Narendra Kunapareddy, Parsa Mirhaji, David Richards, S. Ward Casscells
Although the decentralized and autonomous implementation of health information systems has made it possible to extend the reach of surveillance systems to a variety of contextually disparate domains, public health use of data from these systems is not primarily anticipated. The Semantic Web has been proposed to address both representational and semantic heterogeneity in distributed and collaborative environments. We introduce a semantic approach for the integration of health data using the Resource Definition Framework (RDF) and the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) developed by the Semantic Web community.
M. Georgoudakis, Christos Alexakos, Αθανάσιος Καλογεράς, John Gialelis · 5 authors
This paper presents a distributed system architecture that is based on the prominent industrial standard ANSI / ISA-95 and utilizes ontologies and web services in an attempt to address the challenge of interoperability in the industrial enterprise environment in an efficient way. Work presented in this paper is partly financed by the PABADIS'PROMISE project framework (FP6-IST-016649). This paper proposes an agent-based approach, which assisted by an appropriate ontology attempts to match the properties of information agents and the generic requirements of the industrial automation domain in order to address automation information handling problems. The novelty of the approach lies in the utilization of ontological descriptions of the resources and the processes invoked by intelligent agents, while it couples production - related processes with shop floor equipment via standard Device Description Language, avoiding ad-hoc implementations. The benefits of this approach are optimal interoperability among the agents and adaptability in dealing with considerable changes in the industrial environment. Although ontological description of resources is hardly a new concept, the problem associated with this approach is the ad hoc methodology of description usually followed which renders the ontology to a dictionary usable only within the boundaries of the enterprise, thus of limited interoperability. The proposed framework is based on emerging web technologies such as Web Services, Ontology Web Language (OWL) and JADE (Java Agent Development Framework) agent platform while it introduces the following features: - ANSI / ISA 95 (2) based ontology implementation is used in order to model knowledge within the industrial environment domain.
Only for the recipients of foreign aid is something akin to central planning seen as a way to achieve prosperity. The end of poverty is achieved with free markets and democracy—where decentralized “searchers” look for ways to meet individual needs—not Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) to achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The PRSPs and MDGs create lots of bureaucracy but hold no one specific agency in foreign aid accountable for any one specific task. Planners in foreign aid use the old failed models of the past—the “Financing Gap”, the “poverty trap”, the government-to-government aid model; and the “expenditures = outcomes” mentality. Searchers in foreign aid would imitate the feedback and accountability of markets and democracy to provide goods and services to individuals until homegrown markets and democracy end poverty in the society as a whole. An example of the more promising “searchers” approach in foreign aid is 2006 Nobel Peace Laureate Mohammad Yunus and Grameen Bank.
Access Control is an important mechanism of information security. Role-Based Access Control is a famous access control approach with good flexibility. RBAC96 and ARBAC97 are classical RBAC models. The ARBAC97 model facilitates decentralized administration of RBAC. However, ARBAC97 has some shortcomings in the case of being used in an organization with autonomous subsidiaries. The member of an administrative role can operate directly in the role range of a junior administrative role, which violates the autonomy of subsidiaries. We propose a new model named N-RBAC to overcome this weakness. In N-RBAC, roles are arranged according to a hierarchical namespace structure. Thus the role hierarchy is constructed in a local space instead of in a global space. The N-RBAC model does a better work in decentralized role administration in those organizations composed of autonomous subsidiaries.
While many countries struggle to control malaria, four countries, Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Vietnam, have successfully reduced malaria burden. To determine what led these countries to achieve impact, published and unpublished reports were reviewed and selected program and partner staff were interviewed to identify common factors that contributed to these successes. Common success factors included conducive country conditions, a targeted technical approach using a package of effective tools, data-driven decision-making, active leadership at all levels of government, involvement of communities, decentralized implementation and control of finances, skilled technical and managerial capacity at national and sub-national levels, hands-on technical and programmatic support from partner agencies, and sufficient and flexible financing. All these factors were essential in achieving success. If the goals of Roll Back Malaria are to be achieved, governments and their partners must take the lessons learned from these program successes and apply them in other affected countries.
We show that federalism will lead to higher economic growth. We present a model of endogenous growth where government services, funded by income and capital taxes, are a component of production. In this model a decentralized government will choose tax policy to maximize economic growth, while a centralized government will not do so. Furthermore, these conclusions hold regardless of whether the government is beholden to a median voter or is a rent-maximizing Leviathan. However, a decentralized government will under- provide a consumptive public good. Finally, we show our results are robust to imperfect capital mobility between districts and in such a model that districts with a lower total factor productivity will choose a more growth-enhancing tax policy.
Xu Wang, Yang Ji, Xiaosheng Tang, Yinong Li · 5 authors
Our objective is to build a distributed terminal system to provide smart, context-aware, rich-experienced applications upon personal environment networking technologies, such as WLAN, IEEE 802.15.3 series, ZigBee, Bluetooth, etc. For the proliferation of smart devices with autonomous applications, the users can get much more service experiences than before. While smart devices facilitate human operation, the coordination of devices through networks may provide applications proactively by gathering much more service context, which indicates the emergence of the pervasive computing age. Hence, we proposed the distributed terminal system for the cooperating of smart devices. In this paper, we analyzed the organization architecture of universal service terminal (UST), the distributed terminal system proposed by us before. In UST project, we have abstracted and encapsulated the capabilities of devices as servers for remote invocation by applications, moreover, the framework functionalities have been introduced for the organization of the distributed system. Though the architecture of UST has been validated feasible in a demonstration, the centralized control mechanisms in the heterogeneous environment are inefficient and unreliable. Thus, we propose an evolved scheme by introducing decentralized mechanisms in this paper. The devices around the user are organized in an overlay peer-to-peer network, and some powerful nodes of them provide the decentralized mechanisms for resource management, service discovery, etc
A zero-knowledge proof scheme of identity authentication based on ElGamal digital signature is proposed,across zero-knowledge proof and smart card technology,we authenticate the user's identity efficiently and secretly.The scheme is secure under the assumption of the intractability of logarithm problems and the random oracle model.
Digital signature is used to assure the data integrity,confidentiality and non-repudiation of the document being transmitted over the network.The combination of XML and digital signature is superior to traditional digital signature.This paper discusses a scheme of XML digital signature.This scheme is based on zero-knowledge proof,and is implemented by Java.It describes how to sign and verify a XML document with the digital signature scheme.
Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services
Advanced Database Systems and Queries
Advanced Computational Techniques and Applications
The RFID tag offers a viable and powerful replacement for barcodes.The challenge in providing security for low cost RFID tags is that they are computationally weak devices,unable to perform even basic symmetrickey cryptographic operations.In this paper,the risk of security in RFID technology is discussed,so the authentication protocol is very necessary.However,there are some disadvantages in the two types of authentication protocols which are widely used at present.An authentication protocol based on zero knowledge proof which is suitable for RFID technology is put forward,and its validity and performance is analyzed.
F. Pedraja-Chaparro, Javier Salinas‐Jiménez, Javier Suárez Pandiello
Summarizing twenty five years of Spanish local public finance is not an easy task. In 1978, the new democratic Constitution completely changed the face of public administration in Spain . Until then, and apart from some minor, unsuccessful attempts at decentralization during the Second Republic in the early thirties of the last century, the model of governance was based on a pure version of Napoleonic centralism. Nevertheless, the decentralization process initiated by the Constitution gave the regional governments (that is, created ex novo) a leading role. The aim of this process was to provide the regions with growing competences and responsibilities in relation to expenditure assignments, and to a lesser extent, in revenue assignments. This new tier of government received major political and administrative support while local jurisdictions remained in the background from which they are, however, presently showing signs of emerging.
This chapter provides an overview of the key issues in public economics arising from the process of territorial decentralization that has taken place in Spain since the restoration of democracy and ratification of the Constitution of 1978, which resulted in the emergence of the “ Autonomic State ”. The first section of this chapter focuses on the assignment of competencies between central and regional levels of government and explains in detail the methodology used to quantify the “effective cost” of the services devolved to the Autonomous Communities (hereinafter ACs). We have paid special attention to health services, which are the most significant item for regional budgets in quantitative terms. The second section deals with revenue assignment and describes the two systems established to finance regional expenditures. These two systems are the “ordinary system” (régimen común), which is applied in the majority of the ACs, and the “charter system” (régimen foral), which is based on the historical rights accorded to the Basque Country and Navarre . The last section gives an appraisal of the decentralization process and notes some emerging issues of debate.
There is increasing interest in fiscal decentralization in Peru as a mechanism to generate more involved decision-making at the subnational level. This is tempered with a continuing emphasis on overall fiscal stability. However, considerable work needs to be undertaken to define more clearly expenditure responsibilities and financing mechanisms that increase local accountability. In addition, a more transparent fiscal transfer system is needed, together with clarity in expenditure management at all levels of government. The paper suggests that a substantial work agenda is needed to extend the decentralization process with greater transparency.
NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) bolsa de valores Stock Exchange, stock market bombo nm hype n bonificación nf bonus n, discount n, weighting n bonificación recibida al concluir un seguro terminal bonus bonista nmf bondholder n bono nm bond n, debenture n, voucher n bono amortizable redeemable bond bono de fidelidad fidelity bond bono no garantizado unsecured bond bono sin intereses fiat bond bonos de financiación funding bonds bonos municipales municipal bonds bonos del Tesoro gilts bono de yen yen bond boom nm boom n boom económico economic boom borrador nm draft n botar vb (LAm) dismiss vb botar del trabajo dismiss from job, axe* botín nm spoils npl brecha nf gap n brevedad nf brevity n a su mayor brevedad posible at your earliest convenience británico adj British adj bruto adj before tax adj, gross adj buque nm ship n en buque ex ship buque de carga freighter buque mercante merchant ship burocracia nf bureaucracy n, red tape n burócrata nmf bureaucrat n burocrático adj bureaucratic adj buscar vb seek vb buscar trabajo look for work cabeza nf head n a la cabeza de at the head of cabina, casilla; caseta (LAm) nf booth n, cabin n cabina de teléfonos telephone box, telephone booth (US) CAD (diseño asistido por ordenador) nm CAD (computer-aided or assisted design) abbr cadena nf chain n cadena hotelera hotel chain cadena de minoristas retail chain cadena de montaje assembly line, production line cadena de producción production line cadena de tiendas chain of shops caducado, vencido; perimido (LAm) adj out of date adj caducar vb expire vb caducidad nf expiry n, obsolescence n, termination n, expiration (US) caer vb (market) weaken vb caer en desuso fall into abeyance caer en picado slump vb caída nf (of economy) collapse n caída bursátil collapse on stock market caída repentina slump n caído adj fallen adj caído en desuso obsolete caja nf cash desk n caja de ahorros savings bank cajero nm cajero automático automatic cash dispenser/machine, cashpoint cajero, -era nm,f cashier n cajero de banco teller cajero jefe chief cashier calculadora nf calculator n calcular vb assess vb, calculate vb, estimate vb, measure vb calcular el coste de un trabajo, calcular el costo de un trabajo (LAm) cost a job cálculo nm assessment n, calculation n, estimate n calendario nm timescale n, calendar n calidad nf quality n de baja calidad shoddy* de calidad superior high-grade en mi calidad de presidente in my capacity as chairman calificación nf (LAm) qualification n, bond n calificado adj (LAm) qualified adj calificar vb label vb cámara nf camera n, chamber n Cámara de Comercio Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce cámara de compensation clearing house cambiar vb (market) turn vb, (money) change vb cambiar de domicilio change address cambiar impresiones compare notes cambiar radicalmente reverse cambio, vuelto; vueltas (LAm) nm, nm; nfpl (from purchase) change n, bureau de change n, foreign exchange dealings npl, shift n, swap n, turnabout n a cambio in return cambio comprador buying price cambio favorable favourable exchange cambio de futuros futures exchange cambio de moneda extranjera foreign exchange cambista nmf exchange broker n, foreign exchange dealer n, money trader n camino nm route n, way n campaña nf campaign n campaña dirigida a targeted campaign campaña de publicidad advertising campaign campaña publicitaria advertising campaign, publicity campaign campaña de reclutamiento recruitment campaign campaña de ventas sales campaign campo nm countryside n campo editorial publishing campo de trabajo working area cancelación nf cancellation n cancelar vb (contract) repudiate vb, liquidate vb, rescind vb, withdraw vb, cancel vb, write off vb candidate, -ata nm,f (for job) candidate n nominee n candidatura, postulación (LAm) nf nomination n canje nm swap n canjear vb swap vb cantidad nf amount n, quantity n, volume n capacidad nf ability n, volume n capacidad de almacenaje storage capacity capacidad de almacenamiento storage capacity capacidad excesiva excess capacity capacidad de ganar dinero earning capacity/power capacidad industrial industrial capacity capacidad de memoria memory capacity capacidad de negociación negotiating skills capacidad de pago creditworthiness capacidad de producción manufacturing capacity capacidad de rendimiento earning capacity capacidad no utilizada idle capacity capacitación nf train ing n capacitación avanzada advanced training capacitado, calificado; capacitado (LAm) adj qualified adj, skilled (LAm) adj capacitar vb (staff) train vb, authorize vb capataz nmf foreman/forewoman n capaz adj able adj, capable adj capaz de realizar cálculos aritméticos elementales numerate cápita nf per cápita per capita, per head capital nm capital n capital certificado registered capital capital circulante capital funds, trading capital, working capital capital desembolsado paid-up capital capital disponible capital assets capitales de fuga flight capital capital de especulación risk capital capital de explotación trading capital capital fijo fixed capital capital inicial initial capital capital invertido invested capital capital a largo plazo long-term capital capital limitado limited capital capital líquido liquid capital capital nominal nominal assets, registered capital capital operativo capital funds, working capital capital de puesta en marcha start-up capital capital de riesgo venture capital, risk capital capital social equity capital, share capital capital de vendedor, -ora vendor capital capitalismo nm capitalism n capitalista nmf backer n, capitalist n capitalizar vb capitalize vb captación nf gaining n, raising n captación de datos data capture carácter nm character n caracteres pequeños small type carácter numérico numeric character carestía nf scarcity n, high cost n carga nf bulk cargo n, cargo n, freight n, load n (consignment) shipment n, charge n carga aérea air freight carga a granel bulk cargo carga paletizada, mercaderías empaletizadas (LAm) palletized freight cargas fiscales taxation carga de trabajo workload carga útil (of vehicle) payload cargamento nm cargo n cargar vb (account) debit vb, charge vb, load vb cargar algo charge for sth cargar algo a una cuenta charge sth to an account cargar un ordenador, cargar una computadora (LAm) boot a computer cargo nm debit n, office n, official n altos cargos top management cargo de administrador trusteeship carguero nm cargo ship n carguero de graneles bulk carrier caridad nf charity n carné nm card n, permit n carné de identidad identity card carnero, -era nm,f (LAm) (worker) scab* n carpeta nf file n, folder n carrera nf career n, course n carretera nf road n, highway n por carretera by road carta nf letter n carta certificada, carta registrada; carta recomendada (LAm) registered letter carta de crédito letter of credit carta de crédito irrevocable irrevocable letter of credit carta de crédito revocable revocable letter of credit carta de recomendación letter of introduction carta de solicitud letter of application carta verde, permiso de residencia y trabajo (LAm) green card cartel nm cartel n (advertising) poster n cartera nf briefcase n, portfolio n, wallet n cartera de cartera de valores portfolio cartera de valores en foreign exchange cartera de valores foreign nf n, n de cambio bureau de change house de la moneda nm n caseta (LAm) nf n, n, booth (LAm) n de la de la (LAm) nm n nf n, quality n de vb vb abbr abbr vb vb en vb vb una a nm n -ora nm,f n de nf telephone n de (LAm) nf n vb vb nm n, (US) n de almacenaje y de de costo (LAm) cost de York de training computer nm n, n adj adj vb vb, vb una cuenta an account una a un a a a certificado nm n certificado de of certificado de el de certificado de certificado de of certificado de of certificado de vb vb, vb adj (LAm) adj, adj nf (LAm) n, n nm n n, n, termination n, termination of n nf n, n por el de la a un of nm,f n nf n de la de de (LAm) of nm n nm n nf n vb (LAm) vb nm n, (US) n bank draft en no en exchange sin at de (US) por de a for the amount of de (US) vb (LAm) vb nf n adj (LAm) adj, adj, adj nm n económico economic nm n por per nfpl npl nm n por per nm n de una of a (LAm) (of seguro y abbr nf n, n de de ventas sales nf tape n tape nf n, n en in en la en la carretera (LAm) road nf n n n nf n a vb vb (LAm) nf n, n nf n de nf n, n credit nf n de de de de de de (US) de de nm,f n, n, n de la nf n, n, n adj adj nf n a plazo del seguro adj adj vb charge vb, vb por algo charge for sth de un cash a charge una a el a charge a charge de a nm (of n, n por cancelación cancellation charge a la on abbr en de al de cash on of adj adj, adj nm nm de tax (US) de of nm n de de de de (LAm) of de nm n, n nf (LAm) n vb (LAm) vb vb vb, vb vb nf n de line (US) vb vb nmf n, n (LAm) vb vb nf (LAm) nm n nf n de de de nm n, n adj adj, adj (LAm) adj adj (LAm) nf n de futuros futures vb market vb, vb -era (LAm) nm,f dealer n, merchant n, trader n al por mayor vb vb as nm n, n, n, n, trading (US) n de equity trading de foreign de futuros futures trading al por mayor al por retail retail retail el the de foreign adj adj nm n vb vb un a nm n, n nf n, n, n, n, n de y abbr de de de y nmf broker n, n, broker n nm n de de -era nm,f n de trabajo nf n (US) de crédito limited line en un registered de de de por house adj adj vb share vb share the adj adj nf compensation n, n por vb vb, vb por for nf n, n, n, qualification n, of npl extranjera foreign de market -ora nm,f n vb vb a nf n adj adj adj adj adj nm (LAm) (US) nm n adj adj nf n, n, n una a de buying a sin del de -ora nm,f n, n comprador de vb vb, vb algo sth at a high price algo a crédito sth on credit en in bulk a granel in bulk su a out algo al por mayor sth algo a sth by algo de sth nf buying n nf n nf n nm voucher n (LAm) vb vb vb vb vb vb, vb nm n, n, n, n, n (LAm) nm computer n adj adj en nf n nm n, n a la vb vb, vb la to nf n del y del abbr vb una a en compensation un permiso (US) un a nm n, n no vb vb, vb una una (LAm) an nf n n de nm,f n, n, dealer n concluir vb vb, vb nf n, n vb vb (LAm) nm, nf n nf n de of de crédito credit de pago of de trabajo working de of de nf n del (LAm) nm n vb to turn on vb nf n en el adj (LAm) nf n de nf n vb vb adj (LAm) adj nf n de la adj adj nf n vb vb sin nf n, n, n de of vb vb, vb (LAm) nm n industrial industrial adj adj, adj a in nf n vb vb, vb nm n nm n, n adj adj nm n vb vb, vb a the of algo a a of sth adj nm,f de de (LAm) nm n de of de de of working y de computer nf n, n nf n vb vb, vb, vb, vb, vb, vb for money crédito credit -era nm,f n, n nm n, n de of de British de of de la de nm n, n vb vb vb vb nf (for n nf n, office n, n nf n, shipment n nf n vb vb nm n, n nf n, n nmf n nm n vb vb, look vb adj adj -ora nm,f n de management nf n, (US) n -ora nm,f n nm n nm n nf n, n management nmf n, n -ora (LAm) vb vb nm (LAm) adj adj, adj al for in cash (LAm) nm n vb vb, vb nm n (LAm) vb vb nf n en a su carta de in to your letter nm n automático vb vb vb vb nf n vb vb adj adj, adj a la nm n, n en in to nf a n, recruitment n de recruitment adj the vb vb, vb, vb, vb nmf n, n, n de la de por carretera nm n de de (LAm) en de futuros futures a plazo fijo de de de trabajo vb vb nf n (LAm) tax vb vb, vb nmf n nm n de de calidad quality de crédito credit de exchange de stock (US) de de de de producción production de (LAm) -ora nm,f n air vb vb adj adj nm n, n, n de de cambio exchange clearing de al vb vb nf n ventas sales nf n al vb vb, vb vb vb, una a nf n, n nf n de la vb vb nf n, n nf n nf n, n adj adj -ora nm,f broker n de (LAm) broker de broker de broker vb vb, vb nmf n, n, n (LAm) registered certificado de por de by vb vb nf n vb vb, vb the on nm n adj adj al (LAm) nf n vb vb, (LAm) vb nf n adj adj plazo vb vb a nm,f n costo (LAm) nm cost n cost coste de capital capital cost coste de explotación cost coste cost coste cost coste cost coste cost de de (LAm) de de explotación fixed fiscales charge de la de de de of de coste cost coste de coste de cost coste costo por costo (LAm) cost coste de cost of nmf n nf price n, n de price de la bolsa stock exchange a la a la social (LAm) social nf n, in n nf n, n de job vb vb, vb, vb nm n n económico economic por crédito nm cash n, credit n, n, n crédito credit crédito en crédito crédito al credit crédito a la credit crédito foreign crédito fijo fixed credit crédito sin unsecured credit crédito credit crédito a largo plazo long-term credit crédito crédito (US) nf n, n nm n nf n economic nm n vb vb vb nm n adj adj, adj nf (LAm) n vb vb, vb nm n, n management calificación (LAm) nf qualification n qualification calificado; capacitado (LAm) adj qualified adj (worker) skilled adj adj adj adj adj as as en a as abbr nm n n (LAm) nm n n cuenta de ahorros account cuenta bank account cuenta account cuenta de caja de ahorros savings account cuenta account cuenta de crédito charge account cuenta de trading account cuenta de explotación trading account cuenta de de account cuenta account cuenta en account cuenta de y account por cuenta cuenta account por cuenta y riesgo del comprador at the risk the a a nf n, n nm n realizar de market nf n, n gross nm n cash adj adj, adj vb vb, out vb su el the nf n, n, share n, n, n, n de de (LAm) (LAm) de de market share nm n de de ventas sales nm n nm n (US) vb vb, vb nm course n de training course nf type n nm n, course n, n de de (LAm) (US) nf n de la de rendimiento vb vb nm n por to por el to in vb vb de account for de no cancel an su por write off por un la (LAm) turn nm n datos datos de data datos data nm n vb vb adj adj, adj a to a to a un to an vb (market) weaken vb nm debit n vb a vb nf n de de of vb vb sin en al en (LAm) write off nm n económico economic vb vb al de in the nf n tax adj adj vb vb nm n, n sin adj adj vb vb en algo a working of sth -ora nm,f n del nf n adj adj, adj nm n de la de of gap (LAm) nf n adj adj de abbr abbr vb vb, vb de nf n de nm,f n vb vb, out vb nm n, (US) n nf n, n de de a la in nmf n nf n industrial industrial nf n nf n, (LAm) n vb vb nm n de de Comercio y Board of de de (US) de (US) de de de de of (US) de de del Tesoro the (US) de (LAm) nm,f n, n vb vb nm,f n (LAm) nm, nf n, n, n, n en in bond (LAm) de a largo plazo nf n, n vb write vb vb vb, vb nf slump n nf n nm n n, n el a algo the of sth of el a algo the to sth de de of way a of el equity de de de de de de de de de nf n de nm n nf n vb vb nf n economic vb vb vb vb nm n vb vb, vb n, n, n económico economic career vb a vb vb vb nm n adj adj nm n adj (LAm) adj adj adj adj adj, adj nf n del de trabajo job nm n, discount n, n at a discount por quantity discount por pago al cash discount por volume discount nm n adj for adj nm n, n industrial (LAm) vb vb vb vb nm n (LAm) adj adj, adj, adj (LAm) the (LAm) nm, nf n (LAm) nm n gap nm n nm n vb vb nm n, n de (of adj adj, adj nf n, n, n tax vb vb vb vb, vb vb vb de nf n vb vb, vb adj idle adj, adj (LAm) the vb vb sin algo por sth nm office n de office de (LAm) office botar (LAm) vb dismiss vb, axe* vb, vb, vb, (US) vb a por de de of off nm n, n nm n, termination of n adj adj vb vb, vb nm shift n nm (of economy) collapse n adj adj vb vb vb nm,f n, n, n, n vb vb vb vb vb vb, vb el pago de un a vb vb, vb nf n, n tax a largo plazo fixed -ora nm,f n nf n vb vb, vb no intereses vb vb, vb, vb un a la el (LAm) vb nm n al (LAm) (LAm) bank (US) off work de nm n de nm n, n vb vb un a nf n de nf n nm (LAm) n adj adj nf n adj adj adj adj de vb vb nf n vb vb, vb el cargo from office nf npl adj adj, adj (LAm) nm (money) n, n (LAm) nm, nf cash n, money n dinero money dinero money dinero de fiat money dinero en (LAm) cash dinero money dinero money dinero en cash dinero en cash dinero money dinero a la money nm n a la de a la (LAm) nm,f of n nf n, n, n (of n management top management (LAm) sin address sales management management office hotelera hotel management de management line management por management by de office management address de management address registered address nm,f n adj adj, adj -ora nm,f n, n, n, n de banco bank de campo de head de de de la chief de (LAm) de area de vb head vb, vb, head of vb, vb un hotel a hotel a head for nm n nf n, n adj adj una a of -ora nm,f n vb vb nm n asistido por asistido por computadora (LAm) de nf n, n, n, n, n vb vb, vb vb vb adj adj vb vb, vb, vb nf n de to the de (LAm) nm n nm n nf n a nf n de -ora nm,f n dealer vb vb, vb nm n area nf n vb vb adj adj nm n de de vb vb, vb nf n de foreign foreign exchange nf (of n del market del trabajo of por vb vb vb adj adj, adj de (LAm) nm n de trabajo working (LAm) nm (US) n el de al the to the nf bank n, bank npl domicilio nm n domicilio social registered registered office vb vb de algo a working of sth nf n, n nf n de nm (LAm) n nm,f n, n de de nm n vb vb, vb a to por del trabajo, botar del trabajo (LAm) (US) nf n nf n n, savings npl avanzada advanced de market market de market de of (LAm) en de económico adj adj, adj, economic adj, adj nmf n nm abbr editorial nf publishing house n nm cash n, cash n nm n, n draft a la draft adj adj nf n adj adj nf abbr nm,f (LAm) n nf n, n de un vb vb, out vb nm,f n nm n, n vb vb, vb nm n, n trading tax nf n, n vb vb un un (LAm) a el a nf n de of de de producción of production nf n, n municipales adj adj vb vb nf n adj adj nf n nm n, n vb vb algo sth vb vb vb vb nm n vb vb nm n nf n nf n nf n, n de de share stock (US) vb vb vb, vb una an nm,f n, n de (LAm) de (LAm) bank de vb vb, vb, vb nm n, n trabajo (LAm) fijo vb vb nf n n, n, n, n trading venture de no de a house (US) foreign del market del market de de de de por carretera freight (US) de de carrier de adj adj, adj nm,f n, n (LAm) nm n vb head of vb nm,f n de vb out vb, an vb a algo charge sth vb vb de (LAm) nm, nf n, job n, n vb vb, on vb nm (LAm) nm n en de vb charge vb, vb vb vb nm n nf n adj adj nm n de una vb into vb vb vb nf n nm,f n nm n vb vb nf n nm n y nm vb vb, vb un vb vb, vb to nm n nf n (LAm) nm n, n de de mercaderías de de (LAm) for en a (LAm) into vb vb en a en en in the red en into nf n cash on a domicilio (US) en el vb vb, file vb, vb por de by nf n vb vb, an vb vb vb nm n, n vb vb, vb, vb por nm n, n, n shipment nf n, n vb vb el the nm n nm n vb vb nf n de cargas of nm computer n, n, n de de office de trabajo working de nf n vb a vb nf n nm n de cálculo de nf n a sin de timescale a nf n, n nf n vb vb, vb nf n, n, scarcity n, n vb vb vb vb, vb vb write vb a (LAm) type vb adj adj a adj nf n de de of de of nm n nm n (US) nm n nm n, n disponible en un for nf n nm,f n, n en capacitado (LAm) adj (worker) skilled adj vb vb nf n nm,f n vb vb, vb al vb vb on vb on vb on nm n nmf n nf n adj adj vb vb un a nm n, n nf n de de (LAm) adj adj nf n de la nm n, n de cuenta bank of account de bank nf n, n, n -ora nm,f n, n vb vb nf office n nm n nf n vb vb de a la cabeza de head en (LAm) out of work al a as in charge de algo sth in de for de in en in the red en en (LAm) out of work en en (LAm) on the nm n nf n vb estimate vb vb vb la production production nf n de in your nm stock n, (US) n en in stock nm market n nf n de de economic de de adj adj nm n vb vb nf n (LAm) vb vb, vb nm n, n, n económico economic de market market el work del trabajo work de nf n por in nf label n del price vb label vb nm n nm n nm n nf n nmf n nm n of the n nf n nm n adj n npl nf n nm n nf n adj adj vb vb, vb (LAm) nm n, assessment n, n de de trabajo job del rendimiento nm,f n vb assess vb nf n tax vb vb nf n adj adj vb vb de (LAm) nm, nf n vb vb, vb (LAm) nf of n nm n de financiación de adj adj, adj nm n de excess de de excess de excess vb vb nf n, n a una tax adj adj de nf (of n n vb vb, vb vb for vb, vb, on vb el a of the el pago de un in nf n, stock n (US) stock out of stock de ex stock stock de stock nm n, n nf n vb vb nf n, n del of economic industrial industrial del market en nf n del de (LAm) nm n, n -ora nm,f n, n vb vb un a vb vb nf n work vb vb nm,f n expiration nf expiry n, expiration (US) n vb vb explotación nf n, n adj adj -ora nm,f n vb vb, vb vb vb, vb nf n de capitales of capital de capital capital -ora nm,f n vb vb nf (of n n vb vb una an nf n vb vb vb vb un out a un a un a adj adj, foreign adj, adj adj adj nf n adj adj nf n adj adj adj foreign adj, adj a abbr on abbr nf n, n nf n, production n de por por computadora (LAm) en cadena line production en production adj adj, adj en in nmf n, n vb vb, vb adj de nf n nm n adj adj, adj nm n
Project delivery systems define the roles and responsibilities of the parties involved in a project. They also establish an execution framework in terms of sequencing of design, procurement, and construction. The decision made in the selection of a project delivery system for a project impacts all phases of execution of the project and greatly impacts the efficiency of project execution. Such decisions should be facilitated by thorough analysis. Structured, quantitative decision analysis processes have been shown to have several benefits over the simplistic, holistic, and informal processes that typically characterize subjective evaluations. However, a dearth of quantitative values of project delivery systems established and validated through research has invariably left project managers with no alternative than to make project delivery selection decisions on the basis of subjective evaluations. Development of the needed quantitative values for application in a decision analysis process would greatly enhance the quality of the decision-making process and provide a defensible rationale for selection of project delivery systems for capital projects. This paper presents research findings that provide the needed quantitative values in this area. Based on the quantitative values defined here, interested parties can develop and implement quantitative evaluation of project delivery alternatives to identify the optimal solution for a given project. Multicriteria decision analysis was found to be the suitable approach for a quantitative, analytical evaluation of project delivery systems. Consequently, the quantitative values presented in this paper were developed in accordance with the requirements of the multicriteria decision analysis technique known as simple multiattribute rating technique with swing weights (SMARTS). Utilizing the quantitative values presented here and applying the analysis technique of SMARTS, a decision support tool has been developed and validated for the Construction Industry Institute. The decision support tool is presently being utilized by member companies of the Construction Industry Institute that were privy to its development. With the presentation of the quantitative values in this paper, other parties interested in developing similar tools would benefit from the research results presented here.