Omar Khadeer Hussain, Elizabeth Chang, Ben Soh, Tharam S. Dillon
Risk is associated with almost every activity undertaken in daily life. Analyzing the risk involved in a transaction is important to decide whether to proceed with the transaction or not. Until now, risk has been discussed extensively in the areas of investment, finance, health, environment, engineering and daily life activities. All these areas have different interpretations of risk, none of which are suitable to apply to a transaction in the area of Computer Science. In this paper, we focus on defining risk in a decentralized transaction in e-commerce.
Omar Khadeer Hussain, Elizabeth Chang, Farookh Hussain, Tharam S. Dillon · 5 authors
Risk is associated with almost every activity that is done in daily life. Analyzing the Risk involved in a transaction is important to decide whether to proceed with the transaction or not. Till now, Risk has been discussed extensively in the area of Investment, Finance, Health, Environment, daily life activities and Engineering. All these areas have different interpretations of Risk, which is not suitable to apply to a transaction in the area of Computer Science. In this paper we focus on defining Risk in a decentralized transaction in e-commerce.
Especially when modern materials like high-strength steels and aluminium are used, springback compensation algorithms can help to shorten the products development time and cost. The two algorithms, Displacement Adjustment (DA) and SpringForward (SF) that were introduced in literature have been tested extensively but some basic questions and problems remain. An analytical model for a stretch-bending process provides many possibilities to gain more insight in those problems. Furthermore, the calculation of the forming process is much faster and doesn’t suffer from stability problems. In the stretch-bending model a rectangular bar is bent to a certain radius after which the load is removed and the bar recovers elastically. To model the influence of a blankholder force, the bar can also be loaded with a tension force. An elasto-plastic material model was used. The model assumes that the stress-profile is equal along the entire bar. If the DA method is used in one step, a compensation factor is required to obtain an accurate tool geometry. The optimal compensation factor can be directly calculated for the analytical model. It was shown that this factor varies heavily with increasing tension force. When the tension force is zero, or when the force is so large that the bar is deformed entirely in the plastic region, the compensation factor is close to 1.0. When an elastic band is still present in the bar, the ideal compensation factor rises from around 1 to a value of 1.5 or 2.0 depending on the material. Iterative DA was also implemented for the analytical model. With this method no knowledge about the ideal compensation factor is required, the tool shape converges to its optimal shape with each iteration. As expected the convergence depends also heavily on the tension force in the bar, in the case of pure bending (zero tension force) or fully plastic deformation (large tension force) convergence is very fast, when an elastic band is present, convergence becomes a bit slower. Although there is no straightforward mathematical or physical proof, the iterative SF method also converges for the analytical model. Interestingly, the SF method is faster than DA, and the difference is considerable in the pure bending case. The type of material also has an influence, higher strength steels require a higher compensation factor. In order to check whether the conclusions also hold for industrial forming processes, the stretch bending process was transformed to an FE model. The loading was now carried out with ’real’ tools. Opposed to the analytical model, now the DA method performs much better, especially when the tension force is raised. In that case the SF method leads to very low improvements in shape accuracy. It was shown that SF already proposes a worse tool shape in the first iteration
Implementation of decentralized drug policy brings an impact in the form of finance mechanism changes. Before decentralization, drug budget was calculated by the amount of resident and indigent resident percentage. After decentralization, the budget is specified by each regional government according to needs and existing health problems. This change leads to problems of allocation and distribution especially in some areas where Original Earnings of Area (PAD) is relatively small. The allocation is strongly influenced by the amount of Common Allocation Fund (DAU) and the drug manager ability in the area to manage the fund of drugs as efficient and effective as possible to assure the availability and sustainability of health service. The aim of the study was to calculate the adequacy rate of drug cost before and after decentralization and to determine the influence of decentralization itself toward the adequacy of drug cost in the area.\nA case study was conducted using quantitative data and the result was analyzed with regard to drug cost adequacy. The study began with calculating indicator of drug management and drug cost requirement on the therapy of top 10 diseases using morbidity method during 1999-2002. The result was analyzed with ABC analysis and compared to realization of drug cost on the same periode and interpreted to assess the drug cost adequacy before and after decentralization.\nThe result showed that the average of ability on the drugs cost procurement based on comsumtion method to fullfill drug cost requirement based on morbidity method before decentralization was 31,33%, after decentralization increased to 78,51%. And then the average of ability on the drugs cost based on comsumtion method to fullfill drug cost requirement based on morbidity method before decentralization was 15,14%, after decentralization increased to 60,67%. Nevertheless, the increase of fund adequacy and drug cost rate was not significant (p>0,05) between before and after decentralization. It was concluded that although the adequacy rate of drugs cost and fund has increased significantly after decentralization, it was not able to fulfill the requirement up to 100%. In other words, decentralization has not influenced the cost adequacy rate of primary health care drugs in the area.\n\nKeywords: availability âadequacy âdecentralization âcost of drugs.
With the high-speed development of the real estate of our country and single financing tool of our commercial banks, the loan balance of house mortgage of commercial banks in our country is become higher and higher, which brings enormous pressure to the commercial banks and in the long run, this single financing tool of our commercial banks will do harm to the fast improvement of the real estate of our country. So actively propelling the securitization of the real estate mortgage can effectively decentralize the banks finance risk and also can do favor for the improvement of the real estate industry. So this article tries to analyse the necessity and feasibility of implement of the seeuritization of the real estate mortgage in our country and relative suggestions.
The restrictions of resources present in the environment of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have forced the adaptation of the existing tools for guaranteeing security basic services in this new framework. The set of restrictions associated to computational, communication and power supply resources is the main barrier when providing them with security mechanisms. The solutions outlined so far for authentication based on classical tools have result non satisfactory for this setting. That is why examining the possibility of using advanced protocols should be explored. Following this trend, a new authentication protocol specifically designed for this setting is proposed in this work. A hard on average problem and an NP-complete one, belonging both to graph theory, are combined in order to design simultaneously an admission control protocol (ACP) and a node authentication protocol (NAP) using identification schemes belonging to the set of zero-knowledge interactive proofs (ZKIP). Using this technique is a way to avoid the nuisances derived from the utilization of PKT.
The article considers the issue of correlation of centralization and decentralization process of off-budget university finance management and recommends regulations of university authorities and organizational departments interrelation in the area of formation, distribution and use of off-budget funds
In the literature on the subject of economy there are three functions of public finance \ndescribed: stabilazing, redistributing and allocating. Effectiveness of realization of the abovementioned \nfunctions depends to a large extent on the political system of a given country, \nespecially on the degree to which it is decentralized. In the article the author embarks on an \nattempt to identify the advantages and disadvantages of decentralization of particular public \nfinance functions and in effect to show which of the functions can be more effectively realized \nby the central authorities and which of them can be decentralized that is transfered to the \nlocal authorities.
In the dissertation we study topics in quantum computation. First, we study the model of constant-depth quantum circuits. We study the family QNC0 of constant-depth quantum circuits, and the complexity classes associated with QNC0 circuits: EQNC0, NQNC0, and BQNC0e,d . We show certain containment results such as NQNC 0 = NQACC = NQP = coC =P and BQNC0e,d is in P for certain e and δ. Our results essentially refute a conjecture of Green et al. that NQACC ⊆ TC0. We also define and study complexity classes postEQP, postRQP, postNQP, and postBQNC0 We show containment results such as postBQNC0 = postBQP = PP and NQP = postRQP = postNQP.
Second, we study applications of quantum algorithms in computational group theory. We give results about quantum algorithms and reductions for group theoretic problems, concentrating mostly on solvable groups. We study two particular group theoretic problems—GROUP I NTERSECTION and DOUBLE COSET M EMBERSHIP. We show that these problems reduce to other group problems with known efficient quantum algorithms for many instances, yielding efficient quantum algorithms for GROUP INTERSECTION and DOUBLE COSET MEMBERSHIP on the same types of groups. Then we generalize and refine our results by introducing decision versions of the STABILIZER and ORBIT COSET problems, and showing that these new problems lie in between GROUP INTERSECTION and DOUBLE COSET MEMBERSHIP on the one hand, and the problem ORBIT SUPERPOSITION, on the other. We also show that GROUP INTERSECTION and D OUBLE COSET MEMBERSHIP have statistical zero knowledge proofs. Finally we give an alternative quantum algorithm for the problem of decomposing finite abelian groups.
Optymalne ekonomicznie zaspokojenie w miastach biezącego zapotrzebowania na wode pitną tak, aby spelnione byly wymagania jakości dostaw oraz jakości samej wody jest zlozonym zadaniem. Zarowno aspekty aplikacyjne jak i teoretyczne tego problemu są przedmiotem intensywnych prac prowadzanych w sektorach naukowych i przemyslowych na calym świecie. Prace te finansowane są przez przemysl, komitety naukowe oraz Programy Ramowe Unii Europejskiej. Jest to problem interdyscyplinarny integrujący wiedze z systemow środowiskowych, technologii informacyjnych oraz sterowania systemami. Stal on sie szczegolnie wazny teraz, ze wzgledu na pesymistyczne prognozy odnoszące sie do światowych zasobow wody i postepującą degradacje jej jakości, bedącą wynikiem, czesto malo przemyślanej, dzialalności czlowieka. Dzisiaj juz nie kwestionuje sie stwierdzenia, ze rozwiązanie tego problemu prowadzi przez zastosowanie zaawansowanych technologii systemow sterowania.Tematem pracy jest synteza struktury oraz algorytmow sterowania systemami zaopatrzenia w wode pitną w miastach, gdzie problemy jakości wody mają pierwszoplanowe znaczenie. Rozwazane są problemy zagadnienia sterowania hydrauliką i jakością wodyZe wzgledu na interakcje pomiedzy hydrauliką i jakością wody, te dwa aspekty traktowane są lącznie i uzyskiwane sterowanie optymalizujące jest w tym sensie zintegrowane. Istnienie dwoch roznych skal czasu w dynamice obiektu (dynamika procesow jakości i hydrauliki wody) zostalo efektywnie uwzglednione na drodze hierarchicznej strukturalizacji funkcjonalnej systemu sterowania wyrozniającej dwie warstwy: wolną (hydraulika i zgrubna jakośc) i szybką (korekcja trajektorii jakości).Podstawową technologią sterowania jest optymalizujące sterowanie predykcyjne. Koniecznośc spelnienia ograniczen na wyjścia i stan w warunkach niepewnych zapotrzebowan na wode wymaga gwarancji dopuszczalności generowanych sterowan. Przedstawiony zostal nowy mechanizm krzepkiego, w sensie dopuszczalności, optymalizującego sterowania predykcyjnego z przedzialowym modelem niepewności.Zlozonośc dynamiki obiektu wymaga specjalnych modeli dla celow syntezy sterowania w dolnej, szybkiej warstwie. Dyskretyzowanie opoźnien transportowych wprowadza dodatkową niepewnośc w tych modelach. Niepewnośc ta jest zbyt duza, aby mozna bylo wykorzystac te modele dla celow krzepkiego sterowania. Uzaleznienie parametrow tych modeli od punku pracy pozwala na zredukowanie niepewności i prowadzi do nowej kategorii modeli dla celow sterowania nazwanych modelami punktowo-parametrycznymi. Estymacja parametrow takich modeli byla otwartym problemem. Przedstawione zostaly metody budowy takich modeli typu wejście-wyjście oraz w przestrzeni stanu wraz z konstruktywnymi algorytmami estymacji ich parametrow.Uklad sterowania predykcyjnego w warstwie gornej (wolnej) wymaga informacji o stanie obiektu. Przestawione zostaly algorytmy gwarantowanej estymacji stanu dla tej warstwy.Realna implementacja systemu sterowania w dolnej warstwie wymaga decentralizacji procesu wyznaczania sterowan. Wskazane zostaly dwie mozliwości rozwiązania tego problemu i rozwinieta zostala jedna z nich, wykorzystująca wymiane informacji pomiedzy lokalnymi ukladami sterującymi.Opracowane struktury i algorytmy zostaly zilustrowane wynikami symulacji ich pracy na przykladowych obiektach.Meeting a drinking water demand in cities in an economically optimal way is a very complex problem, especially when to take into consideration both water quality and hydraulic parameters. Theoretical as well application aspects of this problem are under current intensive research, carried out in scientific and industrial sectors around the world. Such researches are financed and/or supported by industry, national scientific committees and EU Framework Programs. It is interdisciplinary problem that integrates knowledge from areas of environmental systems, information technology and control systems. It has become very important because of pessimistic prognoses regarding the worldwide resources of drinking water and progressive degradation of its quality, being the result of human activity, very often short-sighted and not reasonable. It is now no questions about the fact that advanced control systems technologies are the key way of struggling with this problem.Subject of this work is synthesis of structure and algorithms of control of drinking water supply and distribution systems in cities, where water quality issue is crucial. Control of water hydraulic and quality is considered.Because of existing interactions between water hydraulic and quality, these two aspects are considered jointly and resulting optimised control is integrated, in such a sense. Besides of this, existing of two different time scales describing the inert plant dynamics (dynamics of water quality and hydraulic processes) was effectively handled by functional hierarchical structuring of the control system. Control structure consists of two layers: slow - upper (hydraulics and quality-roughly control) and fast - lower (quality control corrections).The core control technology is optimising predictive control. Necessity of meeting the output and state constraints under uncertainty of water demand, requires having a guaranty of control trajectory feasibilities. A brand new mechanism of robust, in a sense of output feasibility of optimising predictive control with bounded model of uncertainty has been presented.Complexity of the plant dynamics requires especially dedicated models for control synthesis at lower (fast) control layer. Discretization of transporting delays introduces additional uncertainty to the models. This uncertainty is to large, and because of that it is not possible to utilise such models for robust control purposes. However, one can reduce the uncertainty by relating the model parameters with the system operational point. It leads to new category of models, namely point-parametric models. Parameters estimation of such models was an open book. Methods of designing such models (both: input-output and in state space) with constructive estimation algorithms have been presented.Predictive control system at upper (slow) layer requires information about the state of the plant. Algorithms of guaranteed state estimation have been be presented.Real implementation of the control system at lower layer requires decentralization of the control process. Two ways of this problem handling have been considered: with total decentralization and with exchanging the information between local controller.Designed structures and algorithms have been supported by simulation results of its efficiency for exemplary plants.
O trabalho discute, do ponto de vista economico, as vantagens e desvantagens que diferentes graus de centralizacao/descentralizacao fiscal e tributaria apresentam para um crescimento economico equilibrado. Para tanto, sao apresentadas as posicoes defendidas pelos centralistas e descentralistas, autores que, baseados nos resultados de suas pesquisas, tendem a se aproximar de um ou de outro polo, no continuum do sistema politico federalista, os primeiros sustentando a concentracao do poder de tributar e de gastar nas maos do governo central, e os ultimos defendendo a devolucao desses poderes ao nivel de governo o mais distante possivel do centro. O trabalho comeca apresentando as relacoes entre o Federalismo e as estruturas tributaria e fiscal; em seguida coloca a polemica entre as duas correntes mencionadas, concluindo com a indicacao dos temas de uma agenda de pesquisa voltada para o estabelecimento de uma estrutura fiscal e tributaria adequada aos paises em desenvolvimento, uma vez que muito da literatura sobre o tema esta voltada para os problemas dos paises desenvolvidos.Abstract This paper provides a discussion, in economic grounds, of the advantages and disadvantages that different degrees of fiscal and tax centralization/decentralization pose towards achieving a balanced economic growth. Accordingly, it introduces arguments and contentions of both centralist and decentralist authors. Based on their research outcomes they reveal a tendency towards a polarized position within the continuum of the political system of federalism. Whereas the former group sustains the concentration of taxation and spending powers at the federal level, the latter advocates the devolution of such powers to the level of government the most afar from the center. The paper starts presenting the relationships between Federalism and fiscal and tax structures; then it analyses the arguments posed by members of the two streams of thought and concludes proposing specific themes to compose a discussion agenda devised towards the institution of fiscal and tax structures specifically designed to fulfill particular characteristics of developing countries, given that most of the literature is based on the experience of developed countries. Key words: Public goods. Public finance. State and local taxation. State and local budget and expenditures. Intergovernmental relations. Federalism
The Nakasone political power modeled on the policy of Thatcher in Britain and Reagan in the United States, and promoted deregulation, privatization and the administrative reform. To revitalize Tokyo when “The Fourth Comprehensive National Development Plan” was formulated in 1987, spatial policy such as “Control the Metropolitan Areas and Promote Local Areas” until that time was changed. The Nakasone policy has changed gradually into the measure that expanded the investment in public works from the fiscal reconstruction in the background of the asset-inflated economy.In the post Nakasone political power after the burst of the economic bubble, it was in the state of straying to alternate retrenched finance and measures to boost the economy. It was “Basic Plan for the Public Investment” in 1990 to influence the investment in the public works expansion.The Hashimoto political power enacted the Fiscal Structure Reform Law in 1997. But the austerity would be stopped before long so that the business, which just began to recover, worsened. That political power changed measures again, boost the economy and tax reduction were executed. “Grand Design for the 21st Century” (21GD) as the fifth comprehensive national development plan was formulated in 1998 under that circumstances.The numerical target was almost none at all in the 21GD though that plan had aimed at different one from the former development plans. Therefore it came to plan the long & large bridge project easily because of no brake of the fiscal framework. Moreover, the concept “National Axis Zone” is not supported. However, it was appreciable to have induced trends of today's urban renewal, consolidation of municipalities, etc.The environment that surrounds spatial planning like the movement of restructuring of government ministries and agencies and decentralization, etc. changed greatly after 21GD. The symbols of a conventional spatial policy like New Industrial City Construction Law, Special Measures Law of Industrial Development, etc. were abolished as an epoch event. On the other hand, new legislation of an individual field like the Infrastructure Maintenance Emphasis Plan Law and the Urban Renewal Law, etc. continues.These series of trends are new currents that deny the sense of comprehensiveness, character of a long term, and the feature of regionalism that the spatial planning has possessed up to now. The problem is how to reform the spatial planning system from now on.JEL classification : N95, O21, R53, R58
Sejalan dengan semakin meningkatnya kegiatan perekonomian dan
pesatnya aktivitas pembangunan yang dilakukan pemerintah daerah untuk
melaksanakan otonomi menyebabkan kebutuhan terhadap fasilitas pelayanan
masyarakat juga mengalami peningkatan, sementara kemampuan keuangan
pemerintah daerah sangat terbatas. Kewenangan yang dapat dilakukan oleh
pemerintah daerah untuk mengatasi berbagai keterbatasan pembiayaan
pembangunan yaitu kewenangan dalam melakukan pinjaman daerah sebagai
salah satu sumber penerimaan daerah dalam rangka pelaksanaan desentralisasi.
Pinjaman daerah Kota Semarang cukup banyak, dan sebagian besar berasal dari
Bank Dunia. Namun dalam proses pengembalian pinjaman-pinjaman tersebut
mengalami tunggakan yang tetap harus diselesaikan.
Konsekuensi melakukan pinjaman yaitu harus mampu mengembalikan
sesuai dengan perjanjian yang telah disepakati sebelumnya. Perlu adanya
penelitian di Kota Semarang mengenai kapasitas dalam pengembalian pinjaman
daerah yang telah dilakukan, yaitu dari segi kemampuan keuangan dan
kelembagaan, serta sumber daya manusia. Oleh karena itu, pertanyaan
penelitian yang diangkat dalam studi ini adalah: “Apa yang terjadi dengan
pinjaman daerah di Pemerintah Kota Semarang guna membiayai pembangunan
perkotaan?”. Studi ini dilakukan di Kota Semarang sebagai studi kasus.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kapasitas daerah Kota
Semarang dalam pengembalian pinjaman daerah guna membiayai pembangunan
perkotaan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu menggunakan analisis
deskriptif kualitatif yang didukung oleh data kuantitatif yaitu mengenai
kemampuan keuangan daerah dan kelembagaan serta sumber daya manusia yang
terlibat dalam pengelolaan pinjaman daerah.
Kesimpulan yang didapat dari hasil analisis adalah bahwa Kota
Semarang mempunyai kapasitas dalam hal pengembalian pinjaman daerah yang
ditunjukkan oleh nilai DSCR Kota Semarang selama sebelas tahun terakhir ratarata
sebesar 5,3. Sedangkan batas minimal yang ditetapkan berdasarkan PP No.
107 tahun 2000 adalah sebesar 2,5. Belum ada transparansi dalam pengelolaan
pinjaman, tetapi secara keseluruhan mekanisme dapat berjalan dengan baik.
Kapasitas sumber daya manusia yang terlibat dalam pengelolaan pinjaman
daerah tersebut cukup baik. Adanya tunggakan yang terjadi diindikasikan karena
kurang adanya kemauan dari Pemerintah Kota Semarang untuk memprioritaskan
pengembalian pinjaman yang jatuh tempo. Studi ini merekomendasikan kepada
Pemerintah Kota Semarang agar angsuran yang jatuh tempo diprioritaskan untuk
dianggarkan dalam APBD. Pembiayaan melalui pinjaman daerah sebaiknya
dipergunakan untuk kegiatan yang nantinya dapat menghasilkan penerimaan
agar tidak membebani APBD dalam pengembalian pinjaman daerah tersebut.
The implementation of the autonomy by the local government causes the
increasing of economy and development activities as well as the need of social
services facilities, whereas the local government has limited resources of finance.
Therefore another source of finance is absolutely needed and it can only be
obtained if the local government has the authority to have a loan as one of the
source of the regional income in implementing decentralization. The regional
loan of Semarang mainly comes from the World Bank. However there are
difficulties in the process of paying the loans.
The consequences of having the loan is return it back as mentioned in the
agreement. That is why it is necessary to conduct a research not only on the
capacity of the regional loan repayment from the financial and institution
abilities, but also on the human resources of Semarang municipality. Therefore,
the research question in this study is “What happened with the regional loan of
Semarang municipality in financing the urban development? This study is a case
study conducted in Semarang municipality.
Target of this research is to know capacities of Semarang municipality in
the regional loan repayment to financing urban development. Method of research
is use descriptive analysis qualitative supported by quantitative data that is
financial and institution abilities and also the human resources that concerned in
management of regional loan
The conclusion of the research shows that Semarang municipality has its
capacity in the loan repayment. The mean of Semarang DSCR for the last eleven
years is 5,3 by which the minimal DSCR-2,5-is based on PP No. 107 year 2000.
Transparency in loan management not yet there, but as a whole the ambulatory
mechanism better. The capacity of the human resources involved is eligible.
Regarding the incapability of the government to pay the loans which have already
been due is mainly because of lack of willingness from Semarang municipality to
pay them. This study recommends that Semarang Government needs to give first
priority to the loan repayment mentioned above by including it into APBD.
Concerning the financing of the development, it is essential that the government
should concentrate on the profitable development activities so that they will not
burden the APBD for the loan payment.
This paper aims at analyzing regional development in Brazil regarding its financial conditions. It departs from the features of the federalism and decentralization in Brazil, as well as the state and local expenditures. We intends to investigate the role of the federalism and decentralization after the recentralization of taxes and budget in Brazilian economy. Conclusions highlight the importance of financial sector as one of the influential aspects of regional imbalances in Brazil.
This paper estimates the contributions of the strength of fiscal decentralization and the local preferential policies to the difference performances of private enterprises with the data from Zhejiang and Shanxi provinces.Our main discoveries are: the local governments which are differentiated by fiscal decentralization have contributions to the performance of the local private enterprises,but not so remarkable as expected.In the transition of local government's policies,tax and financing policies are more important.This conclusion indicates that an efficient executive system which can guarantee the contracts between government and enterprises is more practical than the preferential policy itself.
A distributed conference key distribution system is introduced. The system utilizes secure multi-party computation scheme by virtue of Feldman's (t+1, n) VSS to perform the conference key computation such that a key can be obtained in a distributed fashion in which any key of servers is required to perform the computation. By runing the protocal, every honest user of a given conference can get a common key, even if a minority of servers malfunction or misbehave. This scheme does not rely on any unproven cryptographic assumptions or on the availability of any tamper -proof hardware. By using zero knowledge proof, any corrupted information and incorrect results can be detected. And by distributing the sensitive security information across several servers and never reconstructing and key at a single location, the compromise of a few servers will not compromise the privacy of any key. The scheme is implemented in a distributed environment. By conducting a number of experiments in the fault-free case and various fault scenarios, it is shown that the scheme is practicable and efficient.
By applying the secret sharing system and the zero knowledge proof protocol,this paper presents a new time constraint delegation of the decryption scheme based on trust agent platforms,which solves the problem that the accessed peer cannot offer instant data when it is offline.This scheme carries out encryption and decryption by using ElGamal cryptography.It defines the delegating-agents protocol,the produce of the delegation-key protocol and the decryption protocol,thus implementing the cheat-resisted and quorum controlled time constraint delegation of decryption.And the new scheme is supplemented to settle the problems of the key being renewed dynamically,the agent being added or deleted and the agent's information being maintained.Compared with the previous time constraint delegation of the decryption scheme,it improves security,flexibility and efficiency.
This paper points out the importance of protecting the main key. Because the conventional methods can do nothing about the flaws at all, this thesis puts forward the arithmetic of synthesized main key, which is based on the organic combination between the intrusion tolerance technology and the group zero-knowledge proof of the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). Through the share servers, the main key can be protected safely and validated without leaked information. Furthermore the system can work sequentially after being attacked. And this thesis strictly proves its correctness of the arithmetic by the means of the mathematics, and also reveals that this tactic effectively solves the problem of safely protecting the main key.
The paper analyzes the capital financing behavior of Hongdu Aviation Industrial Shareholding Co.,Ltd and finds out that the company has made much headway in the reform of its capital financing structure. Meanwhile, the author diagnoses Hongdu Aviation’s strong partiality for equity capital financing and lack of debt capital financing, low capital profitability and efficiency of capital utilization. Hence, the author suggests that the company decentralize its equity to big proportions, promotes the circulation of its property right and increases debt capital for its sustainable, fast and healthy development.
One of the most important challenges the Unified Health System (SUS) faces is its financing scheme. Despite the relevance of this issue, few epidemiological studies include financial information in the framework that explains the level of health of a given population. The study now presented is a contribution to the better understanding of the relationship between health conditions of Brazilian municipalities and financing
aspects of the health sector. The study used the data base of the Information System on Health Public Budgets (SIOPS). SIOPS was first operated in 1999 and, in January 2005, its coverage reached 93% (5,195) of the 5,561 Brazilian municipalities, gathering their
information for the year 2002. Its main goal is to gather and organize information on total revenues and on expenses with public actions and services in health. It also supplies health authorities and the society in general with relevant information for planning and following up of public expenses in health, in accordance to the laws that regulate de Constitutional principles of SUS (Law nr. 8.080/90 and Law nr. 8.142/90). As the constitutionally determined decentralization progressed, municipalities have been taking on bigger responsibilities and participation in the composition of the total health expense. The monitoring of health expenses at the municipal level has become essential for the implementation of SUS. This is the object of the study we now present in two articles. The first is a validation of SIOPS, which compare its data with two other sources that have national coverage: the National Health Found and the National Treasury. It was done by using intra-class correlation for the years 2001 and 2002. Most of the variables registered in SIOPS presented a high degree of matching with other sources, which increased between 2001 and 2002.
The second article presents a multi-varied classification that used the following types of data: socio-demographic (education, access to sewage disposal system), epidemiological (children hospitalization rates due to respiratory infection and isquemic heart disease), primary health care and financial (total health expense, intergovernmental transfers share in the total health expense). The classification was applied to 2,922 municipalities that presented all of the above information. The six covariables non-correlated were selected by means of the analysis of main components.
For the multi-varied classification, the algorithm k-means was used, generating four different classes, as follows: class A – the largest one, with 1,387 municipalities with the lowest level of average per capita health spending and the highest dependency level on intergovernmental transfers; class B, with 496 municipalities, with small increase from the spending per capita and small difference on dependence for area of health in
relation to the class “A”, however presenting bigger hospitalization rate due to respiratory infection and better socio-demographic indicators; and classes “C” and “D”, that present better health and socio-demographic indicators, differ from the other classes in the total health expense levels, sufficient superiors in the last one. The spatial distribution of these classes indicates a division related to poverty, but with great variability.
The use of SIOPS will bring about a new way of analyzing health status and the health system, and it may be used for planning, for managing and for monitoring, by society in general, of the public health budgets, including at the municipal level. Furthermore, despite the fact that the system is already available, its more extensive and continuous usage will contribute for the process of improving information quality.
A central concern of this research has been to understand more about how and why organisations change. My initial research question posed was: What is 'strategy', how does it emerge in health care organisations and how can I influence its development? This is explored within the context of my field of practice as a Director of Nursing in a National Health Service (NHS) Trust. I have approached this enquiry through using a methodology known as emergent exploration of experience (Stacey et al., 2003). This methodology is informed by insights from Complexity Science and the theories of complex responsive processes of relating. What emerged through the enquiry were a number of key areas of concern related to national healthcare strategy and the management of risk within my NHS trust. The findings from this research radically challenge the way we are practising together in my organisation in moving from the position of locating accountability for mistakes with either the individual or the system. Instead it is suggested that, as part of our ongoing process of interaction, we co-create what others are describing as a 'system' through our participation with each other. Accepting the notion of co-creation requires us to examine very carefully the influence of our own participation in the dangerous situations that arise in our everyday work, and to acknowledge our own accountability for what emerges. I am proposing that this makes a new contribution to knowledge in this field for two reasons. First, because it explores for what I believe to be the first time the validity of the theory of complex responsive processes in the discourse of risk management in health care. I am proposing that this theory has a legitimate contribution to make in this field of practice, that is worthy of further enquiry and research. Second, in making this shift to a perspective that understands accountability for error as something that we co-create in groups, my thesis poses a radical challenge to many of the activities that are traditionally undertaken when mistakes occur in organisations. Specifically, I have questioned the usefulness of approaches that seek remedies through focusing on individuals outside the context of the group and those that focus on re-engineering what other authors refer to as the 'whole system'. I offer an alternative through describing examples in my narrative of a different approach grounded in the research methodology of emergent exploration of experience. This focuses on the micro-interactions between participants in groups as a way of understanding the transformation of practice .I am arguing that such transformation may not always be an improvement, because we cannot always accurately predict the outcomes of our actions in advance. This perspective therefore also challenges the assumption made by some authors in this field, who believe it is possible to 'human-proof' systems and thus guarantee ‘zero defects'. In seeking an answer to my research question I have therefore moved from understanding strategy as a vision for the future that can be planned and implemented by a few powerful individuals whom others follow to a different understanding. I now see strategy as an emergent phenomenon arising from micro-interactions between people in the present – hence we co-construct our future as the actions we take in the present. From this perspective I have argued we all have the potential to influence what is emerging through our actions, for which we are constantly held to account, through both our inner dialogue with ourselves and our conversations with each other.
Francisco Sagasti, Keith Bezanson, Fernando José La Calle Prada
The previous chapter has outlined an international development system defined by continuous transformation and by growing complexity. Its institutional architecture, constructed in an earlier era when international aid policies were a straightforward matter of project identification, financing and management, has evolved into a dense and at times almost impenetrable forest of development assistance organizations. The demands on these organizations have expanded in a virtually exponential manner such that today they are challenged to operate simultaneously at global, regional and grassroots levels; to function in new and ever-expanding partnership arrangements with decentralized authorities, the private sector, bilateral, multilateral and NGO agencies; to decentralize and increase operational strengths ‘on the ground’, while simultaneously reducing operating expenses and administrative costs; and to embrace and operationalize a myriad of often incompatible or conflicting priorities. Many are simultaneously criticized for ‘mission creep’ and urged to assume larger roles in new areas and respond to a greater variety of concerns. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Based on the zero -knowledge proofs and the computational difficulty of computing discrete logarithms, a dynamic multiple secrets sharing scheme is proposed in this paper.It can easily identify the cheaters of all shareholders,effectively solve the renewal and reuse problems,and easily and freely accept a new participant or fire a participant.The scheme is of simple structure,high security and small computational complexity.And the amount of data to be kept secret and transferred is very small.So the scheme is relatively efficient and practical.