Financial decentralization, along with financial globalization, are currently two of the phenomena that concern professionals involved in reforming the local government finance and accounting systems, that are trying hard to become a language of communication for those interested in knowing the position and financial performance of local communities in Romania, as well as internationally. To meet the need of informing the taxpayers interested in knowing the methods of incorporation and usage of resources, of training financial creditors in administering their capacity for repaying any loans, as well as all the interest parties (including central government), local communities have turned to instruments they have at hand: budget and accounting.
In this study, local capacities for domestic water management in rural communities in Zamora, Michoacan, are shown. The recognition of these community experiences becomes important within the scope of discussion about reaches and limitations of centralization and decentralization of the water resource. Local capacities are analyzed through well-known components in community management, such as: government and administration, water distribution, operating personnel, vigilance and monitoring, accountability, self-financing ability, and social equity criteria. In organization of the community systems studied the following stand out: minimum bureaucracy, self-financing ability, and simple and timely rules for managing the water resource with a degree of social equity. These elements support the argument of the need for a greater legal recognition of self-managing capacities in rural communities for the integral and sustainable management of drinking water.
Mexican Socioeconomic and Environmental Dynamics
Water Resource Management and Quality
Environmental and Cultural Studies in Latin America and Beyond
INTRODUCTION We, the generation living in the early years of the 21st century, occupy a special position in human history, in that we have witnessed unprecedented and unparalleled growth in the understanding and knowledge about the world around us and life on this planet. While we bask in that glory, let us not forget that there are some important and large questions that remain embarrassingly unanswered. The most conspicuous of those questions is one that is central to the field of psychiatry - âWhat is the mind?â Nevertheless, psychiatrists have brazenly avoided or ignored this question due to a learned lack of enthusiasm, given the historical inability to achieve a consensus about anything pertaining to the mind. Not to mention the inevitable criticism and/or possible ostracism that relentlessly pursues anyone who takes a stand on this controversial issue. Psychiatrists did not just want to open that can of worms! We simply hoped that if we managed to keep the can closed, the worms would suffocate and die and we would never have to face that uncomfortable question again. We believed that just like we managed to evade the exact definition of mental illness, we would be similarly successful in evading the definition of the mind. However, in the last several decades, human life has transformed so much that we are now faced with a relatively new concept - mental health, which too remains to be defined. The list keeps growing and our silence has been deafening. While our understanding of the human brain, human behaviour, and neurosciences has grown exponentially, the task of describing or defining the mind has also become increasingly difficult. Our wilful indifference or tactical retreat from confronting these tough questions is not helping us, one bit. Increasingly, we are educating ourselves with an explanation that any definition of mind or mental health is not even a possibility, let alone plausibility. Let me highlight the importance of this issue by discussing the well-known, controversial, yet insightful Rosenhan experiment. THE ROSENHAN EXPERIMENT In 1973, American psychologist David L. Rosenhan published the findings of his controversial study, âOn being sane in insane placesâ in the journal Science, stirring up a lot of reactions and criticisms among the psychiatric community.[1] It was a two-part experiment exploring the consistency and validity of traditional methods of psychiatric diagnoses. For the first experiment, Rosenhan arranged a group of 8 normal individuals called âpseudopatientsâ who were known to have no psychological or psychiatric pathology. They included a psychology graduate student, 3 psychologists, a pediatrician, a psychiatrist, a painter and a housewife. Three of them were women and five of them men. Rosenhan was one among them. These pseudopatients appeared at 12 different psychiatric hospitals (11 university or state hospitals and 1 private hospital), reporting a false complaint of repeatedly hearing something such as âthudâ, or âhollowâ or âemptyâ and gaining secret admission. They used pseudonyms (false names) to feign their real identity. However, other than this fabricated complaint of auditory hallucination, no other and as would Rosenhan this experiment to if psychiatrists the pseudopatients with one fabricated as these were with the one who appeared at the private who was with of them were with and and at and to the study, these pseudopatients of the complaint admission. They the and the psychiatric hospitals and their was and as that no one was They were and and were also in the as being of them were as sane the They were which the knowledge of the They were with a of in to being insane of the of experiment to be known to the of a psychiatric which that such would not at their the the of the experiment. Rosenhan an with this them that would one or pseudopatients sane to their in the to secret admission. and were to on their of being a and the the were and of were as pseudopatients by at one were as pseudopatients by at one were by one and one other The of this of the experiment were than the first Rosenhan that no pseudopatients to this that these can be that traditional methods of of mental were of at and even one and one from and from In the first experiment, psychiatrists a false of a sane as would a is to the psychiatrists on the of by in a than a such as is given the of in a to the of and is to be than a of a In the of the experiment, the were of the of to false 1 to a of 1 and the mental was Rosenhan Rosenhan this in Science, with an open and we been than years this was we have an mental is by a of or of to from from the of the and the not to mention the and even the are by a of or consensus by a group of of mental are most by some of on a list of The lack of these mental is to be mental health, by of the of mental health to be from of mental on the other is as a or of a of psychological such as In as a and the last have these of mind and mental health in educating psychiatry and mental health and These are too and educating mental health who are any definition of mind or mental health them to psychiatric and them in a They are also to the and them of also to the The too much and of to of the field by Psychiatrists are also to to and the in about mind or mental health the is that psychiatrists and even the to that psychiatrists not any than the about the mind. are to the in also in the to mental health In our in defining the of our - the mind or the has not been We have to and experiment has us with a in the as psychiatrists to from were not to not to the of that and are a in our to mental not that experiment that can in be from one Rosenhan that the inability of the to the pseudopatients not have been the pseudopatients did not this the first were of a of on the their some not a or a to the up on the While most of the were by the that been in was some to that the was sane his The that the did not important the other in the psychiatric were to these pseudopatients as being While of insane a sane of sane psychiatrists not In experiment that insane than sane who were in the field of While by the pseudopatients other to psychiatric as Rosenhan that this was a was with a psychiatric is with that any of even if would like to on also to on the of this is that the psychiatrist, a any that was this or this The complaint of auditory by the pseudopatients the to the at a of mental if the psychiatrists been this or hearing this not would have to that complaint or at become of at some the if not the or at at the of the of was in mental illness, not mental is important that and and in psychiatry with mental health to mental and not the other to mental health, we would first have to which has been a concept of let us a at the and of the concept of the mind and has the understanding of the THE of the concept of the an and of the historical to the mind. years his of the by the and believed them to be which in to be known as of a of and the to among in this as the which believed was in the However, of The first was a of a which in was by and The was as the of the and of such as of the and on the other was to an that is in was to be in the and is the the The of was an of was called as the a that is and the of several to the mind. 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or The that of mental health be the is this is one there is a consensus about mental health - that no consensus is to we are in understanding that there are a lot of in mental we are too to that such be a The world is increasingly and is in one or the that are not are and living in the of have learned to with other the most have to their mental and to we as a that and we can the most to this in mental of mental health is as the of any of the mental in the and of or any that is the is health be a of such a concept the of The is to mental health not mental is to the to health is from the to For the to health and is different from the to or health be as an of Let us one - The of mental the of mental health, the of mental not the of mental is in the Rosenhan experiment the pseudopatients were as as the of and were with the on the concept of the would like to a concept of mental health as The of health in mental health is the by the health is a and concept The health of the is a The first is a of the of the health of the on the The is a of the of the health of the on The of the be mental health not is a mental health that a in the with the in can be by the of of the of to with of are or at not to and not is a mental health that a by to in the first and to in the is to not individuals due to the of the are relatively is a mental health that a by in the first to in the is to individuals to due to the of the the or not is a mental health that a by or most in the first with a in the on the such as to to and of mental illness, the The mental health concept is in the of at is not in the and not any group of by a as of mental of mental me on the of let me that the of health in the mental health concept is not the mind or as the world has known It is the as health is as a as a would that there is a mental health and mental and For a of a a or as mental such as in a of However, if mental health is to be a be that is simply a in the from to that and can be as It is to such from the concept that the mental health is as being the are on the a to the the from the a the is on to is with The has no of the there is a that to the to is or are the this would be such as and the other the has a the there is to the In such to their their to their which or not the is relatively to the than to to be the with not and and like health is a - which that the exact the mental health be is in such It is important to that a in one or mental health The would be are some in which the in to such as and The no or to be from other in which there is no or to such as However, the not and from their to the and the and the not the the to would be from the to The is just one of a group of be in a The the of mental health is to that the to mental health to the mental health of the The to the would be as the mental health the mental health is if the is by the as the are the to a would be to the these are not the is The now - the would be to if the is or not or the the is the is with the to mental the is not the would be to his or with the to mental if the is the would be to first the to with an to mental this concept of mental health is to in the It is not to by any For this concept of mental health be used to if were or or if of a or are than an is as mental health to the of not have a has been the a the of and even The has which is the which an not be are to is as mental health we have not the of the of psychiatric We have also not the state of that - something that other has been to we the of our and psychiatrists to be called and to In to that of our we to to the psychiatrists are of and of methods of be to can such methods be if we have not the of our and the state of that a first have an to the as the - a concept that is different from other of the mind of these of the mind is the not not not the mind about that of the that and about from or not have used a different in psychiatric be is about the or that not have an by the of there is no with the or in that can be of a has a psychiatric or in the can be mental health and health to mental health can be also us to mental health just mental from an which is important our of mental around psychiatry are we have one at from the of the that is - a that has the in of is the the in psychiatry and Rosenhan has mental health this one is that and is For there is no and be given the is also no and are given the It is important to not just mental health, the of by the of in of psychiatry not be mental or not the of to the are and to be These are open to given the would in the and and/or of to mental health of the important would be to of the mental health and their can be as a concept by and which are and and in They in health can be as the of the about to with human and his or and are to as as at not to as as the of of in the and the
Positive financial policy always goes along with unbalanced economic structure in China.It is easy to follow the simple logic and make the judgment that large-scale public investment construction may aggravate structural imbalance and threaten sustainable economic growth while maintaining rapid economic growth.Based on research of Chinese practice,intrinsic investment impulsion of local authority indeed strengthens the imbalance of economic structure under specific decentralization system of China.But as a policy tool,public investment doesn't have positive connection with the transition of economic structure.However,under the control of finance decentralization and other institutional factors,excessive growth of public investment and economic aggregate has remarkable inhibitory effect on transition of economic structure.Therefore,moderate economic growth and investment increase will benefit the transition of economic structure.
Using provincial panel data for central China during 1985-2008,this paper empirically investigates into the impact of financial development on economic growth by fixed effect model.The study shows the central region's financial development hasn't become the driving factor of economic growth after fiscal decentralization reform.And the main reason for this can be attributed to the intervention of local governments,unreasonable structure and inefficiency of finance etc.
This contribution is aimed at comparing fiscal autonomy of self-governing units after fiscal decentralization in the Slovak republic. Evaluated and compared are budgets of selected Slovakian towns with the accent on the budget incomes creation. The contribution evaluates the level of self-financing as the share of own incomes to current expenditure, and also the level of self-sufficiency as the share of own incomes (including local taxes and fees) to total incomes.
Regional autonomy has greatly changed government system, vast and real
authority for localities to arrange, manage, and decide the development goal
compensated with fiscal decentralization, and it has given them with greater roles
in realizing good governance. The consequence of local autonomy concerns with
its the demand of development financing. The realization of the demand relates
to the effort of improving local income
Because of the authority decentralization of the collecting military funds,Local finance was gradually forming during the time of Xian Feng and Tong Zhi regimes in the late Qing Dynasty.Customs revenue,as an important source of the central finance,was also included in the financial unit in the centre of local government.This article selected three cases and tried to display various benefit disputes between customs of different provinces,such as the tax source division and taxation distributing.These benefit oppositions between customs of different provinces appeared a more relaxing tendency of fiscal relations between central and local governments in the new history circumstances.
Competitive government is bound to give birth to competitive finance,financial competition is a result of the competition as well as competition's means.With the increasingly financial decentralization,fiscal expenditure competition will gradually become a main intergovernmental financial means to compete.The problem is whether or not there is competition in the Chinese government.The paper bases on the criterion of convergence to measure the degree of competition among regions.
Aimed at the current problems exist in road construction in countryside,the article analyzes its cause,and proposes solutions such as decentralizing construction permit authority,expanding financing sources,enhancing quality responsibility,improving manage-ment ability,and ensuring farmers' benefit.This provides reference to solve problems during road construction in countryside.
In this thesis, we provide contributions to signature schemes and identi cation schemes in four di erent ways.\nFirst, we make contributions to universal designated veri er signatures. We propose the notion of a one-time universal designated veri er signature such that the number of veri ers verifying the signature is controlled by the signer. We also propose the notion of a universal designated veri er signature with threshold-signers such that the privacy and anonymity of the signer can be achieved.\nSecond, we propose a new notion called "policy-controlled signatures". In this notion, a policy-controlled signature can be veri ed by a veri er that satis es a policy assigned by a signer. We provide two extensions to this notion, which are "universal policy-controlled signatures" and "multi-level controlled signatures". Universal policy-controlled signatures allow a party called "a policy signer" to apply a policy on a signature on a particular message such that only a veri er that satis es this policy can verify this policy-controlled signature. In practice, some policies can be simply represented by a level of the security, for example, "POLICY= more than the fth level of security". From the above idea, a de nition of multi-level controlled signatures is introduced. It allows a signer to eliminate the unnecessary chain of attributes in the policy and simply assign the level of security as a policy instead. Hence, the size of the policy remains constant.\nNext, a new notion called "fair multi-signatures" is proposed. A multi-signature allows a group of parties to engage in an interactive protocol in order to generate a joint signature on an agreement. If all the signers follow the protocol honestly, then a multi-signature is generated and distributed fairly. However, if a dishonest signer refuses to complete his part in the protocol, but he has already obtained the other parties' contributions, then the honest signers cannot obtain a multi-signature and yet the dishonest signer can generate a multi-signature. Our notion of fair multisignatures ensures that if the protocol is completed, then every signer involved in the signing protocol can output a multi-signature. Meanwhile, if the protocol is not completed, then none of the signers involved in the signing protocol can output a multi-signature.\nFinally, in modern communications, the public becomes aware of privacy issues. Some identi cation systems provide privacy for users, especially those that are based on zero knowledge proof. However, a malicious user may take advantage of privacy to deny his malicious acts. Hence, we propose a new notion called "escrowed deniable identi cation schemes". In this notion, a trusted party is introduced to act as a transaction opener such that it can generate evidence of the conversation from the deniable transcript generated during the interaction between a prover and a veri er. In an identi cation scheme, the major concern about security is impersonation. The strongest type of attack against identi cation schemes is the reset attack. In this thesis, we provide an identity-based identi cation scheme secure against reset attack. We also provide proof of our scheme which is secure against reset attack in the standard model.
Through constructing and utilizing non-malleable,extractable,and weak simulation-sound trapdoor commitment schemes and corresponding smooth projective hash function familes,this paper proposes an efficient two-party password authenticated key exchange(PAKE) protocol within the universal composable(UC) framework,which is the optimal two-round PAKE protocol in this setting.Rigorous security proofs based on standard assumptions in the presence of static corruption adversary are then given out.Comparisons with previously proposed protocols show that,this protocol avoids the use of zero-knowledge protocols,and achieves a higher performance in terms of communication efficiency while attaining a comparable computational complexity.
In this thesis, we investigate the notion of privacy for signatures belonging tothe second type, i.e., those which provide privacy with respect to the signed message.
The first part of our work consists of one chapter in which one of the applications of blind signatures in on-line services and games is considered. In this way, we seek an ecient solution for a simple scenario in which a recipient can take a token from an issuer to be paid to an on-line service provider, without revealing anything about the service he intends to use.
The second part of the work considers the problem of formalizing the notion of convertible non-transferable signatures, which is addressed in two chapters. Here the notion of transferability refers to transferring the validity of a signature with respect to a given message by the recipient of the signature to a third party. The basic idea for constructing concrete schemes for such signatures is to build a scheme in which a signature can be valid with regard to any random message unless some piece of information is revealed. Non-transferable (sometimes also called private) signatures enable the signer or the recipient to decide who can verify the issued signature. It is possible to construct such signatures by computing a non-transferable signature using a non-transferable proof (in an interactive or non-interactive way) to prove its validity to the designated veri er. The concept of non-transferable signatures was introduced into cryptography by proposing undeniable signatures, in which after is- suing the signature nobody can verify it with regard to the signed message without the cooperation of the signer. This restriction of veri cation is the point of dierence between traditional signatures that are universally veri able and non-transferable signatures. The best-known examples of non-transferable signatures are undeniable signatures, designated con rmer signatures, directed signatures, universally desig- nated veri er signatures, nominative signatures, etc. In the rst three signatures, it is the signer who is interested in making the signature recognizable only to himself or some pre-chosen party, while in the last two it is the recipient who makes the signature private to himself or some known party chosen by himself. Each of these signatures has its own natural application scenarios. Although these signatures are dierent in both nature and application, almost all of them are built from the same basic primitives: zero-knowledge proofs and commitments.
The enactment of The act Number 22 / 1999, about The Local Government and The Act Number 25 / 1999, about The Balancing Financial between Central and Local Government, they have changed the centralization system to the decentralization in form of giving the regional autonomy, which it's real, broad and responsible. One of the impacts of that policy is The Local Government's fiscal decentralization (financing the regional autonomy), which it is authorities to collect the local tax and local retribution in order to financing public services in local region. Based on the argument, they important reviewed, such as: (a) how the basic concept of the local tax and retribution tax; ( b ) What is the legal basis of the local tax and retribution tax; and ( c ) how the implementation of local tax and local retribution. The basics concepts of local tax and local retribution, its essentially, should be able to provide local revenue in accordance with the degree of fiscal autonomy period and clearly had an impact on the fiscal responsibility of owned the relevant owned. The legal basics of tax collecting, such as The Article Number 23A of Undang-Undang Dasar 1945; The Article Number 7, Paragraph 4 of The Act Number 10 / 2004, about The Establishment, Regional Regulation; The implementation of the tax collecting have to based on the principles or system, which it is called â closed listâ. Kata kunci : Desentralisasi Fiskal, Pungutan Pajak Daerah, âClosed Listâ
The dissertation examines the political challenges of public utility reform through the analysis of urban water and sanitation services in Mexico. Decentralization of services to municipal governments was coupled with promotion of "market-based" policies in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the unpopularity of these policies provided political obstacles for mayors now charged with reforming the sector because many consumers were not accustomed to paying for water services. These policies--increased water prices, rigorous fee collection practices, and service suspension for non-payment--were political costs felt in the short-term, whereas the benefits of reform were long-term service improvements in water quality and quantity, reduced environmental pollution, and increased economic and social development. This problem of time inconsistency is a challenge even for pro-reform mayors because mayors in Mexico have a narrow window of time within which to enact policy. Mayoral administrations are three years long with no immediate re-election, and bureaucratic administrators follow the electoral cycle, which further exacerbates the challenge of long-term policymaking.Based on a comparative analysis of nine Mexican municipalities, I argue that mayors whose constituent base is primarily composed of middle and upper income consumers and business are more likely to reform because these groups are more able to pay short-term costs for long-term service improvements than the urban poor. With the support of a pro-reform mayor, reform is likely under two conditions: a) the presence of a water intensive industry and b) institutional support from the state government. Water intensive industry prioritizes improvement in service delivery, calculates costs based on the long run, and, further, has long-term financial and professional ties in the community. Water intensive industry is well positioned to support the policy process over time by participating in the leadership of the water utility board of directors. Also, water intensive industry can help offset the costs of reform because it pays more per cubic meter through a block tariff pricing scheme, a policy that subsidizes domestic consumers and helps to finance the reform agenda. Therefore, water intensive industry can lengthen the political problems of imposing costs in the short-term for mayors, lowering the costs to consumers before the long-term benefits of service improvements appear. Finally, state governments can provide legal, fiscal and technical resources that can help shorten the learning curve of incoming mayoral administrations. As such, state government can shorten the long-term planning of the reform process to make it more consistent with the shorter electoral cycle found at the municipal level. This research advances debates on policy adoption and implementation, highlighting the importance of political-business coalitional support as well as the role of inter-tier relations in maintaining policies over time.
The Constituency Development Fund (CDP) is a devolved or decentralized fund which is given to the constituency for the improvement of the livelihoods of those living in the area. The purpose of this study was to investigate determinants of delay in completion of CDP financed classrooms in public schools in Butere Constituency-Kenya. The research objectives were established to assess the influence of CDP management teams' capacity on completion ofCDP financed classrooms in PSB, evaluate the extent to which capacity of Contractors influences completion of CDP financed classrooms in PSB, examine the extent to which procurement process influences completion of CDP financed classrooms in PSB and to explore the extent to which popular participation influences completion of CDP financed classrooms in PSB. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to provide the researcher with background information on causes and effects of delays globally in the construction industry. \n \nThe study was anchored on theory of constraints which is an overall management philosophy introduced by Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt in 1984. In methodology, research design for the study was descriptive design. Target population for the study was 75 CDP financed classrooms in PSB. To select an appropriate sample size, simple random probability sampling without replacement and purposeful non probability sampling were used. Both quantitative and qualitative data and any other information relevant to the study were collected using questionnaire, key informant interviews, and project assessment tool. Analysis of data was done through coding, tabulations, and explanations. \n \nSPSS latest version was used to run descriptive analyses. The major ethical issues of concern for this study were informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, anonymity and researcher's responsibility. The study found that constraints in CDP management teams' capacity, capacity of contractors and procurement process contribute to delays in completion of CDP financed classrooms in PSB. The study also found out that Community participation does not contribute to late completion of classrooms. \n \nThe recommendations for the study were that the criteria of selecting project committee members be merit based with minimum qualification being relevant first degree, CDP contractors should seek to develop technical capacity through bringing on board staff with relevant experience and qualification and through continues capacity building, procurement process should be properly managed with funds being disbursed on time and that community be involved in all stages of the projects and their capacity and awareness enhanced. \n \nThe study also identified the following areas for further research; Carry out a similar study but consider county administrators as respondents, a study of project management personnel and competency need for CDP construction projects should also be done in order to have a wider view of competencies and personnel attributes that CDP stakeholders have and a research should also be done on determinants of cost overruns in CDP Construction projects.
This thesis will take issue with Citibank's purchase of Banamex and its art collection in 2001 as a point of departure to discuss how legislation on national patrimony is changing as Mexico opens up the cultural sector to foreign and private ownership. I will contextualize this change through a review of Banamex and Televisa involvement in the cultural field since the late 1960s. I will also examine how the adoption of neoliberal economic measures has encouraged the participation of the private sector and the shift from a state funding system towards a model of transnational corporate philanthropy. In this context, I will argue that the emergence of corporate philanthropy in Mexico is a direct result of the re-distribution of finance capital that accompanied Mexico's neoliberal turn. For most part of the twentieth century, the Mexican state was the sole sponsor and manager of cultural matters. This funding system began to change in the late 1960s when private citizens and corporations began to invest more openly in the arts as the one-party-rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) began to decline. In the late 1990s as Mexico integrated to the global economy, a need to update this form of management became urgent. Encouraged by the possibility to democratize and decentralize the state's funding system, new state cultural apparatuses that promoted private intervention were established. However, within the framework of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), these newly formed state institutions did not legislate in favor of protectionist measures in the cultural field and rather opted to continue espousing a nationalist rhetoric (without a legal backing) while opening up the sponsoring and ownership of culture and national patrimony to an increasingly transnational private sector. This situation gave rise to debates about the privatization of culture, the inefficient legislation in cultural patrimony, and most importantly, the new role that the state should adopt in handling cultural matters as Mexico's political environment moved towards a democracy aligned to neoliberal economics. I will address how Banamex and Televisa, two of the first corporations to invest in culture and develop cultural foundations, became protagonists in these debates.
In the last years we witnessed the continuous growth of local public resources, while public authorities from territorial-administrative units diversified their structures in order to achieve all the tasks that have been transferred. As a result, the position of subordinated public institutions was strengthened by increasing their number and volume of resources developed by them. In this paper we propose to highlight the features of the financial management of public funds by public institutions of local subordination in the context of decentralization in Romania.