We study the following two related questions:\n- What are the minimal computational resources required for general secure multiparty computation in the presence of an honest majority?\n- What are the minimal resources required for two-party primitives such as zero-knowledge proofs and general secure two-party computation?\nWe obtain a nearly tight answer to the first question by presenting a perfectly secure protocol which allows n players to evaluate an arithmetic circuit of size s by performing a total of O(s log s log2 n) arithmetic operations, plus an additive term which depends (polynomially) on n and the circuit depth, but only logarithmically on s. Thus, for typical large-scale computations whose circuit width is much bigger than their depth and the number of players, the amortized overhead is just polylogarithmic in n and s. The protocol provides perfect security with guaranteed output delivery in the presence of an active, adaptive adversary corrupting a (1/3 ¿ ") fraction of the players, for an arbitrary constant ¿ > 0 and succiently large n. The best previous protocols in this setting could only offer computational security with a computational overhead of poly(k; log n; log s), where k is a computational security parameter, or perfect security with a computational overhead of O(n log n). We then apply the above result towards making progress on the second question. Concretely, under standard cryptographic assumptions, we obtain zero-knowledge proofs for circuit satisfiability with 2 -k soundness error in which the amortized computational overhead per gate is only polylogarithmic in k, improving over the ¿(k) overhead of the best previous protocols. Under stronger cryptographic assumptions, we obtain similar results for general secure two-party computation.
Formalization of personnel procedures in 229 city, country, and state finance agencies is a function of era of origin and subsequent effects of the environment. Whereas origins and the environment account for the extent of formal personnel procedures, formalization in turn gives rise to multitier hierarchies and hierarchy to decentralized decision making. The effects of origins are due to greater openness to environmental pressures at the time of formation than later on.
In this paper, we argue that discussion of worker participation in decision‐making is very limited in its usefulness unless the analysis looks at the structure of decision‐making, particularly in terms of centralization, in the organization concerned. The issues of worker participation are not instructive per se . If there is decentralization, it may assist the effectiveness of participation structures at lower levels, but the problem remains of the degree to which the costs of some decentralization are traded‐off by the ‘dominant‐coalition’ in the corporation against the benefits of centralization of decision‐making in the areas of finance and senior personnel.
DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS, FINANCING (ESSENTIALLY DECENTRALIZED) OF THE CONSTRUCTION WORK. FIGURES ARE GIVEN, WHICH CHARACTERIZE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROAD NETWORK IN THE 15 REPUBLICS OF THE USSR. THESE FIGURES READ IN CONNECTION WITH THE DEMOGRAPHIC RATE OF GROWTH AND REGIONAL PLANNING SHOW THAT IN 30 YEARS THE PERCENTAGE OF SURFACED OR METALLED ROADS HAS GONE FROM 10 TO 40% OF THE NETWORK RECORDED, WHICH IS APPROXIMATELY 1,5 MILLION KM. AFTER GIVING A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATIONS AND SERVICES OF BRIDGES AND HIGHWAYS IN THE USSR, THE AUTHOR OUTLINES THE ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. FUTURE TRENDS IN ROAD POLICY ARE BRIEFLY MENTIONED.
Parents and teachers seem increasingly alienated from their own schools. Here are two proposals for giving individual parents and teachers power to determine how small but significant portions of the school budget will be spent. I am convinced that we need much more experi mentation with true decentralized control over the spending of educational funds; not the creation of minidistricts or the adoption of school-site budget ing, but rather decision making at the individual teacher and individual family levels. I recognize the power of the entrenched bureaucracies: school boards and administrators on the one hand, teacher organizations on the other. For some time to come they will exercise hegemony over most public education dollars. But perhaps there is an oppor tunity for innovation at the margin. This opportuni ty is limited because there are few new public dollars available for education beyond those in evitably committed to cost-of-living increases in employee salaries. Yet this makes all the more important the desirability of trying out bold alterna tives with those funds. The past few years of experience with more centralized decision making with respect to new (or extra) money ? federal Title I funds and similar pots or large increases in general state aid brought about through school finance reform ? have shown us that this route typically results in either 1) in creases in employee salaries or 2) the hiring of more personnel ? either aides or specialists (usually read ing specialists), plus bureaucrats. In a few places these expenditures are thought to be educationally quite successful. If nothing else, they may be viewed as medium-scale public employment and guaran teed-wage programs or, to the extent that school volunteers are being converted into paid workers, an inventive income transfer scheme. Yet it is not clear
We study a two-level system having N local systems in the lower level subordinate to a central system in the higher one, such that both central and local systems have decision-making units. The central system is a coordinating agency and the local ones are semi-autonomous operating devisions. The basic principle of planning for this organization is that the central system allocates resources so as to optimize its own objective, while the local ones optimize their own objectives using the given resources. A local objective function, fn, is a function of the lower level decision variable vector x=(x1,・・・, xN) and the higher level one a=(a1,・・・, aN), where an is a resource vector allocated to the local system n. Since the functions ■ are mutually independent, the lower level composes a multi-objective system, in which the lower level decision-makers minimize a vector objective function f =(f1,・・・,fN) with respect to x in cooperation with each other. Thus, the lower level generates a set of noninferior (i.e. Pareto optimal) solutions ■(a) being parametric with respect to a. The central decision-maker, then, chooses the optimal resource allocation a⁰ and the best noninferior solution ■⁰ corresponding to a⁰ from among a set of ■(a). The above problem becomes a decentralized two-level optimization, when the local system contains only its own variables (xn, an). Several theorems and iterative algorithms for the formulated problems are obtained by use of mathematical programming techniques.
We are concerned with a class of organizations composed of a coordinating central system and plural semi-autonomous subsystems, such that each of them has a decision-making unit. Such a problem is regarded as that of a decentralized two-level optimization. The basic principle of planning for this organization is that the central system allocates resources so as to optimize its own objective, while the subsystems optimize their own objectives using the given resources.Within this framework of decision making, we consider a transportation problem in which N transport agents transport their own commodity. Each transport agent n, n=1, …, N, finds optimal flow patterns of the associated commodity n so that the transportation cost is minimized based on its own objective function under the arc capacity restriction imposed by the central agent. The coordinating central agent governs the transport agents through the way of allocating the arc capacity so that the optimality of whole network system is achieved. Here, the lower level problem is composed of a set of single commodity minimum cost flow problems of the transport agents, each of which can be easily solved separately by the subsystem.The decentralized optimization problem is solved in principle by a parametric approach. A feasible direction algorithm using directional derivative and application of a constraint simplex method are proposed to solve the formulated network flow problem.
December 1976, volume 21 In this study participativeness, centralization, and organizational autonomy were analyzed conceptually and operationally and subsequently related to five indicators of organizational effectiveness. The criteria of effectiveness included total production, decline in production, financial loss due to errors, morale and anxiety. The individual and joint effects of the influence variables on organizational effectiveness were very strong. Participative, decentralized, and autonomous organizations are more effective. The implications of these results are discussed.
Zero-field and high-field optical detection of magnetic resonance (ODMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and optical spectroscopy experiments have been performed on several systems in order to further basic knowledge of the structure, reactions, and response to radiation of atoms, molecules, and ions in their ground and/or excited electronic states. Particularly noteworthy results for the present contract year include the determination of the complete magnetic and optical properties of the lowest triplet states of 1-chloro, 1-bromo, and 1-iodonaphthalene, the development of a microscopic model for the intramolecular heavy-atom effect in the /sup 3/(..pi..,..pi..*) states of aromatic molecules, a detailed analysis of the angular dependence of the hyperfine and quadrupole structure in triplet 1-bromonaphthalene, observation of proton hyperfine structure in the hf ODMR spectra of short-lived triplet states, a definitive paper on the relative importance of spin delocalization and second-order spin-orbit coupling effects in /sup 3/(n,..pi..*) benzophenone (a phototype photochemical system), a detailed analysis of the level-anticrossing spectra of several triplet state benzophenones which exhibit hyperfine structure in the cross-relaxation region (thus permitting the determination of key magnetic parameters in the complete absence of perturbing microwave or radiofrequency fields), optical detection of ground-state NQR transitions in host crystal molecules, the observation of strong radiofrequency transitions near avoided crossing points in Zeeman energy level diagrams of photoexcited triplet states, the construction of zero-field ODMR, ODENDOR, and hf ODENDOR spectrometers, measurements of the activation parameters for ring interconversions of several free radicals containing five- and six-membered rings, and experimental proof that the triplet state of trimethylenemethane (a key reactive intermediate in organic chemistry) is the ground state.
Abstract We consider a container of fluid with a rod inserted in the centre. As the rod rotates the surface of the fluid forms a curved surface whose shape correctly balances the forces of gravity, internal stress, atmospheric pressure, and surface tension. The surface of the fluid is depressed in the neighbourhood of the rod in the case of a Newtonian fluid, but the fluid may climb along the rod in the case of non-Newtonian fluids. In recent work by D. D. Joseph and R. S. Fosdick this free surface problem has been treated quantitatively by virtue of a formal perturbation series in which the solution is developed in powers of the angular velocity of the rod. The purpose of the present paper is to give a rigorous proof of convergence in the case of a Newtonian fluid. The method here may possibly be applied to other free surface problems - for example, surface waves of a viscous fluid. The convergence proof provides, to our knowledge, the first rigorous existence theorem for a free surface problem in the theory of viscous fluids. The proof also raises a novel problem in the theory of elliptic systems of partial differential equations. By means of the implicit function theorem, the question of convergence is reduced to that of obtaining a priori estimates for an elliptic boundary value problem. That problem is formulated on a domain with a ridge where the fluid surface meets the rod. In addition, the type of boundary conditions prescribed differ on the free surface and on the rod. In general, the solution to such a mixed boundary value problem is not smooth at the ridge, even if the boundary data is smooth. The solution will be smooth, however, if the boundary data satisfy certain consistency conditions which make it compatible with the given set of partial differential equations. The consistency conditions in question here are a set of linear relations between various derivatives of the boundary and inhomogeneous data. It is shown that if one makes the assumption that the wetting angle of the surface is zero, the consistency conditions are invariant under the full nonlinear equations of the free surface problem. This makes it possible to consider the original problem on a smaller function space - namely the subclass of functions satisfying the appropriate consistency conditions - and in this subclass one can apply the implicit function theorem and obtain the required a priori estimates. The solution thus obtained is regular up to the ridge.
Navier-Stokes equation solutions
Elasticity and Material Modeling
Advanced Numerical Methods in Computational Mathematics
All chapters end with Notes. Preface. 1. The Field of Social Welfare Policy. Institutional Perspectives on the Study of Social Welfare Policy. Evolving Institutions and the Welfare State. Analytic Perspectives on the Study of Social Welfare Policy. Political Perspectives on the Study of Social Welfare Policy. Individualist and Collective Approaches to Planning. Conceptions of the Public Interest. Competing Values: Participation, Leadership, and Expertise. Why Policy Analysis is Relevant to Direct Service Practitioners. Emerging Issues: Feminist Perspectives on Social Welfare. 2. The Modern Welfare State. The Evolving Welfare State. Theories of Welfare Growth. Is America Exceptional? Welfare Goals. Welfare Scope. Welfare Realms. Emerging Issues: Renegotiating the Boundaries. 3. A Framework for Social Welfare Policy Analysis. Benefit Allocations in the Social Market and the Mixed Economy on Welfare. Elements of an Analytic Framework: Dimensions of Choice. An Example: The Transformation of Social Services. Application of the Framework. Distributive Justice in Public Assistance. Individual and Collective Values in Public Assistance. Theories, Assumptions, and Social Choice. Emerging Issues: The Search for Equity. 4. The Basis of Social Allocation. Who Shall Benefit? Universality and Selectivity in Income Maintenance. Child Support and Asset Building. Social Effectiveness and Cost Effectiveness. Another Perspective on Allocation: A Continuum of Choice. Allocative Principles and Institutional-Residual Conceptions of Social Welfare. Operationalizing the Allocative Principles. Eligibility Versus Access. Emerging Issues: Generational Equity. 5. The Nature of Social Provisions. Basic Forms: Cash Versus In-Kind. Alternative Forms: An Extension of Choice. Vouchers: Balancing Social control and Consumer Choice. Substance of the Social Provision. Social Provisions as Reflections of Policy Values. Cash, Kind, and the Cycles of Public Assistance. Emerging Issues: Choice for Whom? 6. The Design of the Delivery System. Privatization and Commercialization in Service Delivery. Promoting Coherence and Accessibility: Service Delivery Strategies. Unsettled Questions. Selecting Strategies. Emerging Issues: Services Rationing and Managed Care. 7. The Mode of Finance: Sources of Funds. Sources of Funds. The Philanthropic Contribution. Contributory Schemes and Fee Charging. Public Financing: Not Entirely a Public Matter. Emerging Issues: Financing Social Security. 8. The Mode of Finance: Systems of Transfer. Centralization, Decentralization, and Their Ideologies. How the Money Flows. How Transfers Are Conditioned. Devolving Public Welfare. AFDC to TANF. Emerging Issues: Immigrants, Social Policy, and the States. 9. Policy Dimensions: International Trends in the 21st Century. Pressures for Change. Directions of Change. Implications of Change.
Local Conservative associations have traditionally run their affairs independently and have successfully resisted interference from Central Office. Far from constituting a ‘centralized machine’ (as authors such as McKenzie, Beer and Crossman have maintained) the main feature of Conservative organization has been its decentralized, voluntary character. Nowhere has resistance to control by the party headquarters been more determined than in the major provincial cities. Here, confederations of city constituency associations, financed mainly by local business interests, have virtually excluded the Central Office area agents from participating in constituency organization. Attempts by successive national party chairmen to bring the city associations into the Central Office orbit have regularly been rebuffed. Consequently, Central Office's recent success in integrating the city associations into its area office organization marks the end of an era. It raises the question of whether the Conservative organization is at last becoming as centralized as many commentators have long supposed it to be. This note describes recent developments and assesses their significance.
Today's China, still a developing country with per capita health expenditure of 50 cents to one dollar (U.S.), has established a complex network of health facilities and well-distributed health personnel through the efforts of the existing political structure. The curative health services are decentralized and provide care through a variety of plans which combine capitation prepayment and modified fee-for service. Each plan is striving for the goal of making health care accessible to all at low cost, and hence, efforts of cost containment for self-sufficiency are widely practiced. The responsibility of the preventive health services (such as health education, screening, family planning, food distribution, etc.) are assumed by the central government and they are provided without charge to encourage maximal utilization. Other features of the Chinese system discussed include self-reliance, self-sufficiency, mass orientation, regionalization and innovative utilization of existing facilities, and personnel.
Martin Lang, Frederick Novotny, Mohan Jethwani, Charles Samowitz
The establishment of a centralized sewerage agency in 1963 has enabled the development of a program to upgrade and augment New York City’s sewer system to meet the vital life supporting needs of the 21st century. The previous decentralized structure, with five different design standards and financing assessments, did not lend itself to a rational and sound engineering approach to the drainage problems. The shift of population to the periphery of the city, the elimination of sewer assessment, and the antiquated sewerage mandated launching a crash effort. Citywide planning, new management techniques, infusion of new engineers, and optimal use of in-house staff and consultants have all culminated in sixfold acceleration of the sewer construction program.
SINCE 1954 nearly all vestiges of legal segregation of public schools in the South have been eliminated. But, at the same time, the suburbanization of households in Southern cities has contributed to the de facto resegregation of some schools. Just as the Tiebout hypothesis (1956) suggests that households locate according to their preferences regarding local public goods, there is some evidence to indicate that preferences for segregated schools may have contributed to this resegregation. Glantz and Delaney (1973) found that, by one measure, metropolitan residential segregation increased more during the 1960's in Southern metropolitan areas -where city schools were substantially desegregated than in the Northern metropolitan areas studied. And for some organizations, a primary reason for supporting recently ordered metropolitan desegregation plans which would effectively combine city and suburban school systems is the belief that desegregation of city schools alone merely contributed to white flight from the city.' But, because there are other factors which may also cause suburbanization of whites, such as employment decentralization and the growth of Negro ghettos, it is not clear whether school desegregation has had an independent effect on the demand for housing by households. This paper presents an analysis of housing prices to determine whether desegregation has an independent effect on the price paid by whites for housing. Since the supply of housing is relatively inelastic in the short run, an effect of this kind would support the hypothesis that desegregation affects households' demand for housing. While shifts in demand will result primarily in price effects in the short run, quantity changes and locational rearrangement will be most important in the long run. In order to determine if shifts in demand have accompanied desegregation, this paper will examine such price effects. The metropolitan area studied is Atlanta, Georgia, a Southern city which experienced school desegregation and apparent white flight during the 1960's. In 1960, a year before desegregation was begun, 37.2 % of the students in the city school system were Negro. By 1970 this figure was 67.1%. During the decade the proportion of Negro families in the city rose from 34.0% to 47.7%o. These changes reflect a number of different locational trends, one of the most important of which was a rapid growth in the city's Negro population. In order to assess the independent effect of school desegregation on housing demand, it is above all necessary to separate the effect of school racial composition from that of neighborhood racial composition, as well as other supply and demand factors affecting housing prices. The analysis presented in this paper uses data on housing prices and characteristics drawn from 1960 and 1970 census tract reports for Atlanta. The comparatively rapid end to de jure segregation in that city during the decade of the 1960's provides a unique opportunity to separate the effects of neighborhood and school integration. The empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that school desegregation does have a significant effect on housing prices, independent of neighborhood racial change. Section I discusses the use of housing prices in determining the effect of public service characteristics on housing demand. Sections II and III describe the data and the empirical findings. Section IV summarizes the analysis. Received for publication December 3, 1973. Revision acaccepted for publication July 30, 1974. * I am grateful to Professors Martin Feldstein, John Kain, Richard Freeman, and Gregory Ingram, members of the public finance and urban economics seminars at Harvard, and referees for this Review for comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Financial support was provided by the Ford Foundation. 1 See, for example, the testimony of William L. Taylor, Director of the Center for National Policy Review in hearings before the Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity, November 30, 1971, p. 10475 or Junie Brown, City School Case: No End in Sight, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, December 31, 1972, pp. IA, 6A.