Blockchain Papers

Laicheng Cao, Liang Lei

No abstract is available for this record.

Herbert Gintis

No abstract is available for this record.

Germain Hodonou

The world progresses. The health systems of OCDE make some reforms in order to satisfy efficaciously the needs of health of their populations. Fifteen systems are studied. The contries are classified in three systems: the national health system, the liberal health system and the insurance sickness system. Spain and Denmark belong to first group. The United states and Switzerland are in the second group. France and Germany are in the insurance sickness system. The national health system is essentially a state-sponsored mechanism. As for the insurance sickness system, it is financed above all with compulsory contributions from salaries. Nevertheless, this system is more and more financed from taxes. The national health plan and policies present the characteristics of health system. The decentralization marks a part of health systems: Denmark, Spain contrary to France. The priciples of new public management are the main examples forthe reforms. Their target is the cost containment in equity an for quality of cares. The decentralization of the health system, competition, denationalization, making subject to tax are the principal ways to improve the systems. The results of reforms are positive in Denmark and Spain for example. That is why, we propose the decentralization health system in France with competition between the regions. This competition will look after by public powers; otherwise, about hospital reforms, we evoke the contributions of the Economy of conventions to their financing and organization.

XU Shu-min

DAA scheme in the TCG specification is based on CL signature,which is also combined by group signature and zero knowledge proof techniques to prove the direct anonymous attestation,and its security is based on the decomposition of large numbers.With the increasement of computer performance and the development of cryptography,the problem based on integer factorization problem is likely to be attacked,the corresponding DAA scheme has become no longer safety.But the algorithm based on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm and the prime on the discrete logarithm (double discrete logarithm) can use a shorter key,achieve higher security.Based on double discrete logarithm algorithm,this article designed a new DAA scheme.Demonstrated by analyzing solution,this new DAA scheme could not only meet the requirements of direct anonymous attestation,but also could make the implementation efficiency of the scheme consistent with the original one,while improved its security greatly.

Shuge Wang

To address the problem that the common authentication mechanism is not applicable to the P2P network system model with anonymous communication requirements.This paper,based on the improvement of the Diffle-Hellman key agreement protocol and the combination of the RSA digital signatures agreements and zero-knowledge proof GQ agreement,proposes a new token-based services authentication mechanism to identify the nodes in P2P anonymous communication systems.This mechanism,with the premise of guaranteeing various general characteristics of P2P anonymous communication system and introduction of the trusted third party node into P2P anonymous communication system,implements anonymous control and behavior management of various communication nodes in P2P anonymous communication system.It could resist the threat of various common networks attack and realize effective authentication of P2P anonymous communication system,thus improving the security management ability of P2P anonymous communication system.

Shundong Li

With the secret distribution of a publicly verifiable secret sharing accomplished,k old participants take the place of the dealer to distribute new shares to new participants when the dealer is off-line and new participants want to share the secret. This paper presents a more general (k,n+t) scheme transformed from the (k,n) scheme based on the publicly verifiable secret sharing scheme and non-interactive zero-knowledge proof when t(t≥1) new participants attach to the scheme. The (k,n+t) secret sharing scheme is publicly verifiable with the access structure and the former shares unchanged. Comparison with conventional publicly verifiable secret sharing schemes with enrollment ability shows that the (k,n+t) scheme flexibly allows multiple new participants to share the secret and reduces the public parameters and computational complexity.

Obsa Tolesa Daba

This study explored decentralization and rural community participation in primary education in three woredas in Horro Gudurru Wollaga Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The study has illustrated how communities participate in their local schools and examined the successes and challenges in the implementation process. The main fieldwork was conducted in July and August 2009. Qualitative research approach was applied and focus group interview, qualitative interview, documents and field observation were used for data collection. The study majorly involved 24 informants that include woreda education officers, headmasters, Kebelle Education and Training Boards, Parent Teacher Associations and community members. \n\nThe study investigated that the decentralization in education has improved community participation in education. This has improved access and equity in education, sense of community ownership and school level disciplinary problems. Despite these encouraging outcomes, the implementation of decentralization and community participation in education is suffering from many challenges. Poverty in the community and fluctuation in households’ income were found to affect community capacity to finance schools. The block grant fund for schools was inadequate. Schools have no adequate infrastructure and the existing ones were intended to fix problems quickly and hence are of low quality. The PTA and KETB lack basic knowledge and experience for the position and were not succeeded in performing their functions effectively. These bodies have also limited power over control of teachers and performance of headmasters. Further, there is inequality between localities and weak relationship between actors and sectors. \n\nGenerally, the decentralization of education and community participation has brought great change in the way a school is financed, but little change in the way a school is managed and educational quality is improved. Hence, the decentralization of education is serving as a tool for lessening state responsibility for provision of education. Moreover, the lack of necessary resource and trained manpower at the local level are potential challenges for the successful implimetation of the decentralization of education and the promotion of community participation and hence for local educational development.

Rong Wang

This paper does an empirical study on the impact of decentralized school finance and personnel management system on the rural compulsory education quality with the method of hierarchical linear model and the data of Rural Compulsory Education Survey launched by China's Education Finance Research Institute in 2007.Results show that the decentralized personnel management system has a statistically significant positive effect on the education quality,but the decentralized school finance system has a statistically mixed effect on the education quality.In order to improve the quality of rural compulsory education and advance the reform of the new guarantee mechanism of education funds in the middle and east regions,rural primary and secondary schools should be given certain autonomy to use funds and meanwhile,the monitoring mechanisms for the process of the use of public funds in schools should be improved and strengthened.And the decentralized system of personnel management of teachers should be implemented and certain degree of autonomy of personnel management of teachers should be given to principals in rural schools.

Magdalena Lažová

L'objectif de la thse "L'influence de l'impact de la décentralisation belge sur le statut et les pouvoirs des communes wallonnes" est de présenter la politique locale la Région wallonne et souligner la nature de changement sous l'influence du processus de décentralisation. Elle suit le développement de la législation concerneé aux niveaux central et régional au cours de la transformation de la structure de l'Etat unitaire en fédération. La thse représente des unité fédérales et l`Union des villes et communes de Wallonie qui tant que leur représentant devrait faire les pas promouvoir leurs intérts. Ensuite, le document présente les autorités municipales et les aspects importants touchant l'influence de la communauté - son financement, la supervision ou bien la tutelle de l'exécution de la décision municipale, les facons de la coopration des communes et le secteur privé. et des modes de prestation de services. L` analyse de la composition actuelle du Parlement wallon était fait en vue d'identifier la cohérence personnelle entre les politiques communautaire et régionales. La thse ensuite présente un questionnaire lancé pour recevoir les commentaires de leurs propres dirigeants politiques locaux. Ce travail pose la question si les pouvoirs des municipalités en raison du processus de décentralisation ont changé...

Direk Patmasiriwat

This paper is part ofa research program supported by the Health Research Institute for Health Security, with the objectives to monitor and evaluate the efficiency of health subdistrict offices in Thailand. Cost efficiency was empirically investigated based on primary surveyed data comprising 246 units operated in 12 provinces. First, descriptive statistics related to outputs (4 variables) and cost (3 variables inclusive of wages and salaries, compensation to officers, and operating expenses) are presented and discussed. All revenue and expense figures refer to fiscal year 2008. Two types of efficiency models (namely SCF and DEA) based an the input-orientation approach were applied to estimate the efficiency scores. We found that 45 units lied on the cost frontier and that represented 18 percent of the total units; in most cases, efficiency scores (DEA, VRS assumption) ranged from 0.60 to 0.75 and averaged to 0.69-implying that there was an ample room for cost-saving, specifically 31 percent, ifoutput slack or excess input were eliminated thus implying the scope for management improvement. Our estimates should be considered preliminary and an in-depth investigation needs to be taken in order further to understand the special circumstances and uncontrollable factors that might have affected the higher cost to those units, but our models failed to take note. The last section discusses policy implications and the health decentralization program in Thailand, which is a topic of policy interest. Improving the efficiency ofpublic agencies and effective public service delivery are among the goals of Thailand's public sector reform. Over the past decade, devolution of responsibilites from central agencies to local govemment units have fairly succeeded in areas of public infrastructure and social welfare-but have been less successful in primary education, public health, and environmental regulation. The transfer of the health subdistrict office is high on the national agenda, and the National Decentralization Committee strongly endorses this connection, it is important to disseminate information related to health subdistrict management, budgeting, and financing to the public, especially local administrators.

Xilin Tang

A novel fair and efficient divisible E-Cash system based on the schnorr blind signature and non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs is proposed in this paper.In this system,both discrete logarithm and collision-resistance Hash function are used in the computation of divisible E-Cash.It contains the C value which defines the security.C can only be C1or be obtained by associated by C1and C2,where C1 is able to disclose the users' ID when over-spending happened.Moreover,the combination of and can realized owner tracing and coin tracing through the cooperation of B and T more easily.The scheme can also realize overspending tracing and over-deposit user,furthermore,it can limit the power of T,avoid the possibility of the association guilt between B and T.

Pla Information, Pla N

For most present threshold signature schemes,sub-sign member can not sign a message anonymously or theirs anonymity is very weak.To improve their anonymity,a strong anonymity (n,t) threshold signature scheme based on DAA (Direct Anonymous Attestation),which is adopted by Trusted Computing Group v1.2 specifications,is proposed.Compared with the others,the scheme colligates DAA,zero-knowledge proof and Feldman verifiable secret sharing technique to achieve untraceable sub-sign and insure strong anonymity of signers,even the verifier and the dealer are colluded.Besides strong anonymity,analysis shows the scheme also has the property of unforgeable share,verifiable sub-sign,and robustness etc.It can be used in the situations which desire high-level anonymity such as anonymous voting.

Haifeng Qian

In recent years, the studies of blind signatures achieved a lot of results, but there still are many problems. Boneh and Boyen gave a new signature, derived the blind signature scheme from their idea. This paper first gave a blind signature without random oracles, with this property, the scheme was secure in standard model. Then, used common reference string to do non-interactive zero knowledge proof, made the blind signature into only two moves to achieve round optimal, and the concurrency operation of blind signature could be reach by this. For the algorithm is simple and not complicated, the blind signature is more efficient than the existing secure blind signature schemes,so save transmission bandwidth and improves transfer efficiency.

Jianmin Liu

The parent-subsidiary enterprise finance control pattern appears to be the continual dynamical equilibrium between the centralization and the decentralization,but in essence it is.the financial control intrinsic mechanism match in the dynamic process.The modern parent-subsidiary enterprise finance control featuring the department hierarchy is characterized by the mechanism in which the non-authority control mechanism replace the authority control mechanism,a basic form of control.Moreover,such a phenomenon should be looked as the remedying mechanism to replace the authority control with the non-authority control when the former is insufficient due to the failure of the department hierarchy and therefore is an improvement on the authority control.,which can determine the effectiveness of the financial control.

Haiping Xue

This paper does an empirical study on the impact of decentralized school management system on the student's math achievement in rural compulsory education with the method of hierarchical linear model and the data of Rural Compulsory Education Survey launched by China's Education Finance Research Institute in 2007.Results show that the decentralized personnel management system has a statistically significant positive effect on the student's math achievement,but the decentralized school finance system has a statistically mixed effect on the student's math achievement.Based on the above conclusion,this paper proposes the following policy recommendations to improve the quality of math teaching in the compulsory education in mid-east china and advance the implementation of the reform of New Mechanism: giving the autonomy of the use of certain expenses and personnel management for teachers to principals in rural primary and secondary schools,and strengthening the monitoring mechanisms for the process of the use of public expenses in schools.

Jiang Yan

Ad-hoc networks are formed in haphazard manner.Because of its dynamical topology,centralized authentication cannot be used(i.e.a public key infrastructure cannot be used).Ad-hoc networks are similar to peer-to-peer networks at the logical level.It seems that peer-to-peer technology can help solving the authentication problem in the Ad-hoc networks.In the essay,a cryptographically secure representation of trust based on secure groups(i.e.troops) is put forward.RSA accumulators are used to construct the troops in a distributed manner,and the troop-membership is verified by using the zero-knowledge proof of modular exponentiation.This trust model is not centrally controlled and can be deployed incrementally in the network.

Endre Bangerter, Jan Camenisch, Stephan Krenn

Ecient zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge for group ho- momorphisms are essential for numerous systems in applied cryptogra- phy. Especially, -protocols for proving knowledge of discrete logarithms in known and hidden order groups are of prime importance. Yet, while these proofs can be performed very eciently within groups of known order, for hidden order groups the respective proofs are far less ecient. This paper shows strong evidence that this eciency gap cannot be bridged. Namely, whilst there are ecient protocols allowing a prover to cheat only with negligibly small probability in the case of known or- der groups, we provide strong evidence that for hidden order groups this probability is bounded below by 1=2 for all ecient -protocols not using common reference strings or the like. We prove our results for a comprehensive class of -protocols in the generic group model, and further strengthen them by investigating cer- tain instantiations in the plain model.

Marius Masri

ABSTRACT Local autonomy and fiscal decentralization policies are aimed to reduce fiscal disparity among areas, to provide better and efficient public goods and services, and to make the government keep in touch with their people. The main instrument of fiscal decentralization policy is fund transfer policy to region that consists of Dana Bagi Daerah (DBD), Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU), and Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK). Fund transfer to region will influence the APBD. The local government expenditure changes in form of expansion or contraction will influence the amount of money outstanding and price stabilization. Price stabilization is one of development goals, both nationally and regionally. Price stability is viewed from inflation. Inflation by demand side is caused by government expenditures. This study focused on the effects of local government expenditure on regional inflation in NTT. The method used in this study is data panel that include twelve Kabupaten/Cities to describe regional inflation behavior. Observation data covers 2001‐2008 periods. The data was regressed by fixed effects model (FEM), using Eviews and SPSS software package. This study examines the influences of regional fiscal policy variables namely employees expenditure, operating expenditure, capital expenditure, and fiscal decentralization reform on inflation. The results show that employees expenditure and operating expenditure hare positive and significant influences on inflation at α = 5%, whereas capital expenditure and fiscal decentralization reform has positive and significant influence on inflation at α = 1%. Government expenditure can affect inflation, therefore, the author suggests that government expenditure prioritized on public interests such as capital expenditure and investment that can improve goods and services output to maintain price stability, are used to finance government employees’ and operating last for government programs. Keywords: Inflation, employees’ expenditure, operating expenditure, capital expenditure, fiscal decentralization reform ABSTRAKSI Kebijakan otonomi daerah dan desentralisasi fiskal bertujuan untuk mengurangi kesenjangan fiskal antara daerah, menyediakan barang dan jasa publik yang lebih baik dan lebih efisien, serta mendekatkan pemerintah dengan rakyat. Instrumen utama kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal adalah kebijakan transfer dana ke daerah, yang terdiri atas dana perimbangan dan dana otonomi khusus. Dana perimbangan tersebut terdiri atas Dana Bagi Hasil (DBH), Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU), dan Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK). Transfer dana ke daerah akan mempengaruhi APBD. Perubahan belanja pemerintah daerah bersifat ekspasif atau kontraksi mempengaruhi jumlah uang beredar dan stabilitas harga. Stabilitas harga merupakan salah satu sasaran pembangunan, baik secara nasional maupun secara regional. Stabilitas harga dilihat dari inflasi. Inflasi karena tarikan permintaan disebabkan oleh pengeluaran pemerintah. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada pengaruh belanja pemerintah daerah terhadap inflasi regional di Provinsi NTT. Metode yang digunakan adalah panel data, mencakup duabelas Kabupaten/Kota untuk menggambarkan perilaku inflasi regional. Data observasi meliputi periode tahun 2001‐2008. Data diregresi dengan menggunakan fixed effects model (FEM), dengan mengunakan alat bantuan software Eviews 6 dan SPSS 17. Tujuan yang dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah menganalisis seberapa besar pengaruh variabel‐variabel kebijakan fiskal regional yakni belanja pegawai, belanja operasional, belanja modal, dan reformasi desentralisasi fiskal terhadap inflasi. Hasil perhitungan diperoleh, belanja pegawai dan belanja operasional berpengaruh positif dan signifikan pada α =5% terhadap inflasi, sedangkan belanja modal dan dummy reformasi desentralisasi fiskal berpengaruh positif dan signifikan pada α 1% terhadap inflasi. Belanja pemerintah dapat mempengaruhi inflasi, sehingga peneliti menyarankan agar belanja pemerintah diprioritaskan untuk kepentingan publik seperti belanja modal atau investasi karena dapat meningkatkan output barang dan jasa sehingga dapat menjaga stabiltas harga. Sedangkan belanja pegawai dan belanja operasional digunakan untuk kepentingan operasional kegiatan dan program pemerintah. Kata kunci: inflasi, belanja pegawai, belanja operasional, belanja modal, dan reformasi desentralisasi fiskal.

Jianwei Chen

The result of empirical analysis based on county-level data showed that after therevenue-sharing-schemereform in 1994,the origin of county-level compulsory education expenditure shortage in china is not only question of the money,is mainly insufficiency of county-level expenditure incentives.the reason of this result above is,under unique administration centralization and financial decentralization system in China,for need of their own achievements promote,the county-level government would give priority to arrangement for limited financial resources finance to expanding population to guarantee social stability,to capital construction investment which help promote economic growth,thus has occupied educational outlay.Simultaneously,it was discovered that difference of substitution degree of these two disbursements to county-level compulsory education expenditure of eastern middle and west part of china is obvious.In addition,due to lack of intervention mechanism,based on financial difficulties of counties and townships,the increasing of finance transfer payment simply of higher authority has had negative drive to county-level compulsory education expenditure.

Dan Ciuriak

No abstract is available for this record.

Manfred Novak, Bettina Perthold-Stoitzner

Since the UOG (= Universitätsorganisationsgesetz, i.e. the University Organisations and Studies Act) of 1993 the Austrian universities have been increasingly seen to remodel themselves as independent »educational enterprises«. This progress based on the deregulation and decentralization of university procedural parameters reached its temporary culmination with the transformation of the universities into entities with complete independent legal status which took place in accordance with the UG (= Universitätsgesetz, i.e. Universities Act) of 2002. The abiding function of the state as a protector and furthermore, a financer of the universities has led to a relationship between the state, society and the universities based on academic achievement and responsibility. It must be added that the legislative intention of creating independent sites of academic research and teaching have increasingly been forced to take economic principles of commercial enterprise into consideration. The last step, up until now, in the intended all embracing »cultural change« within the universities came into being with the University Organisation Amendment Act of 2009 which contains a radical amendment to the legal situation which was valid until then. This change in the basic guidelines has played an essential part in the change of emphasis within the executive bodies of the universities, in a tendentious weakening of the democratically elected senate, an intensification of direct and indirect influence on the business of the university as well as to the relativization of the traditionally free university entrance in Austria. Developments that do not always seem to create an appropriate balance between academic freedom, state responsibility and social requirements.

HE Yuan-yu

Digital signature always attracts much attention.At present,more and more types of digital signatures,such as identity-based digital signature,proxy digital signature,strong digital signature.This paper describes two proxy digital signature protocols based on discrete logarithm.And based on these,an identity-based proxy digital signature protocol is proposed,which integrates the knowledge of zero-knowledge proof while adds the human biological characteristics to ID-based signature.Thus this ID-baded proxy digital signature protocol is more resistant to network Trojans and zombie attacks,this means it has the properties of smart cards.

Amar Bhidé

Our prosperity requires the enterprise of innumerable individuals and businesses who exercise their imagination and judgment-and bear responsibility for outcomes. And it is through dialogue and relationships that widespread enterprise is fostered, not merely prices in anonymous markets. Yet modern finance blatantly neglects these necessary elements for enterprise, and the dynamism of the real economy is stifled. For the last several decades finance has become increasingly centralized, distanced, and mechanistic. Instead of thousands of lending officers making judgments about borrowers who they know, credit decisions are the output of the models of a few Wall Street wizards and credit agencies whose mistakes have widespread, sometimes disastrous consequences. A Call for Judgment explains in a clear way how bad theories and mis-regulation have caused this dangerous divergence between the real economy and finance. Bhide accessibly lays out how so-called advances in modern finance helped mass-produce toxic products, based on backward-looking, top-down models that have no place in today's dynamic and decentralized world. Thanks to excessively tight securities laws and loose banking laws, anonymous transactions have displaced relationship-based finance. Returning to relationships and case-by-case judgment requires at a minimum tough rules that limit banks-and all deposit taking institutions-to basic lending and nothing else. Financing the Venturesome Economy is essential reading for anyone interested bringing the economy back to a point at which decisions can be made that foster organic economic growth without the potentially disastrous risks currently accepted by modern finance.

Philip Vogel, Christoph Weber

Small decentralized power generation units (DG) are politically promoted because of their potential to reduce GHG‐emissions and the existing dependency on fossil fuels. A long term goal of this promotion should be the creation of a level playing field for DG and conventional power generation. Due to the impact of DG on the electricity grid infrastructure, future regulation should consider the costs and benefits of the integration of decentralized energy generation units. Without an adequate consideration, the overall costs of the electricity generation system will be unnecessarily high. The present paper analyses, based on detailed modelling of decentralized demand and supply as well as of the overall system, the marginal costs or savings resulting from decentralized production. Thereby particular focus is laid on taking adequately into account the stochasticity both of energy demand and energy supply. An efficient grid pricing system should then remunerate long‐term grid cost savings to operators of decentralized energy production or/and charge long‐term additional grid costs to these operators. With detailed models of decentralized demand and supply as well as the overall system, the marginal costs or savings resulting from decentralized production are determined and their dependency on characteristics of the grid and of the decentralized supply are discussed.