The administration model of both college and department,which is different from the traditional administration model,is a new model for resource allocation.It centers on establishing an operating system in which the department can deal with internal matters of their own independently under the macroscopic adjustment and control by the college through lowering management focus,decentralizing management,adjusting span of management and regulating management activities.The core of this model is the two-level financing management.This text conducts a series of reform and researches in the two-level financing management by taking the management of internal operation expenditure in higher vocational expenditure as the point of breakthrough.
The effects of globalization are perceived in the area of public administration as well as in many other areas and shows up as delegation of duties and authorities from central to local governments. This phenomenon is called decentralization that in a way requires local governments to have fiscal autonomy. Hereby, it is common for local governments to use their autonomy in infrastructure finance in many countries. It would also be possible for our country s local governments to have fiscal autonomy if capital markets, providing long-term finance, are utilized. In this study, we discuss several models, which local governments may utilize capital markets, and try to evaluate how to improve these models. We conclude that, investment trusts specialized in infrastructure finance would play a role of a central hub, where lots of capital market models may be implemented all together.
The article deals with the state of the Orthodox education in Russia in the context of religious renaissance. The author considers dynamics of establishment of new Orthodox educational institutions of different levels, problems of educational system development (decentralization of management, insufficient financing, lack of the required legal status, deficit of teaching personnel and theological literature, etc.).
GRNACOVA, Andrea, Bc.: Impact of tax collection on activities of Municipalities in Slovak Republic. [The diploma thesis]. Bankovni institut vysoka skola Praha, zahranicna vysoka skola Banska Bystrica. Katedra financii, uctovnictva a poisťovnictva. Supervisor of thesis: Ing. Zdenka Klinkova. Year of advocacy: 2013. Number of pages: 77. Taxes are the main source of not only the state budget, but the budgets of local governments. The thesis deals with the influence of tax on government activity in the Slovak Republic. The work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter focuses on the theoretical background of business and local government financing. The second chapter deals with the process of fiscal decentralization in the Slovak Republic, which is a new model of funding local government. In the last third chapter analyzes the work of tax revenue for local governments implementing fiscal decentralization shows the evolution of tax revenue due to the financial crisis from 2009 to the present and makes suggestions and ways to improve the financing, management, local government, including funding opportunities from the European Union.
Venture capital is a financial innovation dedicated to the financing of start-ups and companies with high growth potential. This article is a contribution to the study of venture capital as a means of financing the overall and regional development. The integration of venture capital in regional development is fiscal decentralization and investment. The venture capital activity is characterized by enormous constraints (asymmetric information, agency problems, illiquid securities...), which the regional venture capital responds to by benefits granted by the government and benefits related to investments in regional development areas. The performance of venture capital and the target of the entry depend on several variables (specific to the investment or its environment): Affiliation, the number of invested companies ’ investment sector, development Stage Company funded, the amount invested, and the time required for investment. Despite of multi efforts, a lot of work is still needed from the part of the Tunisian market to improve the performance of venture capital and to integrate regional development in order to achieve financial decentralization.
Bitcoin (BTC), the much in-the-news and up-for-government-discussion cryptocurrency favored by Deep Web drug markets, libertarians, anarchists and would-be assassins everywhere, has been on a tear recently, and as of yesterday has hit an all-time high (albeit briefly) of more than USD $900 mark. It’s not hard to find—in fact it’s difficult to avoid—cyberlibertarians of all...
High throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics.It is now possible to generate huge amounts of sequencing data at significantly lower costs and greater speed.In this study, we have utilized Illumina deep sequencing to analyze the fitness landscape of the four-helix bundle protein ROP.All possible single point mutants of the 63 amino acid protein ROP were constructed.From the library of single point mutants of ROP, variants were enriched 1,000 fold for activity by a growth selection for six rounds, which works based on ROP's role in plasmid copy number regulation.The enrichment was monitored by a cell-based screen using a GFP reporter.As a proof of principle experiment, point mutant libraries at positions 14, 30 and 43 were individually subjected to growth selection, and colony sequencing of random variants from sixth round were mostly actives as expected based on prior knowledge of these positions.Colony sequencing of rounds zero (naives) and six from the actual library enrichment yielded promising results.Illumina deep sequencing was performed on rounds zero, three, six and eight.Paired-end reads were generated with each sequence containing short barcodes at each end to reveal the round and orientation.From the data analysis, relative enrichment for variants from different rounds lets us delve into the fitness landscape of ROP.iii Dedication To my mom, dad and family
Modern apprenticeship is the priority of current vocational education reform in France. This article overviews the reform, including the background, the achievements, the management and the pedagogy. It reflects on the features of the reform in the end: government-led, decentralization, higher education level, financing drive and quality assurance.
Cieľom predkladaného článku je definovať základné podmienky finančnej stability a analyzovať možné hrozby novej experimentálnej virtuálnej meny bitcoin na finančnú stabilitu. Úlohou príspevku je definovať oblasti a faktory, v ktorých táto nová virtuálna mena môže potenciálne spôsobovať finančnú nestabilitu.
Jorge Miguel Gutiérrez-Barquín, Luis Alberto Inga Rivera
El objetivo de este proyecto denominado ”VERIFICACION DE SEGURIDAD DE UN PROTOCOLO CRIPTOGRAFICO UTILIZANDO UN ASISTENTE DE DEMOSTRACION” es demostrar, usando el asistente de demostracion Isabelle, que el protocolo criptografico
de conocimiento cero llamado de Fiat-Shamir es un Σ- protocolo, y en consecuencia es en efecto un protocolo de conocimiento cero. Un protocolo de conocimiento cero es un protocolo en el que dos partes interactuan. La primera de ellas “probador” intenta convencer a la segunda “verificador” que cierta afirmacion es cierta y que el/ella conoce el por que. Despues de la interaccion la segunda parte queda convencida de la verdad de la afirmacion sin que adquiera ningun conocimiento extra mas alla de dicha veracidad. Los Σ- protocolos, son protocolos sencillos en que las dos partes interactuan en tres
etapas. Hay metodos bien estudiados y estandars para convertir un Σ- protocolo en un protocolo de conocimiento cero. Los Σ- protocolos tienen la ventaja de que son mas
faciles de entender que aquellos y se adaptan bien a disenar pruebas de autentificacion en situaciones practicas.
Para modelizar el problema en Isabelle hemos usado ideas de Bella (Bella.G) y Paulson, Larry (Paulson.L)
[ABSTRACT]
The objective of this project titled ”VERIFICACION DE SEGURIDAD DE UN PROTOCOLO CRIPTOGRAFICO UTILIZANDO UN ASISTENTE DE DEMOSTRACION , is to prove, using Isabelle proof assistant , that the zero knowledge cryptographic protocol called Fiat- Shamir is a Σ- protocol, and therefore a it is indeed a zero knowledge protocol. A zero-knowledge protocol is a protocol in which two parts interact. The first part “prover” try to convince the second part “verifier” that some claim is true and that he/she knows the reason why. After this interaction the second part get convinced of the truth of the claim, but without getting any extra knowledge or reason why it is true. Σ-protocols can be considered as simple zero-knowledge protocols in which two parts interact in three steps. They are easy to understand and suitable for practical purposes in authentication schemes. To perform the modelization of Fiat-Shamir protocol in Isabelle we use ideas of Bella, G (Bella.G) and Paulson, Larry (Paulson.L)
Otto Alonso Acosta Bermedo, Adriana del Pilar Tapia Quintanilla, Christian Fernando Wong Vargas
Public finance is of much importance for the sustainability of a State. For that purpose,there are diverse tax mechanisms that are key to achieve that purpose, such as the case of Property Taxes. However, can we affirm that this tax achieves that goal in Peru? Is the rate properly fixed? Is there an adequate administration and recollection of taxes? In this investigation, THĒMIS studies the diverse challenges that come up in fiscal decentralization in this country, showing off a legal perspective as well. It also brings a dynamic study of Property Taxes, concluding that it has a very decisive impact on public finance, and for that reason, the rate must be progressively modified and increased. It will be fundamental that the recollection may be done with good governance that allows both the decentralization and maximization of the funds use, in order to benefit all sectors.
Cloud computing is one of the fastest growing segments of IT industry since the users commitments for investment and costs are in relation to usage.The goal of cloud computing is to apply traditional supercomputing or high performance computing power, normally used by military and research facilities to perform tens of trillions of computations per second, in consumer oriented applications such as social networks, financial portfolios, to deliver personalized information, to provide data storage or to power large immersive computer games. Social networks in cloud are used to reflect real world relationships that allow users to share information and form connections between one another, essentially creating dynamic Virtual Organizations. It can be used to share/store data and information within a community ranging from low level computation or storage through high level mash-ups such as photo storage. Anonymous authentication is a technique enabling users to prove the privilege without disclosing real identities. Many existing anonymous authentication protocols assume absolute trust to the cloud provider where all private keys are stored. This trust result in serious security and privacy issues in cloud provider. In the proposed work secure and efficient anonymous mutual authentication protocol using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for cloud services are implemented based on zkp technique. Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP) is an interactive system where one party wants to prove its identity to a second party using a password but does not want the second party to learn anything about the password. A mandatory access control (MAC) mechanism is to enforce confidentiality and integrity between a large numbers of users by providing a set of standard questions within a group. Finally present experimental results and validate the acceptable performance impact of our deployment on a modern social network.
The main aim of cryptography is to provide the frameworks and solutions for information security. The fundamental weapons to protect information are interactions and private randomness. Since the breakthrough result, zero-knowledge proof system, by Goldwasser, Micali, and Rackoff in mid 80s, the cryptography community has endeavored to propose the new notions of information security and the relative solutions which more closely reflect the modern computing environment. Concurrent security first introduced by Dwork, Naor, and Sahai was suggested to capture the information security in the modern internet environment. That is, the adversary may interact with a honest parties in many concurrent executions of a protocol where the messages are scheduled in any adversarial way.Resettable security was first introduced by Canetti, Goldreich, Goldwasser, and Micali, which models the security issues in which parties have a limited source of private randomness. In other words, an adversary might interact with honest parties in many executions of a protocol while the honest parties are only allowed to use the polynomially bounded number of (hard-wired) randomness.An important question is: "How much efficient protocol can we construct to achieve the above security in terms of round complexity?" Unfortunately, it has been showed that the best possible round complexity for such protocols is poly-logarithmic in the security parameter based on black-box simulation without help of external set-up assumptions. Thus, the question is now to minimize the round complexity of protocols with a minimal set-up assumption.In this thesis, we positively answer the above question with help of set-up assumptions. Specifically, we consider two set-up assumptions, the Bare Public Key (BPK) model and the Cross-Domain (CD) model. The BPK model was first introduced by Canetti, Goldreich, Goldwasser, and Micali. In the BPK model, each party is required to register their public keys before the start of interacting with each other. The CD model is a newly proposed model in this work. In the CD model, we have domains which models key certification authorities in the real world and each party belongs to one of the domains.In the BPK model, we show a constructions of constant-round simultaneously resettable zero-knowledge argument of knowledge with a standard cryptographic assumptions. As a main building block for this result, we show a construction of constant-round simultaneously resettable witness-indistinguishable argument of knowledge.In the CD model, we show a construction of constant-round concurrently secure multi-party computation protocol with the fixed number of domains. On the other hand, we prove that if the number of domains is not fixed, such a constant-round protocol does not exist.
Private set intersection(PSI) is a two party protocol where both parties possess a private set and at the end of the protocol, one party (client) learns the intersection while other party (server) learns nothing. Motivated by some interesting practical applications, several provably secure and efficient PSI protocols have appeared in the literature in recent past. Some of the proposed solutions are secure in the honest-but-curious (HbC) model while the others are secure in the (stronger) malicious model. Security in the latter is traditionally achieved by following the classical approach of attaching a zero knowledge proof of knowledge (ZKPoK) (and/or using the so-called cut-and-choose technique). These approaches prevent the parties from deviating from normal protocol execution, albeit with significant computational overhead and increased complexity in the security argument, which includes incase of ZKPoK, knowledge extraction through rewinding.
We critically investigate a subset of the existing protocols. Our study reveals some interesting points about the so-called provable security guarantee of some of the proposed solutions. Surprisingly, we point out some gaps in the security argument of several protocols. We also discuss an attack on a protocol when executed multiple times between the same client and server. The attack, in fact, indicates some limitation in the existing security definition of PSI. On the positive side, we show how to correct the security argument for the above mentioned protocols and show that in the HbC model the security can be based on some standard computational assumption like RSA and Gap Diffie-Hellman problem. For a protocol, we give improved version of that protocol and prove security in the HbC model under standard computational assumption.
For the malicious model, we construct two PSI protocols using deterministic blind signatures i.e., Boldyreva’s blind signature and Chaum’s blind signature, which do not involve ZKPoK or cut-and-choose technique. Chaum’s blind signature gives a new protocol in the RSA setting and Boldyreva’s blind signature gives protocol in gap Diffie-Hellman setting which is quite similar to an existing protocol but it is efficient and does not involve ZKPoK.
The main objective of this diploma thesis is to introduce the history and origin of digital currency Bitcoin and how this project works specifically from the perspective of IT. The thesis contains detailed instructions for the process of implementation Bitcoin payments to the company. This diploma thesis describes the possibilities of abuse and security. Further compares advantages and disadvantages with the classical exchange resources. How is it possible to get this currency, use and how it developed its rate against other world currencies. The thesis also mentions similar cryptocurrencies.
A virtual currency can be defined as a type of unregulated, digital money, which is issued and usually controlled by its developers, and used and accepted among the members of a specific virtual community. The recent developments in widely spread internet and data mining activities, highlighted the issue of accepting and using virtual currencies for different purposes, including, buying commodities or services, saving, as well as converting into real currencies, such as US dollars, euro or other currencies. One of the most controversial and the most advanced virtual currency scheme to date is the one so-called Bitcoin, designed and implemented by the Japanese programmer Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. Although the use of Bitcoin might have positive impact on financial innovation and the provision of additional payment alternatives to consumers, it also might increase the risks in financial payments, exchange rates of real currencies, as well as increase the possibility of money laundering, using them for illegal deeds. Therefore , the purpose of this paper to clarify the main characteristic of Bitcoin, and analyze its positive aspects as well as the threats that may occur to the modern world economy , in case the usage of this money , significantly increases .
In January 2009 the Japanese software-designer SATOSHI NAKAMOTO invented a virtual currency named Bitcoin and released software for managing transactions in the new money.It consists solely of bits and bytes, but we cannot see it as a coin or banknote on the market.There is no cover in terms of gold or stocks, for example -in fact, nothing but the source code of the software which consists of thirty-one thousand lines of code.NAKAMOTO wanted to create a currency immune to potentially predatory bankers and politicians and so the currency and the mechanism to acquire Bitcoin were controlled entirely by software.The payment system is completely decentralised and so contains no central organisation which monitors transactions.Many people use this new currency to pay for services or products on the Internet, since it is no less safe than traditional payment systems.In this paper I will first introduce the basic parameters and functions of the alternative currency, and will deal especially with security and privacy issues relating to the virtual money.After that I will examine the value of Bitcoin on the online market, especially answering questions such as how we can acquire it.After this the legal background will be presented and suggestions made for its possible regulation, whilst its likely role in criminal behaviour is suggested.The paper was written in order to stimulate interest in this special, new currency, its working mechanisms, advantages and possible dangers, and because it represents a unique paradigm-shift, not simply in cyberspace, but in real-world payment systems also.
Contracts enable mutually suspicious parties to cooperate safely through the exchange of rights. Smart contracts are programs whose behavior enforces the terms of the contract. This paper shows how such contracts can be specified elegantly and executed safely, given an appropriate distributed, secure, persistent, and ubiquitous computational fabric. JavaScript provides the ubiquity but must be significantly extended to deal with the other aspects. The first part of this paper is a progress report on our efforts to turn JavaScript into this fabric. To demonstrate the suitability of this design, we describe an escrow exchange contract implemented in 42 lines of JavaScript code.
Aron talks about the virtual currency--Bitcoin. It is a currency founded by revolutionaries that went on to become the worlds dominant payment method. Once little more than the play thing of online libertarians and crypto-anarchists, many Bitcoin advocates are now seeking regulatory and financial legitimacy as an ecosystem of companies springs up to support the currency. In March, the US government sought to actively regulate Bitcoin by requiring companies classified as money transmitters to register with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), Mt. Gox, the largest Bitcoin exchange, was founded in 2010 but only registered last month, following the seizure of its accounts in May by the Department of Homeland Security.
Micro Financing Institutions (MFIs) loan provision to poor is proving as a key strategy for poverty alleviation and inadequate access to credit by the poor has been identified as one of the contributing factors to poverty. To this end, this studies aims at assessing linkages between MF loans Provision in line with local economic development and provide basis for policy formulation at regional and national level in regard to MFIs and LED. To attain this objective, studies from Ethiopia and other countries have been reviewed. Empirical reviews showed that these institutions provided opportunities for self-employment; improved women's security; autonomy, self confidence and status within the society and household; helped in improving children’s Education. Above all, as pro-poor program; they targeted the most vulnerable groups in society, particularly women, who remain confined to households with little or almost no assets. In Ethiopia, great efforts are being made since last two decades by expanding MFIs loan provision services to the various groups of the people specifically the poor to facilitate poverty reduction effort. Despite the increasing reliance on MFIs as one of the instrument to reduce poverty in Ethiopia; very little work has been undertaken to examine the linkage of the microfinance expansion with local economic development (LED) strategy of the particular region. The studies reviewed revealed that there has been duplication of business undertaken in various parts of the region. This is due to lack of linkage and synergy of the loan provision by MFIs to the LED strategy of a given local area in particular and regions in general. The reviewed literature indicated that on account of decentralization of the development plan to optimize the potential of each region and mobilize resources; the local governments have been empowered to undertake social and economic development endeavor. It has also been found that, the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) (2010/11-2014/15) and LED were closely aligned. The interconnection between GTP and LED existed directly through the micro-small scale enterprises (MSE), cooperatives and other associations. Since LED aims to create efficient and functioning local economies as a consequence it has a direct alignment with growth and transformation efforts. Therefore, linking the microfinance loan provision to the local development priority appeared is very critical for the sustainability of the MSE businesses to benefit from local available potential resources for poverty alleviation program. Empirical evidences reflected that the current urban policy, the MSE strategy and the regional development framework provided additional opportunities for the implementation of LED and creating synergy between MFIs & MSE in Ethiopia. In light of the above view, the current MFIs loan provisions and local development priority of various regions as very important point of emphasis unseen in Ethiopia. Moreover, the findings of the study revealed that there is clearly identified lack of synergy between MFIs, MSE, Cooperatives Agency, Local administrative apparatus and LED in various regions in Ethiopia. This necessitates the stakeholders have to set policy that fills up the gap and create strong linkage between MFIs loan provisions to LED priority of particular regions to assure the sustainability of MSE businesses; and enhances the contributions of MFIs for poverty alleviation in Ethiopia. All in all, the researcher recommends that both Federal, regional government and other concerned stakeholders to work towards digging deeper to find keys to success. Key words : MFIs Loan Provision, Linkages, LED strategy
This paper,through the analyses of rural financial system in China,further illustrates China′s rural financial risks and the defects of regulatory factors,and sums up the optimization of rural financial environment,the ideas for the innovation of rural financial,the decentralization of rural financial risks,risk control model innovation,the establishment of the correct financial regulation target,strengthening of the innovation backbone,perfect financial regulatory system,as well as supervisory methods and other measures.
Through the analysis of rural financial system in China,This paper illustrates the defects of China's rural financial risks and regulatory factors,sums up the relevant measurements as follows:optimizing the rural financial environment , innovating the rural financial idea ; decentralizing the rural financial risks , innovating risk control model ; setting up the correct financial regulation target , strengthening the innovation backbone ; perfecting the financial regulatory system,innovating the supervisory methods.
The financial situation in China before Westernization Movement and the financial situation in Japan before Meiji Reform were similar and confronted financial crisis.Because of political and economic difference before the reform of the two countries,and because of the difference in reform guiding ideas and leading capacity of the two countries,Westernization Movement of the Qing Dynasty did not conduct political system reform,its financial system was still the management style under feudal system,the Qing Dynasty only decentralized its financial right,which finally did not bring about financial situation change but intensified financial crisis,however,Meiji Reform of Japanese Government is overall,conducted relatively thorough political system reform,reformed salary system to reduce financial expenditure,reformed land tax to increase financial revenue,supported civil capital to exploit new tax sources and finally solved financial crisis to have set up new financial system conducive to capitalist production mode development.