In recent years the use of contracts, known as development agreements, to establish land use regulations has grown rapidly. Both municipalities and development interests have found it in their interests to support the increased use of these agreements. This article, however, suggests that the use of contract as a means of making land use decisions marks a key turning point in the evolution of land use regulation. The article examines the effects of such contracts on four sets of norms that underlie the current land use system. The article concludes that contracts have important effects on whether local governments comply with these norms in making land use decisions.
Why are bonus/promotion schemes so widely used in reality? Are they effective in alleviating incentive problems? For the standard agency model, this paper proposes an alternative solution to the classical solution in Holmström (1979). The advantages of our solution are that (1) it is a simple solution; (2) it is not based on the troublesome first-order approach; and (3) it is the first best. The disadvantage of our solution is that it imposes a boundary condition on the support of the distribution function. However, this boundary condition does have sensible economic interpretations and our optimal contract resembles the widely observed bonus/promotion scheme in reality. Hence, our solution shows the potential of a bonus/promotion scheme in resolving incentive problems.
A contract is generally understood to be a legal duty that is deliberately created by the obligor and the obligee. But that description misses many legal relationships that are similarly created and are essential to the institution of private ordering. Hohfeld referred to these non-duty relations as privileges, powers, and immunities. In ruling on their formation and legal effect, courts often mislabel these other relationships as “contracts” in order to apply borrowed contract doctrines, such as consideration. Courts fail, however, to rationalize the application of borrowed rules to such different relationships. This article proposes that the fiction be dropped and that all such privately created relations be recognized as being contracts. Contracts that create privileges, powers, and immunities merit the same judicial and theoretical attention that is given to contracts that create rights concerning their functions, formation, content, and enforcement. Existing contract rules and principles can then be adapted to all of the modes of private ordering by agreement.
In this paper we consider that a representative of a not so affluent rural household has three options. He (she) may join in a microfinance system operating on the basis of individual liability credit contract, or on the basis of joint liability loan contract through forming self-help group or may not participate in any type of microfinance system. This paper establishes that wealthier among the not so affluent rural household prefers to join microfinance system operating on the basis of individual liability loan contract, comparatively less wealthy prefers to join microfinance system operating on the basis of joint liability loan contract and ultra poor is less likely to join any type of microfinance system. This paper establishes that a household with high dependency ratio and higher intra-household decision making power of the head of the women of that household also influences the household to join microfinance system and in both the situations the probability of joining microfinance system operating on the basis of joint liability loan contract is slightly higher. It is also established that microfinance system fails to solve the ageing problem in rural areas because aged persons are less prone to join in any type of microfinance system.
Due to technological progress, recent performance is often more informative about future performance prospects than is older performance. We incorporate information decay in a career concern model in which performance depends on type and effort and contract renewal is based on the performance record. In contrast with the career concern literature (e.g. Lewis, 1986; RJE), contractors work harder when the project approaches renewal date and when their reputation is better. Productive investment are crowded out by window-dressing effort in late contract periods, but it is boosted in early periods. More frequent contract renewals strengthen reputational effects and result in improved performance if the relative cost of investment is low, but otherwise long-term contracts induce more effort. Our results are corroborated by some empirical studies showing that performance improves as the contract approaches renewal date.
I here argue that the same thought structure that underlies French contract law (contractual interpretation and contractual mistake) also underlies French social contract theory (Rousseau), whereas a different thought structure underlies both English contract law and English social contract theory (Hobbes and Locke). More specifically, I claim that, on the French side, facts and norms tend to be neatly delineated from one another and clear prevalence is given to the norms, whereas, on the English side, facts and norms tend to be interwoven within a clear prevalence of the factual. The immediate purpose of this argument is to show that the differences revealed through a comparative analysis of French and English law in fact are part of a larger pattern of difference between French and English ways of thinking. Less immediately, but no less importantly, the piece is meant to provide an example of comparative law operating as a self-standing academic discipline.
Contract design capabilities are extended in this paper by examining firms' differential abilities to implement appropriate framing in exchange contracts. Firms must first determine whether a prevention or promotion frame produces appropriate behavior for the task characteristics. Then, to implement this framing in task-specific clauses, they must align negotiators frames with those suggested by the task characteristics. This process is further complicated because firms must also align the framing of non-task clauses with the frame induced by the firm's own culture. Because this process is so complex, a firm that excels at implementing appropriate contract framing enjoys increased exchange success and sustained competitive advantage, as a result of this distinct contract design capability.
The origin of modern state is taxation.Tax state is a mixture of taxes in modern area which has the character of public price and non-profit-making,and democracy and rule-of-law of modern state.Tax state should be reflected in the aspects of public goal and national goal.If there is no tax state,the real state-ruled-of-law which takes economic liberty as its centre will be impossible.Tax state must build a structure which will complete the rule-of-law.Taking tax state's principle of legalism,egalitarian and human rights which stem from democracy of finance as a derivation,we should perfect the system of fiscal constitutionality,fiscal decentralization of authority and correlative procedures and set a basic boundary for the operation of tax state.
Private Equity Investment is a financial innovation under new economic situation, which highly contributes to the cultivation of multi-hierarchy capital market, the reduction of financial risk, and the promotion of hitech industry. However, Private Equity Investment develops very slowly in China, contrasting to the rapid growth of Chinese economy, making against the enhancement of power of capital allocation and decentralization of risk, making against industry innovation transition. It is no doubt of great significance that to fund in-depth analyses the Private Equity in the backdrop of China's current excess liquidity, financing pattern of inadequate optimization, and the capital market level is not rich, and other issues.
Health sector reforms emerged as a major focus in the 1990s covering a wide range of structural and institutional changes. The components of a fundamental health sector reform includes: decentralization of power and resources; improving function of national health ministries; improving the performance of civil service (and managers); broadening health financing mechanism; introducing managed competition; guaranteeing access, redressing equity and pro-poor orientation; as well as broadening ownership and impact. Nigeria’s overall health system performance was ranked 187th among the 191 Member States by the WHO in 2000. The issue of financing and user fees has implications for reproductive health services uptake.
Where maternal services are rendered free there was an increase in service uptake where the quality of the services that are being provided are guaranteed. Local authorities or communities should be allowed to set their priorities based on their peculiar needs and problems of their locality, but such should not go against the main objective of the health reform. The approach of “basket funding” should be continued to ensure quality monitoring and evaluation of the health system in general and assuring the quality of health related data.
Key words: Health sector reforms, Reproductive health, Health financing mechanism, Nigeria
The three South Caucasus countries have extensive alternative energy potential that they are not currently utilizing. Instead, outside powers have reinforced a focus on traditional sources of energy, particularly oil and gas. Current obstacles to developing the region's renewable energy potential include a lack of coherent policies and legislation, insufficient financing mechanisms, and the public's poor understanding of the benefits of renewable sources. Focusing on developing decentralized, environmentally-sustainable sources of energy could help alleviate poverty in rural areas and promote greater energy security.
Based on the county level data in Hebei province,from the point of view of fiscal decentralization,the paper analyzes factors influencing educational investment on rural primary schools.It chooses a series of indicators reflecting fiscal needs and fiscal capacity and researches the relevance among these indicators and the educational investment to rural primary schools.The paper also argues that fiscal transfer payment policy hasn't stimulated the educational investment in rural primary schools.Crowding-out effect is generated in primary educational financing in rural areas.And then it proposes some suggestions.
New offshore oil recourses that are developed are more difficult to drill and increase the requirements to the technology in the offshore industry. A relatively new technology is Managed Pressure Drilling where a choke topside is used to control the bottom hole pressure. The bottom hole pressure measurement is unreliable, which motivates the need for an observer. Different methods for estimation will be presented and compared in this thesis. Proofs of convergence are outlined for the Stamnes observer, derived for the Grip observer and some stepping stones for further work are presented for the Optimal Polynomial Filter. Each observer is simulated with a simple step in the mud pump to verify the estimation laws. The results show that all observes estimated the bottom hole pressure correctly for this simple case. A more realistic case, a pipe connection, is also simulated for each observer. The case includes zero flow from the mud pump, which reveals that all observers miss the estimation convergence in this case, but that the estimate converges when there is flow from the mud pump. One of the states that affects the bottom hole pressure is the pressure loss due to friction in drill string and annulus. Earlier work modeled these losses as quadratic with respect to the flow through the bit, which are simplifications. To improve the estimate of the bottom hole pressure, new and better friction models are needed. Measurement data from Gullfaks C are analyzed to get new knowledge of friction loss in the drilling string and annulus. For the drill string the quadratic friction model is found to be good enough, catching the main behavior. On the other hand, the friction loss in the annulus is a more complicated function of flow. The annulus friction is approximated with sets of basis functions and the weighted sum of these functions gives an approximation to the friction curve. Each weight is estimated to get the friction loss estimate. The use of the weighted sum of four 1st-order b-spline functions give a good approximation to the real friction curve, and the weight for each basis function is estimated. This is tested in simulations both with a simple case and the pipe connection case. The simulations show that the annulus friction loss and the bit pressure are estimated correctly.
Alessio Fioravanti, María Fernanda Cabrera-Umpiérrez, María Teresa Arredondo, Evangelos Bekiaris · 6 authors
GoodRoute is an R&D project, financed by the European commission in order to develop a decentralized system for minimum risk route calculation, re-routing, driver support, and enforcement. The article describes and discusses the outcomes of the final GoodRoute pilot tests, concerning the communication between the different modules involved in the use cases. An outlook is given on potential directions for further development, which are supposed to be important for a successful implementation of the system across Europe..
Management faculty exposed to a high level of deliverables from the higher education institutions or schools create an enormous work stress on them. Author feels improper handling of such work stress leads to many personal, physical, social, physiological and economical problems soon. The paper aims to understand the root cause of work stress, building of work stress and management of work stress so that the impact of work stress can be reduced to a minimal or zero level by the management fraternity. Thepaper exclusively deals with the work stress problems of management faculties who is a generalist and expected to do the specialist work assignment. The management faculties are different from the other subject faculties in terms of their working environment. The average age of such faculties throughout the globe is around 25 to 35 years. The expectations of deliverables from the management faculties in the view of stakeholders are very high. The proofs of many management practices are not available. The faculties find it difficult to assume many variables and explain the same to the students. The average knowledge level of the present well informed internet students are very high as compared to the faculty makes it more work stressful to the teachers. More over the subject of management is relatively very young in terms of teaching. The subject of management became an important teaching subject only after the Second World War (1939 to 1945) and industrial revolution. The management gurus themselves keep upgrading their concepts to make the subject more vibrant. In this framework the Author would like to examine the various aspects of work stress and its impact on the management faculties and how best it can be overcome.
This Research represent case study at Government of Town Batu with title Analyse Application of Budget Base On Performance to Monetary Performance of Local Government ( Case Study at Government of Town Batu ).” Target of this Research is to know performance of governmental finance of town Batu before and hereafter application of budget base on performance In this research, researcher use analyzer of ratio of finance of area to know performance finance of area that is (1) independence Ratio; (2) depending Ratio; (3) Ratio Decentralize fiscal; (4) Ratio Efektifitas; and (5) Efficiency Ratio. Result of calculation independence ratio before budget base on performance of equal to 5,73% from the mean of him, hereafter the budget base on performance 6,12% from the mean of him. Depending ratio of before budget base on performance of equal to 33,37% from the mean of him, here after the budget base on performance of equal to 28,03% from the mean of him. Ratio decentralize fiscal of before budget base on performance of equal to 6,45% from the mean of him, hereafter the budget base on performance of equal to 7,71% from the mean of him. ratio Efektifitas of before budget base on performance of equal to 103,77% from the mean of him, hereafter the budget base on performance of equal to 126,86% from the mean of him. Efficiency ratio of before budget base on performance of equal to 3,86% from the mean of him, hereafter the budget base on performance of equal to 2,45% from the mean of him. From result of inferential above ratio analysis that performance of governmental finance of town Batu before and hereafter the budget base on performance can be told good enough because PAD experience of improvement is although followed constructively from central government and reaching of goals of acceptance PAD. Pursuant to description of is above, researcher suggest better to Government of Town Batu improve its performance conductedly is and ekstensifikasi intens ification to area Iease and retribution to lessen depending to outside party, and maintain efektifitas efficiency and in managing finance
The functions of French educational administration which involved education legislation and policies,education finance,educational supervision and assessment,education forecast and planning,education and personnel take changes an adjustments with the strategic focus of social transfers and development of education.The characteristics of French educational administration comprise centralized system of organizations continuation and the decentralization trend,the combination of centralization of power and administrative staff,attaching importance to supervision,consideration and consultation.
The article covers the cultural policy of modern Italy. The author considers transformations of organizational structure of management in cultural heritage, investigates principles and major problems of area of culture financing. Objectives of cultural policy of Italy is a decentralization of management in the sphere of culture, democratization, as well as creating of effective mechanisms of state-private partnership, with a view of effective protection of national property maintenance.
The research do for knowed how level autonomy of finance regency/city in south borneo of time 2001-2007.
Device analysis that use in the research is tool analysis decentralization of degree fuscal (DF), fiscal need (FN), with do sums service public per capita index, fiscal capacity (FC), and tax effort with do sums elasticity coefficient PAD concerning PDRB. The indicators that used is: APBD, PDRB per capita, amount population of profince in south borneo, and amount regency/city. The measure of
level autonomy finance region is if analysis is high then a level autonomy of finance region more tall.
The yield for analysis decentralization of fiscal regency/city that tall in Tanah Bumbu regency in 2004 year with value contribution PAD 40,47 percent, for tax contribution is tall in Balangan regency with 14,56 percent. Service public index per capita regency/city in south borneo is tall in Tanah Bumbu regency with 22 percent. While for fiscal capacity regency/city in south borneo that tall is HSU regency with 19 percent in 2002 year. And coefficient of elasticity PAD concerning PDRB with price constant 0,67 and elasticity coefficient PAD
concerning PDRB with be valid price is 1,70.
Based on the value after do analysis, about a level autonomy of finance region in regency/city in south borneo (DF) that more tall ius Tanah Bumbu regency as hotels center and trading. And contribution of incest biggest in
Balangan regency. At least, the indicators autonomy beside regional government to center government is only more tall.
Upon realization of the public administration reform a big part of competences has been transferred to the level of local governments. Municipalities and territorial self-governing units can cope with this transfer differently depending on their size, own capabilities, but mainly depending on their economic strength. The one of the steps of public administration reform is fiscal decentralization. The aim of this graduation thesis is to show the process of fiscal decentralization as a part of the public administration reform, as well as to analyze its impact on the finances of local government. The theoretical part of the thesis analyzes theoretical bases of fiscal decentralization and explains a wider context of the proces of local government fiscal decentralization in Slovakia from the point of view of its progress, laws passed and the new way of providing the finances to municipalities and territorial self-governing units. The analysis of the impact of fiscal decentralization on management of local government is apply to management of the selected local governments of Liptovský Hradok and Liptovský Mikulas after the implementation of tax reforms which launched the process of new financing of local government with the aim to ensure their financial autonomy.
Nowadays it is widely accepted to formulate the security of a protocol carrying out a given task via the "trusted-party paradigm," where the protocol execution is compared with an ideal process where the outputs are computed by a trusted party that sees all the inputs. A protocol is said to securely carry out a given task if running the protocol with a realistic adversary amounts to "emulating" the ideal process with the appropriate trusted party. In the Universal Composability (UC) framework the program run by the trusted party is called an ideal functionality. While this simulation-based security formulation provides strong security guarantees, its usefulness is contingent on the properties and correct specification of the ideal functionality, which, as demonstrated in recent years by the coexistence of complex, multiple functionalities for the same task as well as by their "unstable" nature, does not seem to be an easy task. In this paper we address this problem, by introducing a general methodology for the sound specification of ideal functionalities. First, we introduce the class of canonical ideal functionalities for a cryptographic task, which unifies the syntactic specification of a large class of cryptographic tasks under the same basic template functionality. Furthermore, this representation enables the isolation of the individual properties of a cryptographic task as separate members of the corresponding class. By endowing the class of canonical functionalities with an algebraic structure we are able to combine basic functionalities to a single final canonical functionality for a given task. Effectively, this puts forth a bottom-up approach for the specification of ideal functionalities: first one defines a set of basic constituent functionalities for the task at hand, and then combines them into a single ideal functionality taking advantage of the algebraic structure. In our framework, the constituent functionalities of a task can be derived either directly or, following a translation strategy we introduce, from existing game-based definitions; such definitions have in many cases captured desired individual properties of cryptographic tasks, albeit in less adversarial settings than universal composition. Our translation methodology entails a sequence of steps that derive a corresponding canonical functionality given a game-based definition. In this way, we obtain a well-defined mapping of game-based security properties to their corresponding UC counterparts. Finally, we demonstrate the power of our approach by applying our methodology to a variety of basic cryptographic tasks, including commitments, digital signatures, zero-knowledge proofs, and oblivious transfer. While in some cases our derived canonical functionalities are equivalent to existing formulations, thus attesting to the validity of our approach, in others they differ, enabling us to "debug" previous definitions and pinpoint their shortcomings.
This paper present an alternative scheme to key escrow scheme which allows probabilistic law enforcement access to reveal the encrypted communications. Namely, key escrow authority can reveal the information between communication parties partially. Our scheme allows law enforcement access with probability p for each message. The scheme in this paper is basically the complemented scheme of Mihir Bellare and Ronald L. Rivest [2], and combine a publicly verifiable encryption technique and translucent cryptography based on non-interactive fractional oblivious transfer. This protocol allows such access with probability for each message, for a parameter between 0 and 1, which should be chosen to provide an appropriate balance between concerns for individual privacy and the need for such law enforcement access by government. This paper induct a set of distributed key escrow authorities(DEA). The scheme is based on the El-Gamal encryption, a proof scheme of knowledge of common exponent in publicly verifiable El-Gamal public-key encryption, and a set of distributed escrow authorities. In session key recovery phase by DEA, use only partial parameters from each key escrow authorities required for session key recovery that have been passed through zero-knowledge(ZK) interactive proof protocol. The scheme allows both the law enforcement access with probability and DEA to recover the session key used to encrypt communication by User A.