Blockchain Papers

Lu Qiu, Yueyi Huang, Gege Dong

No abstract is available for this record.

Tang Zhou, Le Wang, Minxian Liang, Minhao Li

Cloud storage uses proofs of ownership to avoid redundant uploads while keeping file contents secret. Many existing schemes need extra round trips, or rely on predictable sampling. These choices reduce security when an adversary knows part of the file. We present MiS-PoW, a zero knowledge and non-interactive proof of ownership. The protocol derives a synchronized challenge seed from the existing HTTPS/TLS session. The seed binds a discretized time window and the file identifier. Both parties compute the same challenges locally, and the protocol adds no new messages. MiS-PoW samples blocks with a stratified policy without duplicates. The policy enforces coverage across partitions and reduces the advantage of contiguous knowledge and near duplicate files. The proof layer uses STARKs with simple AIR constraints. The constraints check that indices come from the seed, lie in range, are unique, and meet per partition counts. We analyze security and show seed unpredictability, resistance to replay, and bounds under partial knowledge with limited grinding. A prototype shows that verification time does not grow with file size, and proof and bandwidth costs remain modest. MiS-PoW is deployable, privacy preserving, and scalable for cloud storage.

Ihunanya Udodiri Ajakwe, Victor Ikenna Kanu, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Dong‐Seong Kim

The Korean Emission Trading Scheme (K-ETS) is vital for reducing carbon emissions in South Korea. However, issues in transparency, security, and computational overhead limit its effectiveness. This work proposes an energy-efficient blockchain-based framework (eBCTC) to enhance the system with a decentralized blockchain architecture, Purechain. The framework leverages an improved consensus mechanism, the Proof of Authority and Association (PoA 2 ). This is to address key challenges in the current K-ETS, such as centralization, lack of transparency, and high energy consumption. The PoA 2 significantly reduces gas usage, with experimental results showing a 22 % reduction in gas consumption compared to traditional Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Authority (PoA) mechanisms. Also, PoA 2 recorded a ×6 and ×2 reduction in gas price compared to PoW and PoA. The system also achieves faster transaction finality and lower computational costs, with transaction costs reduced by up to 83 % across the key K-ETS activities, including emissions reporting, credit allocation, and trading. Also, the system achieved moderate throughput, high latency, doubling scalability, high reliability, and a high success rate compared with DPoS and PBFT based on transaction stress validation tests. With an improved smart contract, intelligent automation of key functions, the system achieved a high energy gain for improved incentives. The proposed framework not only enhances the scalability and transparency of K-ETS but also aligns with South Korea's carbon neutrality goals by minimizing the environmental impact of blockchain operations. This study provides a solid foundation for sustainable carbon trading systems and an accountable carbon economy, contributing to global efforts to combat climate change in achieving the 2050 net-zero carbon emissions goal. • Purechain PoA2 enables secure, low-energy carbon trading in K-ETS. • 22 % less gas usage and 83 % lower costs than PoW and PoA. • Smart contracts automate K-ETS compliance and incentives. • Improves scalability, transparency, and network reliability. • Supports South Korea's 2050 net-zero carbon goal.

Vivek Acharya

Artificial intelligence (AI) agents are increasingly capable of initiating financial transactions on behalf of users or other agents. This evolution introduces a fundamental challenge: verifying both the authenticity of an autonomous agent and the true intent behind its transactions in a decentralized, trustless environment. Traditional payment systems assume human authorization, but autonomous, agent-led payments remove that safeguard. This paper presents a blockchain-based framework that cryptographically authenticates and verifies the intent of every AI-initiated transaction. The proposed system leverages decentralized identity (DID) standards and verifiable credentials to establish agent identities, on-chain intent proofs to record user authorization, and zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to preserve privacy while ensuring policy compliance. Additionally, secure execution environments (TEE-based attestations) guarantee the integrity of agent reasoning and execution. The hybrid on-chain/off-chain architecture provides an immutable audit trail linking user intent to payment outcome. Through qualitative analysis, the framework demonstrates strong resistance to impersonation, unauthorized transactions, and misalignment of intent. This work lays the foundation for secure, auditable, and intent-aware autonomous economic agents, enabling a future of verifiable trust and accountability in AI-driven financial ecosystems.

Keita Kawase, Yuki Samata, Hiroyoshi Miwa, Akihiro Fujihara

No abstract is available for this record.

Jiachen Hou, Xiaolong Liang, Ao Guo, Fei–Yue Wang

The realization of Industry 5.0 depends on the effective utilization of high-quality, context-rich, long-tail data. Existing centralized data markets are inefficient due to high operational costs and persistent data silos. As a novel autonomous paradigm based on block-chain and smart contracts, Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) offers a superior governance framework to address these issues. However, DAO natively lacks efficient data discovery mechanisms. The prevailing pull-based query model is economically unviable for large-scale, fine-grained demands due to excessive on-chain costs. To tackle this challenge, this paper introduces Content-Addressed Subscription, a novel data discovery mechanism operating within a DAO-governed industrial data market. This mechanism builds upon the classic publish/subscribe model, algorithmically generating a unique topic identifier from the semantic content, thereby circumventing the reliance on predefined topic lists and transforming the data discovery process from inefficient pull-based queries to event-driven push notifications. The paper presents the complete architecture of the proposed solution and validates its feasibility through an industrial case study.

Thanassis Tiropanis, George Roussos, Mohammad Bahrani, Mohamed Ragab

The growing demand for data ownership and privacy is reshaping how information is accessed, managed, integrated, and recommended. Building on the inaugural DESERE workshop at The Web Conference 2024, this second edition advances research on Decentralised Search and Recommendation platforms such as Personal Online Datastores (PODs), where users retain control of their data and explicitly manage permissions. As ecosystems decentralise, traditional information retrieval must be revisited while standards for new techniques and system designs are developed to ensure efficient, accurate, and privacy-preserving search. The Second DESERE workshop at CIKM 2025 focuses on infrastructures and retrieval algorithms for user-controlled data. It convenes a cross-disciplinary community spanning data retrieval, management and integration, semantic technologies, recommendation systems, privacy-aware computing, and search efficiency to explore approaches that prioritize user agency, data ownership, and scalable retrieval across PODs and related architectures. Through paper presentations, panels, and interactive sessions, the workshop will highlight challenges, opportunities, and solutions for privacy-preserving IR. These discussions are especially relevant to domains where user-centric design and data stewardship are critical-such as personal finance, education, and high-stakes areas like criminal justice and health.

IHSINE, Azzeddine, IHSINE, Sara, Inovionix, D-POAF

D-POAF: A Decentralized Proof Oriented AI Framework Traceable and Autonomous Software Engineering (Paper) English Version The D-POAF Framework (Decentralized Proof Oriented AI Framework) is an AI-native, Proof-driven, Secure-by-Design, and Sovereign framework designed to reinvent software creation, supervision, and security. Key Features: - Decentralized governance model for managing complex software ecosystems.- Dynamic decentralized ledger mechanisms for multi-project orchestration and transparent delivery cycles.- Horizontal, power-free organizational structure based on dynamic, evolving laws.- Secure-by-Design principles with Proof (PoD, PoV, PoR) ensuring sovereignty, privacy, and compliance by default. This release contains the official D-POAF white paper, offering a comprehensive ecosystem, core principles, and practical tools to implement the framework in academic, personal, and professional environments. --- Usage Terms: This guide and all associated materials of the D-POAF® framework are distributed under the terms of the Apache License, Version 2.0 (Open Source) (the “License”);you may not use this work except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at: http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 for contact please visit: https://www.d-poaf.org or : contact@inovionix.com --- © 2025 Inovionix.

Akihiro Fujihara

No abstract is available for this record.

Liang Chen, Haozhe Zhao, Yinzhen Huang, Yang Luo · 11 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Azhar Hussain Mozumder, M. John Basha, Chayapathi A. R

With more and more existing networks being transformed to Software-Defined Networking (SDN), they need to be more secure and demand smarter ways of traffic control. This work, SmartSecChain-SDN, is a platform that combines machine learning based intrusion detection, blockchain-based storage of logs, and application-awareness-based priority in SDN networks. To detect network intrusions in a real-time, precision and low-false positives setup, the framework utilizes the application of advanced machine learning algorithms, namely Random Forest, XGBoost, CatBoost, and CNN-BiLSTM. SmartSecChain-SDN is based on the Hyperledger Fabric, which is a permissioned blockchain technology, to provide secure, scalable, and privacy-preserving storage and, thus, guarantee that the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) records cannot be altered and can be analyzed comprehensively. The system also has Quality of Service (QoS) rules and traffic shaping based on applications, which enables prioritization of critical services, such as VoIP, video conferencing, and business applications, as well as de-prioritization of non-essential traffic, such as downloads and updates. Mininet can simulate real-time SDN scenarios because it is used to prototype whole architectures. It is also compatible with controllers OpenDaylight and Ryu. It has tested the framework using the InSDN dataset and proved that it can identify different kinds of cyberattacks and handle bandwidth allocation efficiently under circumstances of resource constraints. SmartSecChain-SDN comprehensively addresses SDN system protection, securing and enhancing. The proposed study offers an innovative, extensible way to improve cybersecurity, regulatory compliance, and the administration of next-generation programmable networks.

Mohd Arif Hussain, Vivek Verma, Karthik Kovuri, Aishwarya Pratap · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Prof. S. H. Thengil, Tanmay Sadanshiv, A. M. Patil, Shreyash Trimbake · 5 authors

Abstract - With the increasing volume of digital evidence in law-enforcement and judicial processes, ensuring integrity, traceability and tamper-resistance has become paramount. This paper presents the Blockchain Evidence Archive System (BEAS), a decentralized application that leverages blockchain technology, smart contracts and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to provide a secure, immutable and transparent evidence- management platform. Evidence metadata is stored on an Ethereum-based blockchain while the associated large files (images, videos, documents) are stored on IPFS with their cryptographic hashes recorded on-chain. Role-based access control ensures only authorized users such as police officers and court officials can upload, verify or access evidence. We describe the system architecture, implementation details, security features and evaluate the performance of the system in terms of upload time, verification latency and resistance to tampering. The results demonstrate that BEAS significantly improves evidence integrity and auditability when compared to conventional centralized systems. We conclude with a discussion on future enhancements including biometric integration, mobile accessibility and enterprise-scale deployment. l Key Words: Blockchain Technology, IPFS, Digital EvidenceManagement, Decentralized Application, Smart Contracts, Ethereum Network, Cryptographic Hashing, Data Integrity, Tamper- Proof Storage, Role-Based Access Control, Chain of Custody, Evidence Verification, Immutable Ledger, Secure File Storage, Decentralized Architecture, Forensics Technology, Law Enforcement Data Security, Distributed Ledger Technology

Government HSS, Thiruvanvandoor, Anjana Nair

Bitcoin as a digital currency enables direct online transactions between parties, eliminating the requirement for traditional financial institutions. Opinions on Bitcoin vary, with some seeing it as a potential game-changer for finance, while others see it as a speculative asset that poses risks to global financial stability. However, the concept of e-currency is evolving and gaining traction, Bitcoin has become the most prominent and widely accepted form of online payment. Each Bitcoin is represented as a unique digital entry in a virtual wallet on a device, enabling users to send and receive bitcoins. Every bitcoin transaction is logged in a public list called the blockchain, allowing for transparent tracking of ownership and preventing unauthorized transactions. Bitcoins have value on their own, facilitating global transactions between parties without revealing your identity. Nations such as the US, Canada and Australia have established regulatory guidelines for Bitcoin, its legitimacy is limited to specific contexts and remains distinct from their official currencies. The objective of the current paper is to examine the long-term viability of Bitcoin and evaluate the likelihood of it being an internet bubble

Stefanos Kovaios, Christos Vagionas, Maria Vargemidou, Ronis Maximidis · 8 authors

Abstract Next generation wireless communications systems are rapidly penetrating higher RF frequency bands together with massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) communication schemes, requiring processing units to perform at millimeter-wave RF carriers while supporting high-bandwidth and highly scalable configurations. However, operating electronic MIMO processing units at such high-frequency and high-bandwidth system requirements becomes extremely challenging when targeting beneficial energy consumption metrics. Photonic processors emerge as a promising alternative to tackle channel interference encountered in MIMO systems, with the main argumentation building on the large available bandwidth and favorable energy efficiency credentials of Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) technologies. However, photonic MIMO processors that support more than 2 channels are currently entirely missing; moreover, their architectural framework relies exclusively on matrix decomposition algebra, raising significant concerns about their scalability potential. In this paper, we present a scalable silicon photonic (SiPho) MIMO processor architecture that exploits the coherent crossbar (Xbar) interferometric layout and demonstrates experimentally its successful performance in proof-of-concept MIMO setups. The zero-forcing photonic processor can cancel channel interference and compensate for phase offsets in the received signals. The experimental validation of the proposed system is performed through a 4×4 SiPho Xbar chip, demonstrating 3×3 and 4×4 MIMO processing with phase offset compensation capabilities for both single-tone and data-modulated RF channels, transmitted through arbitrary linear channels. This work presents, to the best of our knowledge, the largest demonstrated photonic MIMO processor, utilizing the SiPho Xbar linear optical circuit architecture and bearing the promise of scaling to more than 32 high-RF frequency and mmWave wireless channels.

Feixiao Zhang, Yongli Wang, Dongmei Liu

Security vulnerabilities in smart contracts pose a serious threat to the blockchain ecosystem. Traditional detection methods heavily rely on expert-defined rules, leading to issues such as high false positives, false negatives, and poor scalability. Although recent deep learning-based approaches have shown promise, most focus on a single code modality, which limits their ability to capture the multi-dimensional characteristics of complex vulnerabilities. To address these limitations, this paper proposes MCLF, a novel smart contract vulnerability detection framework based on multimodal feature fusion and contrastive learning. The approach simultaneously extracts a Data Flow Graph and code semantic sequences from smart contracts to capture structural dependencies and contextual semantic information, respectively. A dual-branch Transformer architecture is designed to encode each type of feature, while contrastive learning is applied to optimize vector space alignment and enhance intra-class consistency. A masked language modeling task is further incorporated to improve semantic reasoning through multi-task joint training. Finally, transfer learning is employed to fine-tune the model for downstream vulnerability classification. Experimental results on a public benchmark dataset demonstrate that the proposed method achieves precision, recall, and F1score of 91.90%, 92.53% and 92.21%, respectively, significantly outperforming the most advanced vulnerability detection tools and validating the effectiveness of multimodal feature fusion and the contrastive learning mechanism.

Darshan S, Vasanthakumar S

This student propose a new methodology for academic credential verification. The system focuses on tamper resistance, transparency, and scalability-key factor for building trust among institution, employers and student Developed on block chain technology, the system creates an immutable record that can be used in order to store academic credentials that are safe to prevent any third-party modifications to ensure that their alteration is prevented to a significant extent and the fear of fraud is reduced in the system. It integrates the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) that can be used to store data in a decentralized to guarantee fast access to documents and safe guard against tampering. Biometric hashing offers individual-specific users, which increases security and prevents Fraud, and zero-knowledge proofs (zkSNARKs) prove the credentials without expressing crucial confidential data, hence strikes the equilibrium between privacy and verification. Future AI algorithms could also optimize the detection of Fraud by detecting patterns and anomalies that further enhance security and user trust. The system is set in such a way that it is flexible to integrate with the existing block chain networks with significant contributions being seen in increased accuracy in verifications, security integrity, identity confirmation and reduced fraudulent activities. Such a system is essential ultimately to establish trust and credibility in academic credentials across borders thus strengthening the credibility of educational degree.

Yahaya Saidu, Shuhaida Mohamed Shuhidan, Dahiru Adamu Aliyu, Suwaiba Siuto Adamu · 6 authors

As urban ecosystems evolve into data-intensive infrastructures, the transparency of supply chains has become pivotal to cybersecurity, governance, and trust. This chapter explores how blockchain, initially developed for decentralized finance, is now foundational for traceability in smart urban logistics. It examines its convergence with IoT and governance systems to enable tamper-resistant, auditable, and privacy-aware data flows. The chapter outlines blockchain's core features, immutability, decentralization, smart contracts, and permissioned architectures, and maps these to urban sectors like food safety, pharmaceuticals, procurement, and waste. Real-world deployments across Asia, Europe, and North America demonstrate its role in enhancing collaboration, preventing fraud, and supporting compliance with regulations such as the GDPR. The chapter also identifies adoption challenges and offers ethical governance models and a strategic roadmap to position blockchain as a socio-technical foundation for trust, sovereignty, and equity in the smart city era.

S. Usharani, P. Manju Bala, A. Balachandar, G. Glorindal

No abstract is available for this record.

VIGNOTTO, ANGELA

La tesi analizza l'impatto che le nuove tecnologia come Blockchain e Smart Contracts comportano sul diritto dei contratti. A tal fine, verrà effettuato un approfondimento di carattere definitorio, cercando di inquadrare le principali caratteristiche che contraddistinguono le tecnologie menzionate, per poi analizzare il loro rapporto con gli istituti tradizionali del diritto dei contratti. Inoltre, al fine di individuare al meglio l'aspetto innovativo dell'elaborato, verrà effettuata un'ampia disamina circa l'applicazione di Smart Contract e Blockchain nell'ambito del settore delle assicurazioni. Il fenomeno, conosciuto con il nome di Insurance, ha visto l'emersione e l'espandersi di prodotti assicurativi autoliquidanti, che permettono di rendere più efficiente il mercato assicurativo; verrà pertanto, anche in questo caso, effettuata un'analisi sui prodotti assicurativi ad oggi sperimentati, le cui caratteristiche verranno vagliate alla luce delle norme dettate dal Codice civile italiano sul punto.

Jian Wang, Wenjing Gao, Weiwei Ma, Hao Xu · 6 authors

As the application of Embodied Intelligence deepens within the Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) domain, traditional centralized trust schemes are increasingly unable to meet the demand for establishing efficient trust among heterogeneous devices, due to risks like single points of failure, auditing difficulties, and privacy leakage. To address these issues, this paper proposes a trust and privacy-preserving framework based on blockchain and Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP). The framework establishes a decentralized trust foundation using Hyperledger Fabric. On this foundation, a Decentralized Identity (DID) system is implemented through smart contracts, assigning a unique and verifiable identity anchor to each Embodied Intelligence device. Furthermore, to reconcile auditability and data privacy, the framework integrates ZKP technology. This technology enables edge devices to locally generate and submit on-chain proofs of operational compliance, facilitating transparent auditing without disclosing sensitive data. Finally, to transform trustworthy behavior records into a quantifiable metric, the framework designs a dynamic reputation assessment mechanism. This mechanism uses smart contracts to automatically analyze the verified on-chain behavioral history, continuously updating the reputation score for each Embodied Intelligence device. A smart factory case study demonstrates the framework's practical application, while performance evaluation on a physical testbed confirms its efficiency and scalability for real-time industrial control.

Mohd. Sultan Ahammad, Maisha Maliha, Nilufa Easmin Nila, Md Shofiqul Islam

Blockchain technology is revolutionizing industries by fundamentally transforming data management and storage practices. Traditional banking systems, however, continue to face challenges such as dependency on intermediaries, lack of transparency, vulnerability to fraud, and restricted accessibility. To overcome this limitation, we propose an innovative blockchain framework built on the Ethereum platform to enhance security and efficiency in banking. The proposed system eliminates intermediaries by using Ethereum-based smart contracts to enable secure, automated peer-to-peer (P2P) deposits, withdrawals, and transfers while incorporating a user-friendly interface with MetaMask and custom wallets for accessibility. The architecture was implemented and tested on the Sepolia Ethereum Testnet using Solidity, Ether.js, and React.js, ensuring seamless interaction between the smart contract and the user interface. Our experimental evaluation demonstrated significant improvements in transaction speed, transparency, and operational efficiency compared to traditional systems, with near real-time processing and automated verification. Performance benchmarking showed competitive latency and throughput, while gas cost analysis highlighted trade-offs in transaction expenses compared to conventional banking. These findings suggest that our blockchain framework has strong potential to address long-standing inefficiencies in the financial sector. While challenges remain, including scalability and regulatory considerations, this work offers a concrete and impactful step toward the practical adoption of blockchain in mainstream banking.

Rui Shi, Huamin Feng, Chunjie Cao, Yang Yang · 6 authors

Anonymous credentials are an essential cryptography primitive to protect user privacy and provide fine-grained access control for proving ownership and rights of specific credentials. There are currently two roadmaps to designing anonymous credentials: one is signature credentials, which are constructed by signature with efficient protocols and non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs, and the other is functional credentials, which are transformed from predicate encryption schemes. However, none of the existing instances of anonymous credentials support$expressive$access policies expressed as conjunction, disjunction, or arbitrary Boolean formulas, which are particularly useful for cloud services. In this paper, we propose a new fast and expressive anonymous credential, called FEAC. It is constructed with the unique$dual$$randomness$$splitting$technique, which combines the most efficient anonymous key-policy attribute-based encryption (USENIX 24) and short randomizable signature (CT-RSA 18) to balance efficiency, expressiveness, and security, demonstrating a new way to instantiate anonymous credentials. Furthermore, our credential presentation protocol offloads most of the time-consuming computation to the cloud server (11 pairing) to reduce the computational burden on the user side (2 pairing). We propose formal definitions and formal security proofs of FEAC. We provide implementations and evaluate the performance of FEAC, comparing it to state-of-the-art work.

Emmanuel Achori, Timothy Olaniyi

This systematic review explores the potential applications of blockchain technology within the financial operations of the UK's National Health Service (NHS), specifically focusing on its impact on general ledgers. The NHS, a complex and vast healthcare system, faces significant financial management challenges, including data fragmentation, inefficiencies in transaction processing, and issues with transparency and auditability. Blockchain, with its inherent characteristics of decentralization, immutability, and cryptographic security, offers a promising paradigm for addressing these issues. This paper systematically reviews the opportunities that blockchain presents for enhancing financial transparency, streamlining payment processes, improving data integrity, and reducing administrative overhead in NHS general ledgers. Concurrently, it critically examines the significant challenges to its adoption, including regulatory hurdles, interoperability concerns, scalability limitations, and the substantial investment required for implementation and training. By synthesizing current literature and identifying key themes, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding for policymakers, financial managers, and technology innovators within the NHS regarding the strategic implications of integrating blockchain into healthcare finance.