio Pinto · 6 authors

Blockchain technology has established itself as a decentralized solution capable of ensuring security, transparency, and robust process validation, profoundly transforming various sectors. This work proposes the development of an innovative marketplace for the telecommunications sector, based on blockchain, with the aim of providing a dynamic catalog of telecom services and assets. The platform enables asset and service providers to publish offers for physical resources-such as towers, antennas, and links-within an integrated market. These resources can be hired by third parties under Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-Consumer (B2C) models. The architecture incorporates decentralized identity (DID), smart contracts for asset tokenization and automated billing, and a lightweight frontend. Built on Hyperledger Besu and integrated with Ethereum-compatible libraries, the system fosters digital governance, interoperability, and the sustainable use of underutilized physical assets.

Jongho Seol, J. Deuja, Indy Park, Cong Pu · 5 authors

This paper presents a new quantitative model to study the interplay across CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability) Triad and performance in blockchain-based crypto space with specific reference to Ethereum or Ethereum-equivalent chains. The model introduces and incorporates three new random variables on top of the baseline chain model [16], C: the likelihood to secure confidentiality; $\boldsymbol{I}$: to secure integrity; and $\boldsymbol{A}$: to secure availability. Thus, the model will orchestrate an extensive set of key random variables such as λ: transaction slot arrival rate; μ: block posting rate; $\boldsymbol{i}$: number of transaction slots pending on the current block along with $\boldsymbol{C}, \boldsymbol{I}$ and $\boldsymbol{A}$. The underlying mathematical method employed is an embedded Markovian queueing model as the model traces the stochastic flow of the transactions as well as the Markovian flow of them with respect to $\boldsymbol{C}, \boldsymbol{I}$ and $\boldsymbol{A}$. The state in the model is defined by $P_{i_{C / I / A}}$, i.e., the likelihood to have i number of transaction slots pending on the current block and the stochastic CIA status of the crypto space thus far is in C or $\bar{C}, I$ or $\overline{\boldsymbol{I}}$, and $\boldsymbol{A}$ or $\overline{\boldsymbol{A}}$. The solutions to the model will be provided to assess a few basic performance metrics such as W: the average transaction waiting time, $L:$ the average block capacity required; and G: the throughput of transactions per block. And further and primarily, a unique and extensive simulation and analysis will be conducted to evaluate the impact of base random variables such as i, λ, μ, and various combinations of $\mathcal{C}, I$ and A on the overall $P_{i_{C / I / A}}$ in steady state. The results of the simulation reveal tradeoffs between the CIA Triad and performance that is uniquely identifiable by the proposed model.

Peter Waher, Riccardo Brama

This paper presents a new method for discovering Connected Things in a universal way. The method is designed to be used in all kinds of networks, from the smallest sensor networks to the largest interconnected cloud networks. The method allows different technologies to identify entities in different ways. It allows for full or partial identification. It does not rely on collecting information into central repositories, whether such repositories reside on central nodes, or are mirrored on distributed nodes, such as in a distributed ledger of blockchain type or similar. Instead, the method presented relies on local governance of local information and interoperability between nodes across the Internet for finding entities.

Sandeep Kalari, Ravi Mukkamala, Vikas Ashok, Stephan Olariu · 6 authors

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being adopted in sensitive domains such as healthcare and finance. However, persistent challenges such as unreliable data sources, privacy breaches, and hallucinated output continue to hinder their usage. To address these shortcomings, we propose BlockQwen, a blockchain-augmented framework that integrates decentralized trust validation, role-specific access control, and verifiable audit trails into Qwen 2.5 LLM workflow. Here, blockchain not only anchors the authenticity of retrieved documents, but also enforces dynamic, tamper-proof access and authorization policies and preserves transparent, immutable records of model interactions. This decentralized infrastructure ensures that the LLM operates on verified inputs while maintaining privacy and compliance with regulatory standards. A layered security module, combined with reinforcement learning, is further tailored to detect privacy risks and to mitigate hallucinations in real time. A prototype implementation, with simulated healthcare data, achieved an $86.25 \%$ privacy preservation rate and an $88.33 \%$ hallucination mitigation rate, significantly outperforming conventional LLM deployments. These results demonstrate the potential of combining blockchain functionality with LLM, resulting in robust, secure, transparent, and trustworthy AI systems.

Md. Biplob Hossain, Maya Rahayu, Samsul Huda, Md. Arshad Ali · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Ivan Dimitrov, Wolfgang Prinz

This paper investigates the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents into blockchain wallets to enhance security, usability, and automation. The study proposes using Account ion (ERC4337) combined with AI to create intelligent, adaptive wallet systems capable of optimizing transaction management, gas fee selection, and interactions with decentralized applications (dApps) and decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms. AI agents autonomously detect and prevent malicious activities such as phishing attacks, fraud, and unauthorized transactions, ensuring user funds are protected in real-time. The proposed architecture uses modular smart contracts, which facilitate wallet upgradability and adaptability, ensuring long-term compatibility with emerging technologies. This paper also discusses potential challenges, including the security risks associated with AI integration. The findings of this research lay the groundwork for the development of better wallets that could scale the adoption of blockchain technology.

Jorge Señor, Jaime Señor, Jorge Portilla

Securing sensitive medical data in IoT-based healthcare systems is increasingly critical due to growing cybersecurity threats and the emergence of quantum computing. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a decentralized architecture that integrates blockchain technology and postquantum cryptography (PQC) to ensure data integrity, privacy, and resilience. The solution employs the Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm to maintain a tamper-resistant ledger of data locations, while encrypted medical records are distributed across Raspberry Pi nodes. Communications between sensor nodes and storage servers are protected using PQC primitives such as CRYSTALS-Kyber and Falcon. The methodology includes a lightweight protocol designed for resource-constrained environments and a storage scheme that optimizes scalability and energy efficiency. Experimental results validate the scalability and effectiveness of this architecture in real-world healthcare settings, demonstrating its potential as a secure and sustainable framework for electronic medical data management.

Kesara Wimal, Gary Cullen, John Donovan

Blockchain and Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are two transformative technologies that have gained significant attention in recent years. Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that ensures secure, transparent, and tamper-proof transactions without the need for a central authority, making it indispensable across various industries. PUFs, on the other hand, leverage the inherent randomness in physical devices to generate unique identities for authentication and security, particularly in applications requiring low-cost, scalable solutions. The convergence of blockchain and PUFs promises to address critical security challenges, particularly in device authentication, data integrity, and privacy-preserving mechanisms. This research explores the synergy between blockchain and PUFs, aiming to identify commonalities in methodologies, key findings, limitations and future directions in existing literature. A total of 12 peerreviewed papers, each with over 10 citations, were selected based on their academic rigour and impact, representing the most influential studies published between 2019 and 2024. By employing thematic analysis, this research synthesises the past literature across three main objectives: methods, key findings, and both limitations and future work, identifying 8 distinct themes within these categories. The majority of the papers reviewed indicated a strong focus on authentication and access control within their methodological approaches. These studies frequently utilised enhanced cryptographic techniques and conducted security analyses as part of their frameworks. A common finding among the papers was their emphasis on security and efficiency, with many solutions being specifically applied to the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. However, there was a notable lack of comprehensive discussion regarding the limitations of the approaches. Furthermore, the papers often proposed that future research should address the development of novel consensus mechanisms. This study suggests that prospective research should focus on integrating smart contracts and further advancing scalable, decentralised solutions, extending beyond the IoT domain.

Vijak Sethaput, Supachate Innet

The rise of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) or digital forms of central bank money represents a transformative shift in the global financial landscape, aiming to enhance financial inclusion, reduce transaction costs, and improve payment efficiency. While blockchain technology has been proposed as a foundational infrastructure for CBDCs, its suitability remains debatable. This paper provides a Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) on the application of blockchain in CBDCs, analyzing their potential benefits and challenges. We examine key aspects, including scalability, security, privacy, interoperability, environmental sustainability, offline functionality, regulatory considerations, and architecture design. To ground our analysis in practice, we review several real-world CBDC initiatives, including China’s eCNY, the Bahamas’ Sand Dollar, Nigeria’s eNaira, the European Central Bank’s digital euro initiative, Sweden’s eKrona, BIS’s CBDC projects, and Thailand’s CBDC journey. Finally, we highlight research challenges and future directions, including post-quantum cryptography for enhanced security, zero-knowledge proofs for preserving privacy, and AI-driven compliance automation. This study offers a comprehensive knowledge base for policymakers, researchers, and financial institutions to explore the blockchain-based CBDCs.

Lingyan Xue, Haiping Huang, Fu Xiao, Qi Li · 5 authors

Redactable blockchains are challenging the core principle of traditional blockchains: immutability. One such example is the chameleon hash-based blockchain. Despite rapid academic advances, most solutions have not yet simultaneously considered four key aspects: the degree of modification privileges, the transparency of the modification process, the consistency in the post-redaction global state, and system security after redaction. In this paper, we present a controllable, publicly auditable, and redactable blockchain with a main-auxiliary architecture. Specifically, we integrate weighted secret sharing, digital signature, and non-interactive zero-knowledge proof technologies to propose a verifiable and controllable chameleon hash primitive. To encourage logical nodes, it includes a reputation evaluation mechanism and a DAO-based governance model. Additionally, we construct a redactable bi-directionally anchored main-auxiliary blockchain structure, where the auxiliary chain exclusively maintains the modification proofs associated with each block of main chain. Any node can audit the modification history or, in the event of an accusation, self-prove. This structure also simplifies global state updates for newly joined or restarted nodes. Finally, we provide comprehensive security proofs for our construction, conduct extensive experiments to evaluate its functionality and performance, and compare it with analogous solutions to demonstrate its superiority.

Marco Hünseler, Kerstin Lemke‐Rust

Petitions are popular among internet users to share their opinions on various topics. However, most petitions are created and signed on few central platforms that retain control over content, participation and the technical implementation.Public Blockchains have the potential to increase trust in petition results, as their workings are transparent and the integrity of processed data is verifiable by anyone. We define the scope of petitions and their relationship to voting systems and present several approaches, ranging from Ethereum addressbased authentication and zero-knowledge proofs to pseudonymous signatures.These approaches are compared in terms of functional and security properties, cost and user requirements. Using the proposed methods, users can sign petitions based on their identity such that they are both universally verifiable and unique, without allowing attackers to infer their identities. We evaluate all schemes by deploying them to Ethereum-based blockchains and find that some of them fulfill all stated requirements and are practically usable on Layer 2 networks.

Stanly Wilson, Tanapon Suwankesawong, Kwabena Adu-Duodu, Yinhao Li · 7 authors

Built environments face significant challenges in promoting material reuse due to the lack of trustworthy and transparent trading mechanisms. Existing digital platforms often fail to ensure fairness, bid confidentiality, and auditability. To address this gap, this paper presents the design and implementation of a verifiable auction system for trading reusable construction materials. Built on a Polkadot-based platform, the system supports sealed reverse auctions through a hybrid on-chain/off-chain architecture: encrypted and signed bids are stored in InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), while a Merkle root of valid bids is committed on-chain. Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) enable verification of bid correctness without revealing bid values. Stress testing showed moderate latency from proof generation and IPFS operations, yet performance remained suitable for auctions lasting minutes or hours. The results demonstrate a scalable, privacy-preserving, and auditable auction mechanism that leverages decentralised technologies to advance circular economy goals.

Chihsin Chiu, Shuwei Wu, Chiung-Ting Chen

No abstract is available for this record.

Rituparna Bhattacharya, Sompurna Bhadra

Citizen Science involves the engagement of public in scientific research to augment and disseminate scientific knowledge. This nurtures the practice of sharing and contributing to data gathering and monitoring activities with the participation of scientific communities and general public. It incorporates idea generation through community formation and invites scientists for leadership, guidance and coordination. Existing citizen science programs are centralized; however, such endeavors may be supported through decentralized autonomous communities realized through blockchains and smart contracts adding transparency and security to the projects. Blockchain is a shared immutable distributed ledger technology that addresses double spending and Byzantine General’s Problem and enables peer to peer digital payments in absence of intermediaries. It has several applications beyond financial sector or cryptocurrencies and one such utility is the smart contract that entails a piece of script that will be automatically executed if certain conditions are fulfilled, in other words, it is a self-executing digital contract. In this paper, we propose a novel colored blockchain technique to develop decentralized autonomous communities leveraging which citizen science can be perceived in a decentralized context. We present the details of the framework that uses such colored blockchain technology to implement decentralized citizen science concept. We also propose an alternate decentralized application leveraging smart contract to implement decentralized citizen science concept.

S Chowdhury, Md Hadiur Rahman Hamim, S Joy, Md. Shakil Ahmed · 7 authors

Credit allowances for individuals who are seeking financial opportunities are vital for their growth and sustainability. Traditional credit scoring systems don’t allow them to get personal loans, as individuals lack collateral or have a limited financial history. This paper approaches a novel solution that makes use of blockchain technology to overcome these issues and improve individuals’ access to financing. The main benefits of blockchain technology are transparency, security, and decentralization, which have the potential to completely transform the credit rating system. We aim to develop a decentralized credit scoring system that incorporates a wide range of parameters by combining international standard scoring systems like FICO and EQUIFAX to make it more efficient. Moreover, the decentralized credit scoring system ensures data integrity and security, reducing the risk of fraud and manipulation in the credit scoring process.